图书在版编目（CIP）数据

新东方词汇进阶. Vocabulary 12000 / 包凡一，王玉梅编著. —2版（修订本）. —西安：西安交通大学出版社，2012.9
ISBN 978-7-5605-4555-4

Ⅰ. ①新…　Ⅱ. ①包… ②王…　Ⅲ. ①英语—词汇—自学参考资料　Ⅳ. ①H313

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2012）第211907号

书　　名　新东方词汇进阶Vocabulary 12000

编　　著　包凡一　王玉梅

责任编辑　黄科丰　徐婳

封面设计　黄蕊

地　　址　西安市兴庆南路10号（邮编：710049）

电　　话　（010）62605588　62605019（发行部）　（029）82668315（总编室）

读者信箱　bj62605588@163.com

书　　号　ISBN 978-7-5605-4555-4/H·1419

版权所有　侵权必究

前言

本丛书专为哪些人编写？

◎ 准备参加TOEFL、IELTS、GRE、GMAT等考试，但英语水平或词汇量不足，难以直接复习备考，需要实实在在、循序渐进提高词汇量及英文水平的人——本丛书词汇从“Vocabulary Basic”开始，难度逐级提高，直到“Vocabulary 23000”。

◎ 准备参加大学英语四级考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”包括了《大学英语教学大纲》规定的英语四级应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 准备参加大学英语六级考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”+“Vocabulary 6000”，包括了《大学英语教学大纲》规定的英语六级应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 准备参加TOEFL、研究生入学等考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”+“Vocabulary 6000”+“Vocabulary 12000”，包含了TOEFL、研究生入学考试应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 以上所有类型的读者均可首先学习或最后总结学习“Vocabulary 23000”。该书采用“词根词缀”记忆法，为读者构建词汇学习之框架，同时结合“近形”和“同根”记忆法，帮助读者轻松、快速地扩大词汇量。

本丛书有何特点？

◎ 以“课”为单元，每课包括4个部分或3～5个Group，各部分虽只有10个左右的主词，但由其衍生出来的同义、反义、形近、同根、同类词等的量非常之大。这样既可方便读者安排学习进度（每天1～2课），又能够保证其3个月内词汇量迅速达到20000以上。

◎ 每个单词均附有国际音标、词性说明、中文释义、英文例句及译文。

◎ 列出各单词的同义词，帮助读者迅速扩大词汇量。配合联想记忆法，举一反三，事半功倍。

◎ 根据词义精心设计了助记插图，既便于读者更好地理解单词，又为学习增加了趣味性。

◎ 前三册每一部分后均附有习题，以加深读者对所学单词的印象；全四册每一课后均有综合复习，便于读者自我检测对所学单词的了解程度，并增强活用单词的能力。

◎ 附赠MP3录音，可在网络上免费下载，其中包含书中的所有主词和英文例句。录音由英音外教朗读，发音纯正地道，配合学习，效果更佳。

词汇量的增加不可一蹴而就，但是若能采用系统的方法，还是可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间。为此，我们特别为全国广大的英语学习者编写了这套词汇丛书。从最基本的“Vocabulary Basic”到足以应付留学考试之需的“Vocabulary 23000”，读者只要按部就班、循序渐进地学习本丛书，必可在最短的时间内取得最大的成效。无论您目前是在校求学或已步入社会，都会发现本系列书籍即是您苦寻已久、增强英文实力的最佳利器。学校老师更可采用本系列书籍作为辅助教材，以弥补平时上课内容之不足。

编者

Lesson 1

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. It is seldom acceptable to abbreviate words in formal writing.

(A) omit
(B) explain
(C) shorten

2. Although they had never met before the party, Dick and Jane felt a strong affinity for each other.

(A) affability towards
(B) attraction to
(C) dislike of

3. Male lions remain aloof from the day-to-day activities of their families.

(A) upwind of
(B) separate from
(C) exhausted from

4. Frequent minor ailments kept her home from work.

(A) irritations
(B) young children
(C) sicknesses

5. In the autumn, the northern mountains are ablaze with shades of red, yellow, and orange.

(A) radiant
(B) abloom
(C) decorated

第一部分

abbreviate ［ə'bri:vɪeɪt ］

vt. ①缩短〈同　shorten, abridge〉

例　The President was asked to abbreviate his speech since the students crammed in the room without air-conditioning were running out of patience. 校长被要求缩短演讲时间，因为在没有空调的房间里，挤在一起的学生们正在失去耐心。

②缩写

例　“Mister”is usually abbreviated as“Mr.”. Mister通常被缩写成Mr.。

联　abbreviated adj. 简短的；abbreviation n. 缩写，缩写词

ablaze ［ə'bleɪz ］

adj. 着火的，燃烧的；闪耀的〈同　burning; bright〉

例　After the firewood was ablaze , he felt warm. 柴火点着之后，他才感到暖和。

记　a+blaze（火焰）→着火的

联　blaze n. 火焰 v. 燃烧；发怒；blazing adj. 炽烧的，闪耀的；laze v. 偷懒，混日子；glaze n. 釉；plaza n. 广场；购物中心

abort ［ə'bɔ:t ］

n. 中止计划（或任务）〈同　failure, stop〉

例　The minister ordered a general abort in stamp production when he learned there was a mistake on the newly issued stamp. 在得知新发行的邮票上有错误后，部长命令全面中止邮票的生产。

联　abortive adj. 流产的；失败的；abortion n. 流产；失败

abrasion ［ə'breɪʒən ］

n. 磨（擦）破；表面磨损〈同　scratch; friction〉

例　She fell and suffered an abrasion on her left hand. 她摔倒了，擦伤了左手。

联　abrasive adj. 研磨的

absenteeism ［ˌæbsən'ti:ɪzm ］

n. 旷课；旷工〈同　absence〉

例　The rate of absenteeism at this school is so high that punishments were introduced for nonattendance. 这所学校的缺勤率太高了，因此学校针对缺勤者采取了惩罚措施。

联　absentee n. 缺席者；absent adj. 不在的，缺席的；absence n. 缺席

absolute ［'æbsəlu:t ］

adj. ①完全的〈同　total, complete〉

例　After he quit his old job a feeling of absolute freedom befell him. 辞去之前的工作之后，他有一种完全自由的感觉。

②绝对的〈同　definite, certain〉

例　The captain of a ship has the absolute right to jettison cargo when necessary. 船长有绝对的权力在必要时抛弃货物。

记　ab+solute（溶解）→不溶解的→不能变的→绝对的

联　absolution n. 赦免，赦罪；solute n. 溶解物，溶质；salute v. 敬礼；resolute adj. 坚决的

abut ［ə'bʌt ］

v. 邻接，毗邻〈同　be next to, border on〉

例　The library abuts the old museum. 图书馆毗邻老博物馆。

联　abet vt. 教唆；debut v. 初进社交界；首次演出

accidental ［ˌæksɪ'dentəl ］

adj. 意外的，偶然的〈同　unexpected, unforeseen〉

例　The accidental encounter with an old friend, whom he hadn't seen for two years, made him very excited. 偶然遇到一位两年未见的老朋友，这让他非常兴奋。

联　accidentally adv. 偶然地，意外地；accident n. 意外事件，事故

acclaim ［ə'kleɪm ］

n. 赞誉，赞许〈同　recognition, praise〉

例　The best-selling author's new book was greeted with great acclaim . 那位畅销书作家的新书受到了广泛称赞。

vt. 喝彩，欢呼；称赞〈同　hail; praise〉

例　Spectators acclaimed the winner of the competition. 观众们为比赛获胜者欢呼。

记　ac+claim（=clam 叫喊）→不断叫喊→欢呼

联　acclaimed adj. 受赞誉的；acclamation n. 欢呼，喝彩；claim n./v. 主张，要求；declaim v. 演说；exclaim v. 呼喊，大声说；proclaim vt. 宣布，声明；reclaim v. 要求归还

accredit ［ə'kredɪt ］

vt. 授权〈同　authorize, commission〉

例　Diplomatic negotiations generally take place in embassies where ambassadors are accredited . 外交谈判通常在其大使被授权的大使馆进行。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ from wind and weather made the house look very old.

7. The title was too long, so they had to ______ it.

8. The crowd ______ the winning team.

9. The school was ______ after it began to hire teachers with Master's Degrees.

10. Breaking the new dish was ______; I did not mean to do it.

11. The dictator had ______ power.

第二部分

acronym ［'ækrənɪm ］

n. 用大写字母表示的缩写词〈同　abbreviation〉

例　AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS是“获得性免疫缺陷综合征”的缩写。

actual ［'æktʃʊəl ］

adj. 实际的，现行的〈同　real, true〉

例　Our actual expenses for food and clothes last year were much lower than we thought. 去年，我们在吃穿上的实际开支远远低于预期。

联　actually adv. 实际上，事实上；actuate vt. 开动；促使；activate vt. 刺激，使活动；actively adv. 活跃地，积极地

addict

［ə'dɪkt ］vt. 使沉溺，使上瘾（be addicted to）〈同　indulge in, be devoted to〉

例　Realizing that she was addicted to cigarettes, Janet decided to quit. 珍妮特意识到自己吸烟上瘾了，因此决定戒烟。

［'ædɪkt ］n. 上瘾者

例　The drug addict was required to get medical help. 那个瘾君子被要求接受药物治疗。

联　addictive adj. （使人）上瘾的；addiction n. 沉溺，上瘾；addicted adj. 沉溺的，上瘾的；abdicate v. 放弃，退位；predict v. 预言；dictate v. 口授，听写

additive ［'ædətɪv ］

n. 添加剂〈同　addition, supplement〉

例　The scientists had to use certain additives to make the drug more powerful. 为了增强药物的药效，科学家们不得不使用特定的添加剂。

联　additional adj. 另外的，附加的，额外的；in addition to 除…之外

adept ［ə'dept ］

adj. 熟练的，擅长的〈同　competent, skilled〉

例　Mr. Bao is known to be an adept writer. 鲍先生是一位出色的作家。

adjunct ［'æʤʌŋkt ］

n. 附件，附属〈同　addition, accessory〉

例　I hoped that I would find the computer course a useful adjunct to my other studies. 我希望计算机课对我学习其他课程有辅助作用。

adobe ［ə'dəʊbi ; ə'dəʊb ］

n. 泥砖，土坯〈同　clay, brick〉

例　Adobe is a type of brick made of clay baked in the sun. 泥砖是一种用黏土制成的、在太阳下烤晒而成形的砖。

adorn ［ə'dɔ:n ］

vt. 装饰〈同　decorate, embellish〉

例　She adorned her hair with flowers. 她把花戴在头发上当装饰。

联　adornment n. 装饰；装饰品；unadorned adj. 未装饰的，朴实的

advisable ［əd'vaɪzəbəl ］

adj. 适当的；明智的；可取的〈同　suitable; sensible〉

例　It is not advisable for you to go to school while you are still sick. 你还在生病，不应该去学校。

记　advise（提建议）+able（能…的）→能提建议的→可取的

联　advisor n. 顾问；advisory adj. 劝告的；visible adj. 可见的

affinity ［ə'fɪnəti ］

n. ①紧密关系〈同　connection, relationship〉

例　She felt an affinity with all who suffered; their pains were her pains. 她能与所有遭受痛苦的人产生情感共鸣；他们的痛苦就是她的痛苦。

②吸引；喜爱〈同　attraction; liking〉

例　Many girls have a strong affinity for chocolate candy. 许多女孩特别喜欢巧克力糖。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The ______ time of departure was two hours later than expected.

13. He added an adage as an ______ to his essay.

14. He had an ______ for his old car, so he really didn't want to sell it.

15. ______ are substances that are added to other substances to preserve them or increase their effectiveness.

16. The law firm's name, TLC, was an ______ for Tender Loving Care.

17. Having started when he was five, Paul was an ______ pool player.

第三部分

aggregate ［'ægrɪgət ］

n. ①总数〈同　total, sum〉

例　The aggregate of all the gifts was over $700. 所有礼物的累计价值超过了700美元。

②聚集体〈同　combination〉

例　Society is an aggregate of individuals. 社会是个人的集合体。

记　ag+greg（团体）+ate→成为团体→聚集体

联　aggregation n. 集合，群体；gregarious adj. 爱社交的；aggravate v. 加重，使恶化；congregate v. 集合，聚集；segregate v. 隔离

agile ［'æʤaɪl ］

adj. 敏捷的，活泼轻快的〈同　nimble, quick〉

例　The agile kid climbed up the tree in no time. 那个敏捷的孩子很快就爬到了树上。

记　ag（做）+ile→能够做的→敏捷的

联　agility n. 敏捷，活泼；agitate v. 搅动；煽动；agitated adj. 焦虑的，激动的；fragile adj. 易碎的

ailment ［'eɪlmənt ］

n. 疾病（尤指轻病、小病）〈同　illness, affliction〉

例　A feeble body is always prone to minor ailments . 虚弱的身体往往容易患一些小病。

联　disease n. 疾病；unsoundness n. 不健全

ajar ［ə'ʤɑ:(r) ］

adj. （门、窗等）微开的〈同　half-open〉

例　She left the door ajar so that she could hear what they were saying. 她把门半开着，这样就能够听到他们在说什么。

akin ［ə'kɪn ］

adj. 同族的；类似的〈同　related; similar〉

例　His taste in music seems akin to mine. 他在音乐上的品位似乎与我类似。

alignment ［ə'laɪnmənt ］

n. 排列成行；联合，结盟〈同　arrangement; association〉

例　All four wheels must be in perfect alignment . 四个轮子都必须完全对齐。

联　align v. 结盟；alight vi. 落下

allegory ［'ælɪgəri ; (US)'ælɪgɔ:ri ］

n. 寓言〈同　parable, fable〉

例　Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegory which uses a farm to illustrate philosophical ideas. 奥威尔的《动物庄园》是一个寓言故事，它用一座农场来说明哲学理念。

alliteration ［əˌlɪtə'reɪ∫ən ］

n. 头韵

例　“Sally sells sea shells by the seashore”is an alliteration .“Sally sells sea shells by the seashore”这句话压头韵。

allowance ［ə'laʊəns ］

n. 津贴；补助〈同　stipend, subsidy〉

例　She was given an allowance of five dollars per week. 她每周获得五美元的补贴。

allude ［ə'lu:d ］

vi. 暗指，影射，间接提到〈同　imply, hint〉

例　He's sensitive about his size, so let's not allude to it. 他对自己的体重非常敏感，所以我们还是别提起它。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Parents like to use ______ to explain to children what they should and should not do.

19. Although she was very ______ she could never do the splits（劈腿）.

20. Don't tell them of our decision; don't even ______ to it.

21. If your immune system is weak you will constantly suffer from some ______.

22. Cutting income taxes will shift ______ demand.

23. Our company gives us a travel ______ for getting to and from work.

第四部分

aloft ［ə'lɒft ］

adv. 在高处；在空中

例　The spacecraft stayed aloft for two weeks. 太空飞船在空中停留了两周。

aloof ［ə'lu:f ］

adj. 远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的〈同　distant, remote; indifferent〉

例　After he dropped out of school, the relationship between him and his friend became aloof . 他辍学之后，与朋友的关系变得日益疏远。

altitude ［'æltɪtju:d ］

n. （海拔）高度〈同　elevation, height〉

例　The pilot announced that our altitude was 30,000 feet. 飞行员宣布，我们处于30,000英尺的高空中。

记　alt（来自altus，高）+itude→（海拔）高度

联　altimeter n. 高度计；altruism n. 利他主义；altruistic adj. 利他的，无私心的；latitude n. 纬度；platitude n. 陈词滥调

ambience ［'æmbɪəns ］

n. 周围环境，气氛〈同　atmosphere, environment〉

例　The small park possesses a pleasant ambience that appeals to young people. 这个小公园环境优雅怡人，吸引着年轻人。

联　ambient adj. 周围的；ambition n. 雄心；ambitious adj. 雄心勃勃的；ambiguous adj. 模棱两可的

ambivalent ［æm'bɪvələnt ］

adj. 有矛盾情绪的，举棋不定的〈同　mixed, contradictory〉

例　He was ambivalent because he wanted to eat a lot of cake, but was determined to lose weight. 他非常矛盾，因为他想吃许多蛋糕，但已经下决定心要减肥了。

联　ambivalence n. 矛盾心理

amble ［'æmbəl ］

vi. 漫步，缓行〈同　ramble, roam〉

例　The old man ambled through the park. 那位老人缓步穿过公园。

联　scramble vt. 搅乱，使混杂

amenable ［ə'mi:nəbəl ］

adj. 顺从的；应服从的〈同　submissive, tractable〉

例　He was amenable to any suggestions which came from those he looked up to. 对于他尊敬的人给出的建议，他都会接受。

amenity ［ə'mi:nəti ］

n. ①［常作复数］生活福利设施，便利设施

例　There are a lot of amenitie s in the city such as libraries, cinemas, and hospitals. 城市里有许多便利设施，如图书馆、电影院和医院等。

②（地方、气候等）舒适，宜人〈同　comfort〉

例　We went to Hawaii to enjoy the amenity of a warm climate. 我们去夏威夷享受那里温暖宜人的气候。

联　amity n. 和睦；enmity n. 敌意

amid ［ə'mɪd ］

prep. 在…中〈同　among〉

例　On the floor, amid many books, were two small envelopes. 地板上的一堆书中间有两个小信封。

联　pyramid n. 金字塔；金字塔现象，越到上面越狭窄的现象

amnesia ［æm'ni:zjə ; (US)æm'ni:ʒə ］

n. 健忘症；记忆缺失

例　After the car accident, he could not identify any of his friends because of amnesia . 车祸发生后，他因为失忆，根本认不出他的任何朋友。

记　a+mnes（记忆）+ia（病）→没有记忆的病→记忆缺失

联　amnesty n. 大赦；anemia n. 贫血症；aphasia n. 失语症；malaria n. 疟疾；insomnia n. 失眠，失眠症

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. He was strangely quiet and ______, like a lone wolf.

25. Because Beijing was awarded the honor of being host to the 2008 Olympic Games, the ______ and infrastructure was improved and expanded.

26. After the accident he got ______ and could not even remember his parents.

27. He has an ______ attitude toward his friend; he likes him but always quarrels with him.

28. Peter liked going to that particular bar, because he found the ______ appealing.

29. The flying carpet remained ______ through the power of magic.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | amenable | A. unskilled
31. ______ | adorn | B. planned
32. ______ | accidental | C. discomfort
33. ______ | actual | D. unwilling
34. ______ | amenity | E. certain
35. ______ | aloof | F. fictitious
36. ______ | adept | G. disfigure
37. ______ | acclaim | H. clumsy
38. ______ | agile | I. warm
39. ______ | ambivalent | J. condemnation

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Ron O'Neal received widespread acclaim for his acting in productions of“Dream on Monkey Mountain”.

(A) recognition
(B) confidence
(C) reimbursement

41. The climate of the Middle Atlantic region of the United States varies with the altitude and land surface.

(A) ocean waves
(B) humidity
(C) elevation

42. Airplanes and gliders remain aloft by going fast enough for the pressure of the air moving around their wings to create an upward force.

(A) in flight
(B) out of danger
(C) intact

43. The amenities of civilization are left behind when an individual embarks on a camping trip in a remote area.

(A) activities
(B) rules
(C) comforts

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | ambience | A. juxtapose
45. ______ | alignment | B. suggest
46. ______ | abort | C. air
47. ______ | abut | D. dependent
48. ______ | additive | E. memory loss
49. ______ | addict | F. sum
50. ______ | aggregate | G. alliance
51. ______ | allude | H. chafe
52. ______ | amnesia | I. enhancing agent
53. ______ | abrasion | J. terminate

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

alignment | amble | abort | adorn | ajar
abut | amenable | ablaze | addict | advisable

54. A new extension was built ______ the old west wing of the house.

55. He ______ from shop to shop but could not find what he was looking for.

56. Peter wanted to ______ the Christmas tree with colorful toys but his father liked the plain look.

57. The climbers had to ______ the mission because the weather was too bad.

58. The dog ran away as the door was left ______.

59. He seems to be ______ to this computer game. He plays it day and night.

60. The hotel was ______ with lights.

61. It would have been ______ to ask for directions first, because now we are lost.

62. When I am hungry, I am ______ to eating any kind of food.

63. The USA and the USSR（苏联）formed an ______ during World War Ⅱ.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. abrasion
7. abbreviate
8. acclaimed
9. accredited
10. accidental
11. absolute
12. actual
13. adjunct
14. affinity
15. Additives
16. acronym
17. adept
18. allegory
19. agile
20. allude
21. ailments
22. aggregate
23. allowance
24. aloof
25. amenities
26. amnesia
27. ambivalent
28. ambience
29. aloft
30. D
31. G
32. B
33. F
34. C
35. I
36. A
37. J
38. H
39. E
40. A
41. C
42. A
43. C
44. C
45. G
46. J
47. A
48. I
49. D
50. F
51. B
52. E
53. H
54. abutting
55. ambled
56. adorn
57. abort
58. ajar
59. addicted
60. ablaze
61. advisable
62. amenable
63. alignment

Lesson 2

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Orioles are arboreal birds, and when they descend to the ground, it is mainly to gather nest materials.

(A) territorial
(B) tree dwelling
(C) corporeal

2. In 1776 colonial leader George Washington began the arduous task of turning farmers into a disciplined combat force for the Revolutionary War.

(A) rewarding
(B) difficult
(C) vital

3. Most members of the camel family are found in arid habitats.

(A) dirty
(B) sandy
(C) dry

4. Mahalia Jackson was noted for her vibrant, expressive voice and for her ardent interpretations of gospel music.

(A) serious
(B) passionate
(C) unique

5. A talented actress, Ruth Draper was able to portray an impressive range of characters by seemingly doing nothing more than changing her attire and props.

(A) clothing
(B) dialect
(C) demeanor

第一部分

anarchist ［'ænəkɪst ］

n. 无政府主义者〈同　rebel〉

例　As an anarchist , he thought society would be better off not only without a king, but without any kind of governing body at all. 作为一名无政府主义者，他认为社会不仅不需要国王，甚至连任何一种管理机构也不需要，这样社会就会变得更好。

联　anarchy n. 无政府状态，政治混乱

anatomy ［ə'nætəmi ］

n. 解剖；解剖学

例　She put a diagram of the human body on her wall so she could study anatomy just by looking at the wall. 她在墙上挂了一幅人体解剖图，这样她看墙上的图便可以学习解剖学。

anecdote ［'ænɪkdəʊt ］

n. 短故事，轶事〈同　story, tale〉

例　I love Grandmother's amusing anecdotes about her childhood. 我喜欢听奶奶讲她童年时的奇闻轶事。

联　anecdotal adj. 轶闻的，多轶事趣闻的

anesthesia ［ˌænəs'θi:zɪə ］

n. 麻醉〈同　unconsciousness, numbness〉

例　During the operation, he was put under anesthesia so he wouldn't feel the pain. 在手术过程中，他被实施了麻醉，这样他就感觉不到痛了。

联　anesthetic n. 麻醉剂，麻药

animated ［'ænɪmeɪtɪd ］

adj. 活生生的；活泼的，生动的〈同　lively〉

例　Cartoons are animated short films. 卡通是动画短片。

annex ［æ'neks ］

vt. 兼并，附加〈同　add, attach〉

例　In 1939, Hitler succeeded in annexing various parts of Europe to Germany without firing the shot. 1939年，希特勒没有动用一枪一炮，便将欧洲许多地区并入德国领土。

联　annexation n. 合并；nexus n. 连结

annihilate ［ə'naɪəleɪt ］

vt. 消灭；削减〈同　conquer, destroy〉

例　They were sent on a mission to annihilate the rebel forces. 他们被派去消灭叛军。

记　an+nihil（无）+ate→消灭

联　annihilation n. 消灭，歼灭；nihilism n. 【哲】虚无主义，极端怀疑论

anniversary ［ˌænɪ'vɜ:səri ］

n. 周年纪念〈同　commemoration〉

例　Our wedding anniversary is January 12th. 我们的结婚纪念日是1月12日。

anomaly ［ə'nɒməli ］

n. 异常，不规则；异常的人或物〈同　abnormality, deviation〉

例　A dog with six legs would be an anomaly. 一条狗长有六条腿，这属于异常现象。

联　anomalous adj. 不正常的

anthem ［'ænθəm ］

n. 圣歌，赞美歌〈同　hymn〉

例　The band played the national anthem . 乐队演奏了国歌。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The Star-Spangled Banner is the national ______ of the United States.

7. The imperialist country ______ some of its neighbor's territory.

8. He was an ______ and had no respect for authority.

9. The army's offensive ______ all opposition.

10. A snowstorm in Florida is an ______, because it is hot all year long.

11. The children had an ______ discussion about yesterday's interesting field trip.

第二部分

anthology ［æn'θɒləʤi ］

n. 诗集；文选〈同　collection〉

例　I love to read anthologies of science fiction stories. 我喜欢读科幻小说选集。

记　anth（花）+ology→像花一样的文章→文选

联　anthologize v. 编选集；anthesis n. 开花期

antibiotic ［ˌæntibaɪ'ɒtɪk ］

adj. 抗菌的，抗生的

例　Antibiotic drugs such as penicillin have saved many lives. 青霉素等抗菌药物挽救了许多人的生命。

联　antibiotics n. 抗生素

antiquated ［'æntɪkweɪtɪd ］

adj. 陈旧的，过时的〈同　obsolete, outmoded〉

例　The crank telephone is now thoroughly antiquated . 如今，摇柄电话已经完全过时了。

记　来自antique（古董；古董的）

antiseptic ［ˌænti'septɪk ］

n. 杀菌剂；防腐剂〈同　bactericide〉

例　He bathed the wound with antiseptic . 他用抗菌剂冲洗伤口。

apparatus ［ˌæpə'reɪtəs ］

n. 器械，设备，仪器〈同　machinery, equipment〉

例　The doctor uses many different apparatus including X-ray machines and stethoscopes. 医生使用许多种不同的仪器，包括X光机和听诊器。

记　ap（=ad 向）+paratus（准备）→为…准备好→设备，仪器

联　apparent adj. 明显的；apparition n. 幽灵

apportion ［ə'pɔ:∫ən ］

vt. （按比例或计划）分配〈同　distribute, allot〉

例　Our problem now is not to apportion blame for our failures but to find a way to achieve successes. 我们目前的问题并非追究失败的责任，而是找出获得成功的方法。

记　ap（=ad）+portion（一部分，一份）→（按比例或计划）分配

联　apposition n. 同位；portion n. 一部分；proportion n. 比例，均衡；allocate v. 分派，分配

aquatic ［ə'kwætɪk ］

adj. 水生的，水栖的

例　Dolphins are good examples of mammals that are aquati c life forms. 海豚是水生生物中哺乳动物的很好的例子。

记　aqu（水）+atic→水生的

联　aquarium n. 水族馆；aqueduct n. 引水槽

arboreal ［ɑ:'bɔ:rɪəl ］

adj. 树栖的；树的〈同　tree-dwelling; treelike〉

例　Monkeys are arboreal animals. 猴子是树栖动物。

ardent ［'ɑ:dənt ］

adj. 热烈投入的，极热心的〈同　passionate, enthusiastic〉

例　He is an ardent lover of music. 他酷爱音乐。

记　ard（热）+ent→极热心的

联　ardor n. 热情，热心；dent n. 凹，凹痕；rodent n. 啮齿动物；indent v. 切割成锯齿状；缩排；pendent adj. 悬挂的；悬而未决的

arduous ［'ɑ:djʊəs ; (US)'ɑrʤʊəs ］

adj. 费力的，艰难的〈同　difficult, hard〉

例　Sometimes just finding the right words can be the most arduous task to accomplish. 有时候，仅仅是找到合适的词也是很困难的。

记　ard（热）+uous（多…的）→很热的，出汗的→费力的

联　deciduous adj. 落叶的；assiduous adj. 勤勉的，刻苦的；laborious adj. （指工作等）艰苦的，费力的；strenuous adj. 费力的，需全力以赴的；奋发的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He has been at this company for many years, but now his style of doing things is rather ______.

13. The duties were ______ equally between the two of them.

14. He is a very hardworking person and will not shy away from ______ tasks.

15. ______ animals often build nests or make holes in trees.

16. He had to put some ______ on the cut so it would not get infected.

17. An ______ is a collection of poems or prose selections, usually from various authors.

第三部分

arid ［'ærɪd ］

adj. 干旱的；贫瘠的〈同　dry; barren〉

例　The desert is so arid that nothing can grow there. 这里的沙漠太过干旱，寸草不生。

联　semiarid adj. 雨量非常少的，半干旱的

armor ［'ɑ:mə(r) ］

n. 装甲；装甲车〈同　shield〉

例　The steel plates of a warship and the scales of a fish are armor . 战舰的钢板和鱼的鳞片都属于装甲。

联　armored adj. 披甲的，装甲的；arms n. 武器

armory ［'ɑ:məri ］

n. 纹章；兵工厂，军械库〈同　arsenal〉

例　Fighter planes have successfully bombed the enemy's main armory . 战斗机成功炸毁了敌方的主要兵工厂。

记　来自名词arm（武器）+ory→军械库

联　armada n. 舰队；disarm v. 解除武装；armistice n. 停战，休战

aroma ［ə'rəʊmə ］

n. 香气，芬芳，芳香〈同　fragrance, scent〉

例　The wine has a light fruity aroma. 这种酒有淡淡的果香。

联　aromatic adj. 芬芳的；aromatize vt. 使芳香；amorous adj. 情爱的

arsenal ［'ɑ:sənəl ］

n. 兵工厂，军械库〈同　armory〉

例　The arsenal produced thousands of missiles each year. 这家兵工厂每年生产数千枚导弹。

联　arson n. 纵火，纵火罪

arthritis ［ɑ:'θraɪtɪs ］

n. 关节炎

例　For years, my father has had arthritis in his knees. 多年以来，我父亲的膝盖一直患有关节炎。

aspiring ［ə'spaɪərɪŋ ］

adj. 有抱负的，有理想的，积极向上的〈同　ambitious〉

例　Aspiring musicians must practice many hours a day. 胸怀大志的音乐家们每天必须练习许多个小时。

记　来自动词aspire（立志；a+spire［呼吸］→吸气向上→立志）+ing→积极向上的

联　aspire vi. 热望，立志；aspiration n. 渴望，热望；aspirant n. 有抱负者 adj. 上进的，有野心的；conspire vi. 同谋；inspire v. 吸气；鼓励

assorted ［ə'sɔ:tɪd ］

adj. 各式各样的，多样混合的〈同　varied, miscellaneous〉

例　I got a gift of assorted hard candies on my birthday. 我的生日礼物是各式各样的硬糖。

记　as（一再）+sort（类，品种）+ed→把各个品种放在一起→多样混合的

联　assortment n. 分类，各种各样；assault v. 进攻；consort v. 陪伴，结交

astounding ［ə'staʊndɪŋ ］

adj. 令人吃惊的〈同　surprising, astonishing〉

例　The soaring crime rate revealed by the police is astounding . 警方公布的急剧上升的犯罪率令人震惊。

联　astound vt. 使惊异

astute ［ə'stju:t ; (US)ə'stu:t ］

adj. 机敏的，精明的〈同　shrewd, judicious〉

例　She is an astute investor in the stock market. 她是一位精明的股市投资者。

记　来自拉丁文 astus（灵活）

联　acute adj. 敏锐的；急性的；shrewd adj. 精明的；perspicacious adj. 精明的；sagacious adj. 精明的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. This sofa is available in ______ color combinations.

19. The flowers in the room gave off a pleasant ______.

20. Cacti（仙人掌）are used to surviving in very ______ conditions.

21. She got her wealth by making some very ______ investments.

22. Sportsmen often get ______ in the joints when they are old.

23. It seemed ______ that a man of his intelligence could do such a stupid thing.

第四部分

asymmetrical ［ˌeɪsɪ'metrɪkəl ］

adj. 不均匀的，不对称的〈同　unbalanced, uneven〉

例　Because one eyebrow was set markedly higher than the other, William's face had a particularly asymmetrical appearance. 由于威廉一边的眉毛明显高于另一边，他的脸看起来特别不对称。

atheist ［'eɪθɪɪst ］

n. 无神论者〈同　nonbeliever〉

例　Some atheists believe that humans merely invented the concept of God. 一些无神论者认为，是人类虚构出了神的概念。

联　theist n. 有神论者

atrophy ［'ætrəfi ］

n. 萎缩；萎缩症

例　Medical experts state that almost every case of muscle and tissue atrophy is the result of changes in cell nutrition. 医学专家们认为，几乎每一个肌肉与组织萎缩的病例，都是细胞营养变化的结果。

记　a+troph（营养）+y→无营养→萎缩

联　atrophic adj. 萎缩的；atrocious adj. 残暴的，凶恶的；trophy n. 战利品，奖品；tropic n./adj. 热带（的）

attachment ［ə'tætʃmənt ］

n. ①依恋，喜欢〈同　affection, love〉

例　Mary has such an attachment to the old house that she'll never sell it. 玛丽对那栋旧房子有一种深深的眷恋，因此她决不会将它卖掉。

②附件，附加装置，配件〈同　accessory, adjunct〉

例　Does this electric mixer have an attachment for grinding nuts? 这台电动搅拌机带有研磨坚果的配件吗？

联　attach v. 系，缚；附着；attached adj. 附加的，附属的；attache n. 随员；detach vt. 分开；detachment n. 分开

attire ［ə'taɪə(r) ］

n. 穿着，盛装〈同　clothing, dress〉

例　The members of the wedding party all wore formal attire . 参加婚宴的宾客都盛装出席。

记　at+tire（顺序）→按顺序整理衣服→穿着

联　attic n. 阁楼；entire adj. 完全的；retire v. 退休；tirade n. 冗长的演说

audible ［'ɔ:dəbəl ］

adj. 听得见的〈同　perceptible, discernible〉

例　Some insects have such a keen sense of hearing that they can hear sounds not audible to the human ear. 有些昆虫有非常敏锐的听觉，它们可以听到人耳听不到的声音。

记　audi（听）+(i)ble（能…的）→听得见的

联　audit v. 旁听；审计；audition n. 试听，试唱；auditory adj. 耳的；听觉的；audience n. 观众；auditorium n. 大礼堂；aural adj. 听觉的；visual adj. 视觉的；oral adj. 口头的

audition ［ɔ:'dɪ∫ən ］

n. （对艺人的）面试（指试演、试唱等）〈同　tryout, test〉

例　We were all nervous as we waited for the audition , but once we were on the stage our confidence returned. 在等待试唱的时候，我们都很紧张，但一登上舞台，我们便恢复了自信。

autobiography ［ˌɔ:təbaɪ'ɒgrəfi ］

n. 自传

例　Most famous people release an autobiography at some point in their life. 大多数名人都会在一生中的某个时期出版一本自传。

联　autobiographical adj. 自传的，自传体的；biography n. 传记

automated ［ˌɔ:tə'meɪtɪd ］

adj. 自动的〈同　mechanical, automatic〉

例　Automated banks are very convenient, especially after the bank is closed. 自助银行非常便利，尤其是在银行不营业的时候。

联　automatic adj. （尤指机器）自动（化）的；（人）无意识的，机械的

avalanche ［'ævəlɑ:n∫ ］

n. 雪崩〈同　snowslide〉

例　Almost ten mountaineers were killed by yesterday's avalanche . 将近十名登山者在昨天的雪崩中遇难。

联　avant-garde n. 先锋派；vanguard n. 前卫

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. A party of mountaineers was killed by yesterday's ______.

25. Unfortunately, their rude remarks were quite ______ to everyone there.

26. He does not believe in God or the devil; he is simply an ______.

27. During a business meeting your appearance, especially your ______, has to be appropriate to make the right impression.

28. He had to go to many different ______ before he finally got a part in a Broadway musical（音乐剧）.

29. Her new computer has space for a hard disk and other ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | ardent | A. identical
31. ______ | astute | B. fertile
32. ______ | arduous | C. ingenuous
33. ______ | astounding | D. dull
34. ______ | animated | E. apathetic
35. ______ | arid | F. modern
36. ______ | assorted | G. ordinary
37. ______ | annex | H. imperceptible
38. ______ | antiquated | I. effortless
39. ______ | audible | J. detach

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | asymmetrical | A. devoted
41. ______ | anesthesia | B. device
42. ______ | anomaly | C. germicide
43. ______ | attachment | D. loss of feeling
44. ______ | ardent | E. abnormal condition
45. ______ | apparatus | F. demolish
46. ______ | aroma | G. allocate
47. ______ | apportion | H. mismatched
48. ______ | annihilate | I. smell
49. ______ | antiseptic | J. fondness

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

arsenal | anecdote | armor | atheist | aquatic
avalanche | apparatus | antibiotic | aroma | attachment

50. She was prescribed ______ to help her get over her illness.

51. Many humorous ______ are told about Mark Twain.

52. The rebels tried to destroy the ______ to weaken the army.

53. The local gym has installed a new weightlifting ______.

54. She spent five years in New York and developed a certain ______ to the city.

55. The knight put on his ______ to protect himself.

56. Some ______ plants in the Carribbean called plankton use fluorescence to light up in the dark.

57. The skiers were ordered to get off the mountain as quickly as possible when there was news of ______.

58. The bakery's ovens were positioned so that the ______ of fresh baked goods would lure people who were passing by.

59. The handicapped man was once an ______, but became an ardent Christian after Jesus healed his legs and he was able to walk again.

参考答案

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. anthem
7. annexed
8. anarchist
9. annihilated
10. anomaly
11. animated
12. antiquated
13. apportioned
14. arduous
15. Arboreal
16. antiseptic
17. anthology
18. assorted
19. aroma
20. arid
21. astute
22. arthritis
23. astounding
24. avalanche
25. audible
26. atheist
27. attire
28. auditions
29. attachments
30. E
31. C
32. I
33. G
34. D
35. B
36. A
37. J
38. F
39. H
40. H
41. D
42. E
43. J
44. A
45. B
46. I
47. G
48. F
49. C
50. antibiotics
51. anecdotes
52. arsenals
53. apparatus
54. attachment
55. armor
56. aquatic
57. avalanche
58. aroma
59. atheist

Lesson 3

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Great granite boulders , nearly four thousand feet high, rise in Yosemite Valley.

(A) stones
(B) rocks
(C) pebbles

2. All toads and frogs blink when they swallow.

(A) push their tongues back

(B) puff up their throats

(C) shut their eyes briefly

3. The bedrock on which psychoanalysis rests is a belief in the unconscious.

(A) impasses
(B) viewpoint
(C) foundation

4. Several developments contributed to the end of the cattle bonanza .

(A) luck
(B) boom
(C) prestige

5. Soon after the colonists arrived in the New World, they learned to produce beverages from fruit and grain.

(A) cakes
(B) medicines
(C) drinks

第一部分

aversion ［ə'vɜ:∫ən ］

n. 厌恶，憎恨〈同　opposition, dislike〉

例　Their mutual aversion was so great that they refused to speak to one another. 他们对彼此的厌恶感太强烈了，两个人都拒绝与对方说话。

联　averse adj. 反对的，不愿意的；avert vt. 避开；conversion n. 转化，转变；reversion n. 反转；复原

avid ［'ævɪd ］

adj. 渴望的，热心的〈同　eager; enthusiastic〉

例　He was an avid student and read everything he could get. 他是个非常热切的学生，会读任何能找到的书。

记　av（渴望）+id（…的）→渴望的

联　avidity n. 热望，贪婪；avoid vt. 避免；avarice n. 贪心；aviary n. 鸟笼；aviator n. 飞行员

avocation ［ˌævəʊ'keɪ∫ən ］

n. （个人）副业，业余爱好〈同　sideline; hobby〉

例　He abandoned his regular occupation and concentrated on his avocation . 他放弃了专职工作，转而集中精力从事自己的副业。

联　avocational adj. 副业的；嗜好的

baby-sitter ［'beɪbɪsɪtə(r) ］

n. 临时保姆，代人照顾婴儿者

例　The baby-sitter is someone who takes care of children while the parents are away for a while. 临时保姆是孩子父母暂时不在身边时，负责照看孩子的人。

backbone ［'bækbəʊn ］

n. ①骨干，支柱〈同　support, mainstay〉

例　This old man was the backbone of the community. People always turned to him when they had problems. 这位老人是社区的骨干。每当人们遇到问题时，都会向他求助。

②脊椎，中枢〈同　spine〉

例　The backbone is made up of many separate bones, called vertebrae, held together by muscles and tendons. 脊柱是由许多块单独的骨头，即所谓的椎骨组成的，通过肌肉和肌腱连接在一起。

backdrop ［'bækdrɒp ］

n. 舞台背景；背景〈同　background, setting〉

例　Old China is the backdrop for this story. 旧中国是这个故事的背景。

记　back（后面）+drop（落下）→后面落下的→背景

联　backlog n. 积压未办之事；backup n. 后援，支持；backyard n. 后院

barb ［bɑ:b ］

n. （鱼钩等的）倒钩；倒刺

例　The barb on the fishhook stabbed me. 鱼钩上的倒钩扎伤了我。

记　barb 原也指“倒翘的胡子”，后来“胡子”一词变为beard

联　barbed wire 带倒刺的铁丝（网）；barbecue n. 吃烤肉的野餐；barber n. 理发师；barbarity n. 残暴的行为；barbarian n. 粗鲁无礼的人 adj. 野蛮的，粗鲁的

barge ［bɑ:ʤ ］

n. 驳船〈同　flatboat〉

例　Because the barge was overloaded, it started to sink. 由于驳船超载，它开始下沉了。

barter ［'bɑ:tə(r) ］

n./v. 物品交换，易货贸易〈同　trade, exchange〉

例　I bartered for the goods in the market. 我在市场上交换货物。

联　barber n. 理发师；bar n. 条，棒；栅；bare adj. 赤裸的；空的；barrister n. 律师

bead ［bi:d ］

n. ①珠子〈同　pearl〉

例　She wore a necklace of brightly colored wooden beads . 她戴着一条颜色鲜艳的木珠项链。

②（液体）小滴〈同　drops, droplet〉

例　Beads of sweat fell from the tennis player's face. 网球运动员的脸上滴下了汗珠。

联　beaded adj. 饰以珠的；珠状的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ of the lake created a nice ambience for our picnic.

7. After she lost all her money in this foreign country, she had to ______ her watch for a meal.

8. The parents were ______ for news of their missing children.

9. Although she is criticized, she has the ______ to stand up for her beliefs.

10. He is a lawyer, but writing stories is his ______.

11. I have an ______ to tea. I never drink it.

第二部分

beak ［bi:k ］

n. 鸟嘴，喙〈同　nib〉

例　Hunting birds usually have sharp beaks. 猎食鸟类通常都有锐利的喙。

bedrock ［'bedrɒk ］

n. 基础；基岩〈同　basis; foundation〉

例　The house by the beach was built on bedrock . 海边的房子建在基岩上。

belie ［bɪ'laɪ ］

vt. 给人错觉；掩饰〈同　misrepresent; disguise〉

例　His coarse, hard-bitten exterior belied his innate sensitivity. 他粗俗、顽强的外表，掩饰了他与生俱来的敏感。

记　be+lie（谎言，做）→用谎言掩饰→掩饰

联　belief n. 信任；信仰

bellows ［'beləʊz ］

n. 风箱

例　When the fire was dying down, Ralph pumped the bellows to keep it alive. 火快要熄灭的时候，拉尔夫拉动风箱，让火旺起来。

联　below prep./adv. 在…下面

benign ［bɪ'naɪn ］

adj. （病）良性的；（人）亲切和蔼的〈同　innocuous; kind〉

例　The patient's tumor was benign and was safely removed. 患者的肿瘤是良性的，被安全切除了。

bequest ［bɪ'kwest ］

n. 遗产；遗赠〈同　inheritance; endowment〉

例　The boy received a bequest of $2,000 from his grandfather. 那个男孩从爷爷那里继承了2,000美元的遗产。

联　bequeath vt. 遗赠

besiege ［bɪ'si:ʤ ］

vt. 围攻；困扰〈同　surround; harass〉

例　The actress was besieged by media persons. 那位女演员被媒体记者团团围住。

记　be+siege（围攻）→围攻

bestow ［bɪ'stəʊ ］

vt. 给予，赐赠（祝福、奖励、荣誉等）〈同　endow, confer〉

例　The townspeople wished to bestow great honor upon the local hero. 市民们希望授予本地英雄无上的荣誉。

记　be+stow（地方）→给予地方→给予

联　bestowal n. 赠与，给予；tow v. 拖，拽，牵引

beverage ［'bevərɪʤ ］

n. （除水之外的）饮料〈同　drink, refreshment〉

例　Tom and Jerry will bring the dessert to the dinner party and we will bring the beverages . 汤姆和杰里将带甜点参加宴会，我们将带酒水。

bilateral ［ˌbaɪ'lætərəl ］

adj. 两边的；双边的〈同　two-sided; mutual〉

例　The two nations signed a bilateral treaty. 两国签署了双边协议。

记　bi（双，两）+lateral（边）→双边的

联　lateral adj. 侧面的，从旁边的；biweekly n. 双周刊；biennial adj. 两年一次的；biannual adj. 一年两次的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Her frown ______ her usual good nature.

13. After he won the race, they ______ him with a gold medal.

14. Francis did not work and supported herself with the ______ from her parents.

15. Some birds have a long ______ that they use as a tool to get food.

16. The ministers from the two countries met to start ______ dialogue.

17. Hundreds of admirers ______ the movie star.

第三部分

bland ［blænd ］

adj. 淡味的；无味的〈同　mild; flavorless〉

例　I find chicken a little bland unless it's cooked in a really spicy sauce. 我发现鸡肉的味道有一些清淡，除非用非常辣的辣酱烹饪才比较好。

联　blandishment n. 奉承；劝诱；gland n. 腺；brand n. 商标；烙印；blend v. 混合

bleach ［bli:tʃ ］

vt. 去色，漂白〈同　whiten〉

例　Gary had his hair bleached again. 加里又把头发漂染成浅色了。

blink ［blɪŋk ］

v. 眨眼〈同　wink〉

例　You've got something in your eyes—try blinking your eyes a few times. 你的眼睛里有东西——试试眨几下眼睛。

blizzard ［'blɪzəd ］

n. 暴风雪〈同　snowstorm〉

例　The visibility is near zero, so all planes will be grounded until the blizzard is over. 能见度几乎为零，所以在暴风雪结束之前，所有飞机都将停飞。

blues ［blu:z ］

n. 抑郁，沮丧；忧郁布鲁斯歌曲（蓝调音乐）〈同　gloom, depression〉

例　Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs. 比利·哈乐黛之所以被公认为是一个伟大的蓝调爵士乐歌手，是因为她能够让她的歌声充满深情。

bluff ［blʌf ］

n. 陡峭的悬崖，绝壁〈同　cliff, precipice〉

例　You could see the waves crashing against the rocks when you looked down from the bluff . 从断崖上往下看，你能看到海浪拍打着岩石。

联　blush v. 脸红；flush v. 冲洗；bluster v. 咆哮；blur v. （使）模糊不清；blunder n./v. （犯）错误；cuff n. 袖口；手铐

bolster ［'bəʊlstə(r) ］

n. 垫子，垫枕，靠垫

例　He preferred to sleep with bolsters than big fluffy pillows. 他更喜欢枕着靠垫睡觉，而不喜欢枕着又大又松软的枕头。

vt. 支持；增加〈同　support, strengthen〉

例　Good knowledge bolsters one's confidence. 知识渊博能增强人的自信心。

bonanza ［bə'nænzə ］

n. 富矿带；幸运，带来好运之事

例　The gold rush created a bonanza that drew many settlers to western areas of the United States, like San Francisco. 淘金热带来的好运，吸引了许多人去美国西部地区定居，例如旧金山。

联　banana n. 香蕉；bona fide adj. 真诚的

boon ［bu:n ］

n. 恩惠，恩赐〈同　blessing, benefit〉

例　The scholarship is a tremendous boon to her. 这笔奖学金对她而言是一个巨大的恩惠。

联　baboon n. 【动】狒狒；boom n. 隆隆声；boor n. 粗人；boot n. 靴子；boost v. 推进

boring ［'bɔ:rɪŋ ］

adj. 令人厌烦的〈同　tiresome, tedious, unexciting〉

例　It is boring to listen to a speech in a language you don't know. 听一场用你不懂的语言进行的演讲真是无聊。

联　boredom n. 烦恼，无聊

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The menu says this fish is spicy, but I think it is very ______.

19. Her perfect score on the test ______ her chances for admission into the university.

20. The professor was very ______ and some students fell asleep in class.

21. Jacky always felt ______ when it rained.

22. When I first went out into the bright sun I ______ my eyes.

23. There is a beautiful view of the ocean from the ______.

第四部分

boulder ［'bəʊldə(r) ］

n. 巨石〈同　rock, fieldstone〉

例　In 1952, severe floods carried 2,000 tons of boulders down to the Devon town of Lynmouth, killing 38 people. 1952年，严重的洪灾把2,000吨岩石冲进了林茅斯的德文郡，造成38人丧生。

bouquet ［bu:'keɪ ］

n. 花束〈同　bunch〉

例　The flower shop sells many bouquets on Valentine's Day. 花店在情人节能卖出许多束花。

braid ［breɪd ］

vt. 编织〈同　weave, knot〉

例　He braided string to make rope. 他把线编织起来做成绳子。

brawl ［brɔ:l ］

n. 争吵〈同　fight, quarrel〉

例　The brawl got louder and louder until the police arrived. 争吵的声音越来越大，直到警察赶来。

联　brawling n. 争吵，喧嚷；awl n. 尖钻，锥；crawl n./v. 爬行；drawl v. 慢吞吞地说；trawl n. 拖网 v. 用拖网捕鱼；bawl v. 大叫；sprawl v. 卧（躺）

breach ［bri:tʃ ］

vt. 造成缺口，打破，突破〈同　break〉

例　The invading army breached the walls of the castle and entered. 入侵的军队攻破了城堡的围墙，然后长驱而入。

n. 违背，破坏〈同　violation〉

例　For me to leave now would be a breach of duty. 我如果现在离开，就属于失职。

联　beach n. 海滩；preach v. 传教，讲道；peach n. 桃子；impeach v. 控告，弹劾；overreach v. 做事做过头

breakup ［'breɪkʌp ］

n. 分裂，分离〈同　separation, disintegration〉

例　Mary and her best friend had a breakup of their relationship. 玛丽和她最好的朋友关系破裂了。

联　backup n. 备份

breathtaking ［'breθteɪkɪŋ ］

adj. 令人激动的〈同　stunning, awesome〉

例　The Statue of Liberty was a breathtaking view for many immigrants who arrived to America through New York. 对于许多经由纽约来到美国的移民来说，自由女神像是令人激动的景观。

brighten ［'braɪtən ］

v. 点亮〈同　lighten〉

例　The sky brightened after the storm. 暴风雨过后，天亮了起来。

vt. 使愉快；使乐观〈同　cheer〉

例　The flowers in the window really brighten my spirits. 橱窗里的花确实让我精神愉悦。

联　bright adj. 明亮的；聪明的，伶俐的

briny ［'braɪni ］

adj. 盐水的，咸的〈同　saline, salty〉

例　Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants. 金字塔湖是仅存的咸水湖之一。

brook ［brʊk ］

n. 小河〈同　creek〉

例　The brook brought fresh clean water from the mountain. 小溪带来了山间的清泉。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. She mistook the salt for sugar and made a very ______ cake.

25. After years of fighting, the couple decided the ______ was in both of their best interests.

26. The mother enjoyed ______ the hair of her young daughter every morning.

27. The Grand Canyon is known for its ______ scenery.

28. Jack sent Mary a ______ of flowers every day until she agreed to marry him.

29. His favorite hobby in the summer is to fish in the ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | bland | A. dangerous
31. ______ | avid | B. ordinary
32. ______ | bolster | C. spinelessness
33. ______ | breathtaking | D. liking
34. ______ | boring | E. apathetic
35. ______ | aversion | F. exciting
36. ______ | benign | G. happiness
37. ______ | backbone | H. weaken
38. ______ | belie | I. spicy
39. ______ | blues | J. reveal

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. The common characteristic of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals is that they all have backbones .

(A) lungs
(B) spines
(C) claws

41. By producing an excess amount of some household articles, a New England colonial family could barter with other families.

(A) share
(B) trade
(C) repair

42. The province of British Columbia offers visitors breathtaking views of the Canadian Rocky Mountains.

(A) distant
(B) intimate
(C) stunning

43. Double Eagle Ⅱ, the first transatlantic balloon, was greeted by avid crowds in France.

(A) eager
(B) surging
(C) appreciative

44. Some birds have a waxy coating on their feathers that causes water to form beads and slide off.

(A) whiskers
(B) streams
(C) drops

45. By providing legal representation, the American Civil Liberties Union works to defend citizens against breaches of their civil rights.

(A) branches
(B) exercises
(C) violations

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
46. ______ | blizzard | A. reciprocal
47. ______ | avocation | B. storm
48. ______ | breakup | C. antipathy
49. ______ | bilateral | D. betray
50. ______ | bequest | E. encourage
51. ______ | aversion | F. interest
52. ______ | belie | G. altercation
53. ______ | brighten | H. infringement
54. ______ | breach | I. split
55. ______ | brawl | J. legacy

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

brawl | blizzard | benign | besiege | brook
boon | breach | bleach | brighten | beverage

56. The robber ______ the museum's security and stole the painting.

57. The ______ king pardoned the criminal.

58. The ______ covered our house in snow and we could not get out.

59. Two drunk people at the bar got into a ______ and broke the window.

60. The army ______ the fort and burned it down.

61. The white shirt needed to be ______ after the muddy hiking trip.

62. In some states it is illegal to sell alcoholic ______ on Sunday.

63. After the team lost the game, the coach tried to ______ the players with his words.

64. Winning the lottery was a big ______ for her family.

65. The people used to drink the water from and wash themselves in the same ______, a habit which created unsanitary conditions and spread diseases.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. backdrop
7. barter
8. avid
9. backbone
10. avocation
11. aversion
12. belied
13. bestowed
14. bequest
15. beak
16. bilateral
17. besieged
18. bland
19. bolstered
20. boring
21. blue
22. blinked
23. bluff
24. briny
25. breakup
26. braiding
27. breathtaking
28. bouquet
29. brook
30. I
31. E
32. H
33. B
34. F
35. D
36. A
37. C
38. J
39. G
40. B
41. B
42. C
43. A
44. C
45. C
46. B
47. F
48. I
49. A
50. J
51. C
52. D
53. E
54. H
55. G
56. breached
57. benign
58. blizzard
59. brawl
60. besieged
61. bleached
62. beverages
63. brighten
64. boon
65. brook

Lesson 4

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. A toad（蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆）is a chubby creature with rough, bumpy skin.

(A) quiet
(B) plump
(C) horrible

2. Plants without leaves, such as algae and fungi, are the first forms of life to grow back after a natural catastrophe .

(A) disaster
(B) event
(C) phenomenon

3. Many southerners like to wear cowboy hats, leather boots and big belt buckles .

(A) fasteners
(B) pants
(C) holsters

4. Walter became famous in large part because of his childhood caricatures of a mouse named Mickey.

(A) dreams
(B) cartoon drawings
(C) paintings

5. My feet chafed when I was wearing the new shoes.

(A) abraded
(B) broke
(C) hurt

第一部分

buckle ［'bʌkəl ］

n. 皮带扣〈同　fastener〉

例　After losing weight, I could tighten my belt buckle . 减肥之后，我可以系紧皮带扣了。

v. 扣紧；（使）变弯曲〈同　fasten; distort〉

例　The powerful explosion buckled the front of the bus. 猛烈的爆炸让公交车的车头弯曲变形了。

联　chuckle n./vi. 咯咯的（地）笑；bucket n. 水桶

burgeon ［'bɜ:ʤən ］

vi. 迅速成长，发展〈同　thrive〉

例　The Internet boom saw many companies' businesses burgeoning . 互联网的繁荣让许多公司的业务迅速增长。

记　burg（=bud［花蕾］）+eon→迅速成长

联　burgeoning adj. 迅速成长的，发展的；surgeon n. 外科医生

burning ［'bɜ:nɪŋ ］

n./adj. 燃烧（的）〈同　flaming〉

例　She forgot to turn off the oven when she left the house and when she came back found a burning kitchen. 她出门的时候忘记关炉子了，结果当她回到家之后，发现厨房着火了。

adj. 强烈的〈同　intense; passionate, ardent〉

例　He had a burning need for a refreshing shower after walking a long way on this hot day. 他在这么热的天走了很远的路，所以迫切需要冲个澡，好让自己清爽起来。

burrow ［'bʌrəʊ ］

n. 洞穴〈同　den〉

例　Rabbits live in burrows . 兔子住在洞穴里。

v. 挖（地洞）〈同　dig〉

例　Some animals burrow with their paws. 有些动物用爪子挖洞。

bust ［bʌst ］

n. 半身像，半身雕像

例　There was a bust of Mao Zedong on his desk. 他桌子上有一尊毛泽东的半身雕像。

联　combustion n. 燃烧；combustible adj. 易燃的；robust adj. 精力充沛的；statue n. 雕像

cab ［kæb ］

n. 出租马车、汽车〈同　taxi〉

例　The cab driver drove very fast and we feared we were going to crash. 出租车司机开得非常快，我们都担心会撞车。

联　taxicab n. 出租车；Cabinet n. ［美］内阁；cabinetmaker n. 家具师，细木工匠；cabin n. 小屋；船舱；log cabin 小木屋

cadence ［'keɪdəns ］

n. （说话时语调的）抑扬顿挫；韵律〈同　beat〉

例　The cadence of a sentence is the rise and fall in intensity of sounds. 句子的韵律就是声音强度的升降。

calibration ［ˌkælɪ'breɪ∫ən ］

n. 校准；标度，刻度〈同　adjustment, measurement〉

例　In order to function accurately, a scale needs regular calibration . 为了保证精确计量，天平需要定期进行校正。

联　calibrate vt. 校准；celebrate v. 庆祝

candid ［'kændɪd ］

adj. 率直的，坦白的〈同　straightforward, frank〉

例　The boy was too shy to be candid and could not openly express his feelings for her. 那个男孩太腼腆了，不够坦率，无法公开表达对她的感情。

记　cand（白，发光）+id→白的→坦白的

联　candor n. 坦白；candidate n. 候选人；candle n. 蜡烛；sordid adj. 肮脏的

canopy ［'kænəpi ］

n. 天篷，遮篷〈同　covering〉

例　The canopy of a tropical rain forest is home to many thousands of species of animals. 热带雨林的冠层是成千上万种动物的家。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Firefighters sprayed water on the ______ house.

7. He was asked to fasten his seat belt ______ before the plane landed.

8. The singer tapped his foot to make a ______ for the musicians to follow.

9. The dog ______ into the sand to get out of the sun.

10. It may rain tonight so we should put up a ______ for the outdoor party.

11. The famous museum had a collection of ______ of American Presidents.

第二部分

capitalism ［'kæpɪtəlɪzəm ］

n. 资本主义（制度）

例　In capitalism , the motive for producing goods and services is to sell them for a profit, not to satisfy people's needs. 在资本主义制度中，生产商品和提供服务的目的是赚得利润，而不是满足人们的需求。

联　capitalist n. 资本家 adj. 资本主义的

capsule ［'kæpsju:l ］

n. ①（装一剂药物的）胶囊〈同　pill〉

例　Medicine is often given in capsules made of gelatin. 药物常常被装在用凝胶制成的胶囊内。

②太空舱

例　In flight the capsule can separate from the rest of the rocket and go into orbit or be directed back to Earth. 在飞行状态下，太空舱可以与火箭的其他部分分离，然后进入预定轨道或定向返回地球。

carapace ［'kærəpeɪs ］

n. （蟹或龟等的）甲壳

例　A carapace is the shell or bony covering on the back of a turtle, lobster, or crab. 壳是海龟、龙虾或螃蟹背上的壳或骨质覆盖层。

carat ［'kærət ］

n. （宝石重量单位）克拉

例　He gave her a three-carat diamond ring for their second anniversary. 他送给她一枚三克拉的钻戒，作为他们结婚两周年纪念日的礼物。

cardiac ［'kɑ:dɪæk ］

adj. 心脏的

例　The old man was warned by the doctor to get himself on a diet or risk dying from a cardiac attack. 医生告诫那个老人一定要节食，否则他可能会面临死于心脏病的风险。

cardinal ［'kɑ:dɪnəl ］

adj. 首要的，主要的〈同　principal, main〉

例　If you want to increase your word power, the cardinal rule of vocabulary building is to read. 如果你想增加自己的词汇量，阅读是首选方法。

记　card（心脏；一致）+inal→心一样的→首要的

联　cardiac adj. 心脏的；cardiology n. 心脏病学；electrocardiogram n. 心电图

careless ［'keəlɪs ］

adj. 粗心的，疏忽的〈同　heedless, negligent〉

例　The careless boy broke the cup when he was running in circles with his eyes closed. 那个粗心的男孩在闭着眼睛转圈跑的时候，把杯子打碎了。

联　careful adj. 小心的，仔细的

caricature ［'kærɪkətjʊə(r) ］

n. （滑稽模仿的）讽刺画；漫画〈同　parody〉

例　The caricatures he drew always emphasized a personal weakness of the people he burlesqued. 他画的漫画总是突出强调他所嘲讽的人的个人缺点。

carnival ［'kɑ:nɪvəl ］

n. 狂欢节〈同　festivity〉

例　The large parade created a carnival atmosphere in the streets. 大规模游行给大街营造出了一种狂欢节的气氛。

carnivorous ［kɑ:'nɪvərəs ］

adj. 食肉的〈同　meat-eating〉

例　The lion is a carnivorous animal. 狮子是食肉动物。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. David lost four cell phones in one month because he was so ______.

13. The woman dropped her 5 ______ gold ring in the sink drain and called a plumber to help her retrieve it.

14. That country adopted ______ to stimulate the economy.

15. Newspapers usually have ______ for readers to enjoy.

16. On the first day of class, the professor told his students his ______ rules such as“no sleeping in class”.

17. Cats, dogs, lions, tigers, and bears are all ______ animals.

第三部分

catalyst ［'kætəlɪst ］

n. 催化剂；促使事情发展的因素〈同　enzyme; stimulus〉

例　Many chemical reactions cannot take place without the presence of a catalyst . 如果没有催化剂，许多化学反应便无法发生。

联　catalyze vt. 促使；激励

catastrophe ［kə'tæstrəfi ］

n. 异常的灾祸，大灾难〈同　disaster; calamity〉

例　The unusual flood that took the lives of many people was a terrible catastrophe . 那场罕见的洪水夺去了许多人的生命，真是一场可怕的大灾难。

catching ［'kætʃɪŋ ］

adj. （接触）传染的；有魅力的，迷人的〈同　contagious; charming〉

例　Mary's personality is quite catching and many boys are always trying to win her attention. 玛丽的个性非常迷人，许多男孩总是试图引起她的注意。

联　eye-catching adj. 引人注目的，耀眼的；catch on 理解，领会

cavern ［'kævən ］

n. 大山洞，大洞穴〈同　cave〉

例　Inside the cavern were the remnants of an ancient fire. 洞穴内是远古时代火堆的残留物。

celestial ［sə'lestɪəl ; (US)sə'lestʃl ］

adj. 天体的；天上的〈同　heavenly; astronomical〉

例　For thousands of years, people have studied the sun, moon, and other celestial bodies. 数千年以来，人类研究了太阳、月亮和其他天体。

centennial ［sen'tenɪəl ］

n. 百年纪念〈同　the 100th anniversary〉

例　The U.S. centennial was celebrated in 1876. 美国成立100周年庆典在1876年举行。

ceremonial ［ˌserɪ'məʊnɪəl ］

n. 仪式〈同　ritual〉

例　There was a special ceremonial to mark the end of the war. 这场特殊的仪式标志着战争的结束。

adj. 正式的；仪式的〈同　formal; ceremonious〉

例　The emperor's ceremonial costumes were majestic. 皇帝的礼服非常庄重。

联　ceremony n. 典礼，仪式；ceremonious adj. 仪式隆重的，讲究礼节的；cerebral adj. 脑的，大脑的；cereal n. 谷类食品，谷类

chafe ［tʃeɪf ］

vt. ①（将皮肤等）擦热，擦破〈同　rub, abrade〉

例　A child's soft skin chafes easily so be careful and gentle. 孩子柔软的皮肤很容易擦伤，所以一定要小心和轻柔一点。

②使恼火〈同　irritate, vex〉

例　His big sister's teasing chafed him to the point of tears. 他姐姐的戏弄惹得他哭了起来。

联　chaff n. 谷壳，糠；café n. 咖啡馆；小餐馆；chase v. 追赶

chagrin ［'∫ægrɪn ; (US)∫ə'gri:n ］

n. 懊恼，失望〈同　embarrassment, disappointment〉

例　Judy refused the boy's flowers and left him with a look of chagrin on his face. 朱迪拒绝了那个男孩送的花，这让那个男孩的脸上挂满了失望的表情。

记　分割记忆：cha-grin，grin看作“苦笑”

联　embarrassment n. 窘迫；shame n. 羞耻，羞愧；humiliation n. 蒙耻，羞辱

chaste ［tʃeɪst ］

adj. 贞洁的；（思想、言论）朴素的〈同　virtuous; modest〉

例　The conservative woman had decided to be chaste until she got married. 那位保守的女士决定在结婚之前保持贞洁。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. She was a somewhat puritanical（清教徒的）woman and chose to remain ______.

19. The sun, moon, planets, and stars are ______ bodies.

20. Enzymes are important ______ in digestion.

21. In old China, ______ behavior demanded that everyone knelt before the emperor.

22. The death of his father was a ______ in his life.

23. The mountain had several ______ where people once lived.

第四部分

chef ［∫ef ］

n. 厨师

例　When the restaurant hired a better chef , business improved. 餐厅聘请了一位更好的厨师之后，生意逐渐好了起来。

chisel ［'tʃɪzəl ］

n. 凿子〈同　gouge〉

例　The chisel is the greatest tool of a sculptor. 凿子是雕刻家最趁手的工具。

v. 砍凿，凿刻〈同　cut, sculpt〉

例　The artist chiseled a totem from the large tree. 艺术家用大树凿刻出了一个图腾。

chivalry ［'∫ɪvəlri ］

n. 骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤

例　The gentleman showed his chivalry when opening the door for women. 那位绅士殷勤有礼地为女士们开门。

联　chivalrous adj. 有骑士精神的，侠义的

chore ［tʃɔ:(r) ］

n. 家务杂事

例　Her parents did not let her go out with her friends until she finished her chores . 她父母不让她与朋友们一起出去，除非她做完家务。

choreography ［ˌkɒrɪ'ɒgrəfi ］

n. 舞蹈编排；舞蹈艺术

例　Choreography is the art of arranging patterns of dancing, especially for a ballet or a musical. 舞蹈编排是设计舞蹈动作的艺术，在芭蕾舞或音乐剧中常见。

联　choreograph vt. 设计舞蹈动作；choreographer n. 舞蹈指导者；choreographic adj. 舞蹈术的，舞台舞蹈的

chubby ［'tʃʌbi ］

adj. 丰满的，圆胖的〈同　plump, fat〉

例　I became chubby because I ate too many pastries. 我变胖了，因为我吃了太多的糕点。

记　chub（白鲑）+y→像白鲑一样圆胖的→丰满的，圆胖的

联　chubbiness n. 圆胖，丰满；chatty adj. 饶舌的，爱讲闲话的；hub n. 车轴；中心；plump adj. 圆胖的，丰满的；corpulent adj. 肥胖的

chunk ［tʃʌŋk ］

n. 大块；矮胖的人或物〈同　piece, mass〉

例　Here's a chunk of wood for the fire. 这里有一大块木头可以生火。

cider ［'saɪdə(r) ］

n. 苹果酒；苹果汁

例　We use the apples from the farm to make apple cider . 我们用农场生产的苹果来制作苹果酒。

联　cigar n. 雪茄

cipher ［'saɪfə(r) ］

n. 密码〈同　code〉

例　Lacking his code book, the spy was unable to decode the messages sent to him in cipher . 由于没有密码本，那个间谍无法破译用密码传递给他的信息。

circumscribe ［'sɜ:kəmskraɪb ］

vt. 界限；限制〈同　mark the boundaries of; confine〉

例　A terrible illness circumscribed him to bed for a year. 一种严重的疾病让他卧床一年。

记　circum（绕圈）+scribe（画）→画一个圈→限制

联　circumscription n. 界限；circumspect adj. 慎重的，仔细的；circumvent vt. 用计谋战胜，规避；circumference n. 圆周；describe v. 描述；scribble v. 乱写，涂鸦；conscribe vt. 强行征召

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Natalie was ______ as a little girl but got thinner as she got older.

25. The meeting is only for 20 minutes so we will have to ______ talking about your proposal to only five minutes.

26. The hotel ______ was world-famous and gave cooking lessons on TV.

27. ______ is the steps and movements in a particular ballet or show.

28. Poor health ______ a person's activities.

29. The sculptor was at work ______ a statue.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | candid | A. wanton
31. ______ | catastrophe | B. earthly
32. ______ | chubby | C. noncommunicable
33. ______ | celestial | D. satisfaction
34. ______ | cardinal | E. blessing
35. ______ | chagrin | F. apathetic
36. ______ | chaste | G. insignificant
37. ______ | catching | H. straighten
38. ______ | buckle | I. skinny
39. ______ | burning | J. insincere

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | capsule | A. carve
41. ______ | carnivorous | B. rhythm
42. ______ | circumscribe | C. tablet
43. ______ | chisel | D. reactant
44. ______ | chafe | E. tunnel
45. ______ | catalyst | F. predatory
46. ______ | burgeon | G. ritual
47. ______ | cadence | H. scratch
48. ______ | ceremonial | I. mushroom
49. ______ | burrow | J. restrict

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

cardiac | burgeon | cab | catching | capsule
chore | chagrin | candid | chafe | carnival

50. After a year of slow business, our company is finally ______ now.

51. Don't lie any more; please be ______ with me!

52. The hospital called the ______ specialist to examine the patient's heart.

53. Harrison will take a ______ to the airport tomorrow morning.

54. Denise is very ______ in that new dress.

55. The ______ is the part of a spacecraft in which the astronauts live and return back to Earth.

56. Greg fell from his bike and ______ his hands and knees.

57. The town's annual water ______ is in July and everyone celebrates it by pouring water at each other.

58. Feeding the dog is my daily ______.

59. To the ______ of many taxpayers, a large portion of their money paid to the government was squandered on wasteful projects.

参考答案

1. B
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. burning
7. buckle
8. cadence
9. burrowed
10. canopy
11. busts
12. careless
13. carat
14. capitalism
15. caricatures
16. cardinal
17. carnivorous
18. chaste
19. celestial
20. catalysts
21. ceremonial
22. catastrophe
23. caverns
24. chubby
25. circumscribe
26. chef
27. Choreography
28. circumscribes
29. chiseling
30. J
31. E
32. I
33. B
34. G
35. D
36. A
37. C
38. H
39. F
40. C
41. F
42. J
43. A
44. H
45. D
46. I
47. B
48. G
49. E
50. burgeoning
51. candid
52. cardiac
53. cab
54. catching
55. capsule
56. chafed
57. carnival
58. chore
59. chagrin

Lesson 5

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. When a large star has spent all its nuclear fuel, it blows apart in a colossal explosion.

(A) huge
(B) spacious
(C) towering

2. Clark Gable gave a comic performance in the movie It Happened One Night .

(A) sophisticated
(B) clever
(C) funny

3. Although dolphins sometimes swim singly or in pairs, they usually congregate in large herds, often numbering in the hundreds.

(A) procreate
(B) assemble
(C) eat

4. In the United States senatorial race of 1858, Abraham Lincoln was the Illinois candidate of the new Republican Party, a coalition of antislavery groups.

(A) a benefactor
(B) an opponent
(C) an alliance

5. The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot people were confederates of the colonists in Maine at the time of the Revolutionary War.

(A) guardians
(B) teachers
(C) allies

第一部分

citizenship ［'sɪtɪzən∫ɪp ］

n. 公民（的身份）

例　Voting is a right of citizenship and obeying the laws is a duty of citizenship . 选举是公民的权利，守法是公民的义务。

联　citizen n. 市民，公民

civilian ［sə'vɪlɪən ］

adj. 平民的；民用的〈同　nonmilitary, noncombatant〉

例　When soliders are on leave, they tend to wear civilian clothes rather than their military uniforms. 在休假期间，士兵们倾向于穿便服，而不愿意穿军装。

n. 平民

例　He has left the army and is a civilian again. 他退伍了，又成为一名平民。

clamor ［'klæmə(r) ］

n. 叫嚣，喧哗〈同　commotion, uproar〉

例　The large clamor awoke the whole neighborhood. 巨大的叫嚷声吵醒了所有邻居。

联　clam n. 蛤；clamorous adj. 喧闹的；slam v. 撞击；clamp vt. 夹住；reclamation n. 开垦；改造；（废料等的）回收

clan ［klæn ］

n. 家族，宗族〈同　tribe, family〉

例　The two clans have been enemies for hundreds of years. 这两个家族彼此敌对已有数百年。

联　clandestine adj. 秘密的

clap ［klæp ］

n. 拍手声；（雷鸣等的）霹雳声

例　It is common knowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder is heard. 先看见闪电，后听到雷声，这是常识。

v. 鼓掌；轻拍〈同　applaud; slap〉

例　When the show was over, we all clapped . 表演结束后，我们都鼓掌了。

clergy ［'klɜ:ʤi ］

n. 牧师

例　Bill and his wife are both members of the clergy . 比尔和他妻子都是神职人员。

联　clergyman n. 牧师，教士

cliff ［klɪf ］

n. 悬崖，峭壁〈同　bluff, precipice〉

例　Our friends enjoyed jumping from the cliff into the ocean during their summer vacation. 在暑假里，我们的朋友们喜欢从悬崖上跳到海里去。

clog ［klɒg ］

vt. 障碍，阻塞〈同　block; congest〉

例　The accident clogged the highway and caused a traffic jam for miles. 这起事故阻塞了公路，造成的交通拥堵绵延数英里。

coalesce ［ˌkəʊə'les ］

vi. 联合，合并〈同　associate, combine〉

例　The two factions coalesced in order to fight a common enemy. 为了对抗共同的敌人，这两股势力联合了起来。

联　coalescence n. 合并，联合

coalition ［ˌkəʊə'lɪ∫ən ］

n. 联合；临时结成的联盟〈同　alliance, union〉

例　In wartime several countries may form a temporary coalition against a common enemy. 在战争时期，几个国家可能组成临时联盟，以对抗共同的敌人。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The two companies ______ into one after the two presidents signed the merger agreement.

7. There were loud ______ from someone in the audience when the famous professor appeared.

8. Some people are allowed to have ______ in two countries.

9. Members of the ______ gathered before the congregation was to lead them in prayer.

10. The paper ______ the sink and the water overflowed.

11. Their ______ was made up of more than 77 family members.

第二部分

coax ［kəʊks ］

vt. 哄诱，巧言诱哄〈同　persuade, cajole〉

例　Janet coaxed her little baby to sleep. 珍妮特哄自己的小宝宝睡觉。

coexist ［ˌkəʊɪg'zɪst ］

vi. 同时存在，共存〈同　coincide〉

例　The two religions coexisted happily with each other. 这两种宗教彼此和平共处。

collective ［kə'lektɪv ］

adj. 集体的，共同的〈同　common, united〉

例　It will take everyone's collective efforts to end pollution. 要想制止污染，需要所有人的共同努力。

记　collect（收集；col+lect［选择］）+ive→放在一起选择的→集体的

联　collectively adv. 全体地，共同地；collect v. 收集；recollect v. 回想；elect v. 选举；intel lect n. 智力；neglect vt. 疏忽，忽视

colloquial ［kə'ləʊkwɪəl ］

adj. 口语的，通俗语的〈同　conversational, informal〉

例　Bob deletes colloquial expressions from his formal writing. 鲍勃删除了正式写作中的口语化表达。

记　col+loqu（说）+ial→说出来的话→口语的

联　colloquialism n. 俗话，白话，口语；loquacious adj. 多话的，饶舌的；soliloquy n. 独白，自言自语

colossal ［kə'lɒsəl ］

adj. 巨大的〈同　huge, gigantic〉

例　In the center of the hall stood a colossal wooden statue, decorated in ivory and gold. 大厅中央立着一尊用象牙和黄金装饰的巨大的木雕。

联　colossus n. 巨像，巨人

combustible ［kəm'bʌstəbəl ］

adj. 易燃的〈同　flammable, inflammable〉

例　Petrol is highly combustible , so don't smoke while you are handling it. 汽油高度易燃，因此在处理汽油的时候一定不要吸烟。

记　com+bust（燃烧）+ible→易燃的

联　combust v. 燃烧；combustion n. 燃烧；combustibility n. 可燃性；bust n. 半身（雕塑）像

comic ［'kɒmɪk ］

adj. 滑稽的，好笑的，喜剧的〈同　funny, ridiculous〉

例　During the long hours aboard the train, many passengers find comic books helpful to combat boredom. 在漫长的火车之旅中，许多乘客发现漫画书有助于打发无聊时间。

联　comedy n. 喜剧；comical adj. 好笑的，滑稽的；comedian n. 喜剧演员；encomium n. 赞扬；cosmic adj. 宇宙的；tragic adj. 悲惨的，悲剧的；mimic v. 模仿，模拟

communal ［'kɒmjʊnəl ］

adj. 公共的；公社的〈同　common, public〉

例　Parks are communal property for all the people to enjoy. 公园属于公共产业，所有人都可以享用。

compelling ［kəm'pelɪŋ ］

adj. ①强制的，强迫的〈同　forceful; causing to yield〉

例　A compelling argument for buying a videocassette recorder is one that makes you go out and buy a videocassette recorder. 购买录像机最有说服力的理由是，能够让你出门去买一台录像机。

②引人注目的；令人信服的〈同　attracting attention or interest〉

例　The prosecutor presented a well-reasoned case, but the defense attorney's compelling arguments for leniency won over the jury. 公诉人指控的案件陈述合理，但辩方律师争取宽大处理的理由非常令人信服，成功地说服了陪审团。

complacent ［kəm'pleɪsənt ］

adj. 自满的，得意的〈同　self-satisfied, contented〉

例　The former Olympian had grown so complacent that he neglected to train. 那位前奥运选手变得太自满，根本不重视训练。

联　complacence n. 沾沾自喜，自以为是

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. ______ materials must not be used in furniture, which can easily catch fire and destroy your whole house.

13. The novel was very ______ and Jan could not stop reading until she finished it.

14. She ______ me into letting her borrow my bicycle.

15. Doug was ______ in his studies and failed the test.

16. The team won the game because of the ______ effort of the players.

17. Jake's essays were so ______ that it was as if he was speaking to you.

第三部分

complicity ［kəm'plɪsəti ］

n. 共谋；同谋，共犯〈同　conspiracy, collusion〉

例　The broker was accused of complicity in the swindle. 那名经纪人被控为诈骗案中的同犯。

记　com（共同）+plic（重叠）+ity→共同重叠→同谋

联　complicit adj. 有同谋关系的，串通一气的；complot n./v. 共谋，图谋；compliment n./vt. 称赞，恭维；complicate vt. 使复杂

complimentary ［ˌkɒmplɪ'mentri ］

adj. 赞美的〈同　flattering, laudatory〉

例　The professor rarely makes complimentary remarks to students. 这个教授很少对学生们说称赞的话。

comprehend ［ˌkɒmprɪ'hend ］

vt. 领悟，理解〈同　understand, grasp〉

例　My parents say they cannot comprehend today's music. 我父母说，他们无法理解当今的音乐。

记　com（一起）+prehend（抓住）→一起抓住→领悟

联　comprehensible adj. 可理解的，易于了解的；comprehension n. 理解；包含；reprehend vt. 谴责；apprehend v. 逮捕；恐惧；comprehensive adj. 全面的；能充分理解的

concave ［'kɒnkeɪv ］

adj. 凹的

例　The inside of your eye is the concave side. 你的眼睛内部是凹面。

concentric ［kən'sentrɪk ］

adj. 同心的

例　The target was made of concentric circles. 靶子是由同心圆组成的。

conclusive ［kən'klu:sɪv ］

adj. 最后的，决定性的〈同　decisive, final〉

例　When the stolen books turned up in John's locker, we finally had conclusive evidence of the identity of the mysterious thief. 被盗的书在约翰的柜子里被发现时，我们终于有确凿的证据确认那个神秘窃贼的身份了。

联　inconclusive adj. 非决定性的

concomitant ［kən'kɒmɪtənt ］

adj. 伴随的

例　Culture is not always concomitant with wealth. 文化并非总是与财富相伴而生。

记　con+comit（伴随）+ant→伴随的，分割记忆：con（共同）+comit（=come 来）→一起来→伴随的

联　concoct vt. 调制；编造；commit vt. 犯错误，干坏事

concurrent ［kən'kʌrənt ］

adj. 同时发生的〈同　simultaneous, coincident〉

例　Working on two concurrent projects can be very exhausting for an author. 同时从事两个项目对于一名作家来说是非常令人疲惫的。

condiment ［'kɒndɪmənt ］

n. 调味品〈同　seasoning, flavoring〉

例　The only condiment I like on my hamburgers is mustard. 我喜欢在汉堡包上添加的唯一一种佐料是芥末。

记　condi（隐藏）+ment→隐藏（味道坏的东西）→调味品

联　condemn vt. 极力谴责；判罪；condign adj. 适当的，罪有应得的

confederate ［kən'fedəreɪt ］

n. 同盟者，盟友〈同　ally, collaborator〉

例　The criminal recruited a confederate to help rob the bank. 那名罪犯招募了一名同伙，来帮助他抢劫银行。

联　confederacy n. 联盟

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. ______ circles were used to make the target.

19. There was apparent ______ between the unhampered（无阻碍的）drug runners and town officials.

20. Jasper's two ______ research projects take up all his time.

21. The criminal's ______ were also arrested.

22. The essay was so complicated that I could not ______ the meaning.

23. ______ like mustard（芥末）and soy sauce add flavor to food.

第四部分

confide ［kən'faɪd ］

vt. 吐露（心事），倾诉〈同　disclose, reveal〉

例　When they were children, she always confided her problems to her big sister. 她们还是小孩子的时候，她总是把自己的问题说给姐姐听。

记　con+fide（相信）→相信别人→吐露（心事）

联　confident adj. 自信的；confidence n. 信心；confidant n. 心腹朋友，知己；confidential adj. 秘密的，机密的

confluence ［'kɒnflʊəns ］

n. 汇合；聚集〈同　conflux; throng〉

例　Mighty rivers often come into being at the confluence of several small streams. 气势磅礴的河流往往是由许多小溪流汇集而成的。

记　con+flu（流）+ence→流到一起→汇合

联　confluent adj. 汇合的；fluent adj. 流利的；effluent adj. 流出的；refluent adj. 倒流的；influential adj. 有影响的

congenial ［kən'ʤi:nɪəl ］

adj. （因性情、志趣等相近而）彼此合得来的；适意的〈同　compatible; agreeable〉

例　My father loved to go out for a meal with congenial companions. 我爸爸过去喜欢和意气相投的朋友一起出去吃饭。

联　congenital adj. 先天的，天生的

congestion ［kən'ʤestʃən ］

n. 拥挤，拥塞〈同　overcrowding〉

例　I always take the bus to work because the congestion in the city makes it difficult to find a parking place. 我总是乘公共汽车去上班，因为城市的交通拥堵使得寻找一个停车位变得非常困难。

联　congested adj. 堵塞的；拥挤的

congregate ［'kɒŋgrɪgeɪt ］

v. 聚集〈同　assemble, gather〉

例　Each morning the staff at work congregate around the coffee pot. 每天早上，员工们都聚集在咖啡壶周围。

记　con+greg（群体）+ate→聚成群体→聚集

联　congregation n. 集合，集会；aggregate v. 聚集；segregate v. 分离，隔离；congress n. （代表）大会；议会；conglomerate v. 聚结

conjecture ［kən'ʤektʃə(r) ］

n./v. 推测，猜想〈同　guess, supposition〉

例　They were predicting that it would snow, but it was nothing more than conjecture . 他们预计即将下雪，然而这只不过是猜测而已。

联　conjectural adj. 推测的，好推测的；abject adj. 可怜的；deject vt. 使沮丧；eject v. 喷出；inject vt. 注射；rejection n. 拒绝；projectile n. 抛射体

connoisseur ［ˌkɒnə'sɜ:(r) ］

n. 鉴赏家，行家〈同　specialist, expert〉

例　She had developed into a connoisseur of fine china. 她已经成为一名精美瓷器的鉴赏家。

记　con+nois（知道）+seur→什么都知道的人→行家

联　diagnosis n. 诊断；prognosis n. 预示；agnostic adj. 不可知论的

consonant ［'kɒnsənənt ］

adj. 协调一致的〈同　compatible, harmonious〉

例　The decision to construct a new gymnasium was consonant with the superintendent's belief in physical education. 建造一座新体育馆的决定，符合校长关于体育教育的理念。

联　dissonant adj. 不和谐的，刺耳的

consort ［kən'sɔ:t ］

vi. 陪伴，结交〈同　associate, join〉

例　We frequently judge people by the friends with whom they consort . 我们经常根据一个人结交的朋友来评判他。

联　consortium n. 联盟；（国际）财团；assorted adj. 多样混合的；contort v. 扭曲，歪曲

conspiracy ［kən'spɪrəsi ］

n. 阴谋〈同　plot, intrigue〉

例　The investigators uncovered a conspiracy to steal government funds. 调查人员揭露了一个盗用政府资金的阴谋。

记　con（共）+spir(e)（呼吸）+acy→共同呼吸→阴谋

联　conspire v. 共谋；aspire vi. 热望；expire v. 断气；期满；inspire vt. 鼓励；perspire v. 出汗

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The wine ______ was invited to teach people the proper way to drink wine.

25. The businessman was easily irritated with people and therefore hired a very ______ secretary.

26. The soldier was jailed for ______ with the enemy.

27. Highway ______ is the worst on Friday afternoon when people get off work for the weekend.

28. The two best friends could ______ their deepest secrets to each other.

29. The two generals were involved in a ______ to topple the goverment.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | colossal | A. serious
31. ______ | concave | B. divide
32. ______ | comic | C. disagreeing
33. ______ | congregate | D. diminutive
34. ______ | communal | E. certainty
35. ______ | conjecture | F. individual
36. ______ | coalesce | G. disparaging
37. ______ | consonant | H. differing
38. ______ | concurrent | I. convex
39. ______ | complimentary | J. disperse

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | comprehend | A. scheme
41. ______ | clog | B. wheedle
42. ______ | combustible | C. definitive
43. ______ | conspiracy | D. jam
44. ______ | congenial | E. pleased with oneself
45. ______ | conclusive | F. burnable
46. ______ | clamor | G. divulge
47. ______ | coax | H. apprehend
48. ______ | confide | I. noise
49. ______ | complacent | J. harmonious

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

comic | colossal | concave | conjecture | confluence
clamor | civilian | conclusive | complimentary | communal

50. You don't actually know he murdered her, it's just ______ on your part.

51. France gave the ______ statue called the Statue of Liberty to the United States as a gift.

52. The colonel wore ______ clothes to the party as a disguise.

53. Jessica looked beautiful and received many ______ comments.

54. She looks so ______ in that huge hat.

55. The building was built with a ______ roof that made it look like a big bowl from the outside.

56. The car accident made a terrible ______ that scared everyone around.

57. The ______ of the two rivers causes floods when it rains.

58. The neighborhood had a ______ arrangement and shared everything.

59. The judge made a ______ decision about how long the criminal would stay in jail.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. coalesced
7. claps
8. citizenship
9. clergy
10. clogged
11. clan
12. Combustible
13. compelling
14. coaxed
15. complacent
16. collective
17. colloquial
18. Concentric
19. complicity
20. concurrent
21. confederates
22. comprehend
23. Condiments
24. connoisseur
25. congenial
26. consorting
27. congestion
28. confide
29. conspiracy
30. D
31. I
32. A
33. J
34. F
35. E
36. B
37. C
38. H
39. G
40. H
41. D
42. F
43. A
44. J
45. C
46. I
47. B
48. G
49. E
50. conjecture
51. colossal
52. civilian
53. complimentary
54. comic
55. concave
56. clamor
57. confluence
58. communal
59. conclusive

Lesson 6

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. A ford（浅滩）is a place where it is possible to cross a creek or river.

(A) trench
(B) gorge
(C) stream

2. Over the years, countless storytellers have been narrating tales that entertain their listeners as well as teach them a lesson.

(A) educated
(B) innumerable
(C) uncalculating

3. Cold air causes the arteries around the heart to constrict .

(A) become rigid
(B) contract
(C) close

4. The contents of cumbersome texts may be conveniently stored on microfilm（缩影胶片）.

(A) ancient
(B) technical
(C) bulky

5. Certain colors when incorporated into the decor of a room can produce a cozy atmosphere.

(A) light
(B) roomy
(C) comfortable

第一部分

constellation ［ˌkɒnstə'leɪ∫ən ］

n. ①星座

例　It was so cloudy we couldn't see any of the constellations . 今天多云，我们看不到天上的任何星座。

②群集〈同　gathering, cluster〉

例　Gathered here tonight at this annual ceremony we have a whole constellation of film stars. 在今晚的周年庆典上，聚集了一群电影明星。

记　con+stell（星星）+ation→星星聚在一起→星座

联　stellar adj. 星的；interstellar adj. 星际间的；consternation n. 惊愕，惊惶失措

constrict ［kən'strɪkt ］

vt. ①约束；使放慢（或停止）〈同　limit, restrict〉

例　Dead trees constricted the stream. 枯树堵塞了溪流。

②使收缩〈同　shrink, contract〉

例　The tight shirt collar constricted my throat. 过紧的衬衫衣领勒着我的喉咙。

联　restrict vt. 限制，约束；constraint n. 约束，限制；constringe vt. 使收缩，压缩；construct vt. 建造，构造

contagious ［kən'teɪʤəs ］

adj. 传染性的；有感染力的〈同　infectious; catching〉

例　Viruses and bacteria may spread contagious diseases. 病毒和细菌可能传播传染病。

记　con+tag（接触）+ious→接触就能感染的→传染性的

联　contagion n. 接触传染；contingent adj. 依条件而定的

contiguous ［kən'tɪgjʊəs ］

adj. 接近的，接壤的〈同　abutting, next to〉

例　The two countries are contiguous for a few miles. 这两个国家有数英里的边境接壤。

continuum ［kən'tɪnjʊəm ］

n. 连续体〈同　sequence, succession〉

例　The spectrum is a continuum of color from red to violet. 光谱是从红色到紫色的各种颜色的连续体。

contour ［'kɒntʊə(r) ］

n. 轮廓〈同　configuration, outline〉

例　I could just make out the contours of the house in the dark. 在黑暗中，我只能隐约看见房子的轮廓。

convex ［'kɒnveks ］

adj. 凸出的〈同　bulging〉

例　He polished the convex lens of his telescope. 他擦亮了望远镜的凸透镜。

convivial ［kən'vɪvɪəl ］

adj. 欢乐的，快乐的〈同　festive〉

例　Can you think of anything more pleasant than to spend Thanksgiving with a large and convivial family group? 除了与快乐的大家庭共度感恩节以外，你还能想出更令人愉快的事情吗？

记　con+vivi（活）+al→一起活跃→欢乐的

联　vivid adj. 活泼的，生动的；revival n. 恢复，复原；survival n. 存活，幸存；jovial adj. 快活的，高兴的；trivial adj. 琐细的

cosmopolitan ［ˌkɒzmə'pɒlɪtən ］

adj. 世界性的，全球（各地）的〈同　worldwide〉

例　With a population made up of people from many different lands, New York City is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world. 纽约市的人口由来自许多不同地域的人群组成，是世界上最国际化的大都市之一。

联　cosmopolis n. 国际都市；cosmos n. 宇宙；cosmic adj. 宇宙的；microcosm n. 微观世界；macrocosm n. 宏观世界；metropolitan adj. 大都市的

counteract ［ˌkaʊntər'ækt ］

vt. 消除，抵消〈同　negate, act against〉

例　She tries to counteract her former rudeness by being especially polite now. 为了消除之前的粗鲁无礼（的形象），她现在特别有礼貌。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Her father spent every evening with his big telescope, looking at the ______.

7. The ______ roof of the building made it look like a big bubble.

8. This medicine will help ______ your disease.

9. We were able to cross the river by walking on the ______ line of rocks.

10. The country gave a very ______ welcome to its soldiers.

11. His travels around the world made him a very ______ individual.

第二部分

counterfeit ［'kaʊntəfɪt ］

vt. 伪造，仿造〈同　forge〉

例　Advances in photocopying technology allow criminals with no printing expertise to easily counterfeit paper currency. 随着复印技术的发展，没有任何印刷专业技术的罪犯也很容易就能伪造纸币。

adj. 伪造的，假冒的〈同　bogus, fake〉

例　The bank refused to take the counterfeit money. 银行拒绝接收假币。

countless ［'kaʊtlɪs ］

adj. 无数的〈同　innumerable, infinite〉

例　He reminded her countless times not to forget her umbrella, but she forgot. 他无数次提醒她别忘了带伞，可她还是忘了。

courier ［'kʊrɪə(r) ］

n. 送急件的人，信使〈同　messenger, carrier〉

例　The publisher sent a special courier to pick up the manuscript. 出版公司派了一名专门的快递员来取手稿。

court ［kɔ:t ］

n. 法庭；球场

例　I have to go to court today to give evidence in a trial. 我今天得去法庭为审讯作证。

vt. 向…献殷勤，追求；设法获得（他人的支持等）〈同　woo, pursue〉

例　He's been courting her for two years but there's no sign of them getting married yet. 两年以来，他一直在向她献殷勤，但他们没有任何要结婚的迹象。

联　courthouse n. 法院；courtship n. 求爱；求爱时期；courtly adj. 尊严而有礼貌的；courteously adv. 有礼貌地，亲切地

cover ［'kʌvə(r) ］

vt. ①覆盖

例　During cold winter nights, we cover ourselves with thick quilts. 在寒冷的冬夜，我们都盖着厚棉被。

②包括〈同　include, incorporate〉

例　The essay covered many topics such as biology, psychology, and religion. 这篇论文涉及许多话题，例如生物学、心理学和宗教。

③报道〈同　report〉

例　The reporter covered the whole story of the President's affair. 记者报道了总统事件的始末。

联　coverage n. 新闻报道

cowhand ［'kaʊhænd ］

n. 牛仔，牧牛工

例　Harold worked as a cowhand during the summer and learned how to ride horses. 哈罗德在夏天当牛仔，还学会了如何骑马。

cozy ［'kəʊzi ］

adj. 温暖舒适的，惬意的〈同　comfortable, relaxing〉

例　Sitting in front of a fire on a snowy day is quite cozy . 下雪天坐在火炉前非常温暖舒适。

联　cozen v. 欺骗，哄骗；coxy adj. 骄傲的；dozy adj. 瞌睡的

cram ［kræm ］

v. 填塞；匆忙准备（考试）〈同　pack; study〉

例　We are cramming for the TOEFL in 30 days. 为了30天后的托福考试，我们正在临时抱佛脚地死记硬背。

联　crammed adj. 狭窄的；cramped adj. 狭窄的；crab n. 螃蟹；scram n. 迅速走开，跑开；cramp n. 抽筋，痉挛；jam n. 果酱 v. 挤进，（使）塞满；堵塞；scramble vt. 搅乱，使混杂

crater ［'kreɪtə(r) ］

n. 火山口；弹坑

例　The gas explosion left large craters in the ground. 燃气爆炸在地面上留下了几个大坑。

crayon ［'kreɪən ］

n. 彩色蜡笔、粉笔；蜡笔画，粉笔画

例　I colored the picture with crayons . 我用蜡笔给图画上色。

联　canyon n. ［美］峡谷

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. She ______ all her clothes into one suitcase.

13. Many of the ______ that deliver messages in the city travel by bike because of the terrible car traffic.

14. They were arrested for ______ twenty-dollar bills.

15. The canopy ______ us from the sun.

16. A ______ number of bees flew out of the nest.

17. There are several tennis ______ in the local park.

第三部分

credentials ［krə'den∫əlz ］

n. 凭证，文凭〈同　certificate〉

例　Since he does not have any of the credentials for the job, he was not asked to interview. 由于他没有任何符合这个工作要求的文凭，因此他没有收到面试邀请。

creek ［kri:k ; (US)krɪk ］

n. 小溪，小河〈同　stream, brook〉

例　My friends and I have had picnics over there by the creek . 我和朋友们曾经在那里的小溪旁边野营。

crevice ［'krevɪs ］

n. 缺口，裂缝〈同　gap, crack〉

例　The rain came in through a crevice in the ceiling. 雨水通过天花板上的裂缝流了进来。

记　crev（裂缝）+ice→裂缝

联　crevasse n. 裂隙，裂缝；crew n. 全体人员

crimson ［'krɪmzən ］

n./adj. 深红色（的）〈同　bloody〉

例　Bill cut his finger when he was cooking and then he threw away the crimson knife. 比尔在做饭的时候割伤了手指，然后他把被血染红的刀子扔掉了。

crisscross ［'krɪskrɒs ; (US)-krɔ:s ］

adj. 十字形的〈同　cross-shaped〉

例　The marks of people's feet had made a crisscross pattern in the snow. 人脚留下的痕迹在雪地上形成了一个十字形图案。

联　the Red Cross 红十字会；crosscut adj. 横切的；crossing n. 横越；交叉口；crossbreeding n. 【生物】杂交繁育

critique ［krɪ'ti:k ］

n. （文艺等的）批评，评论〈同　review, commentary〉

例　At the end of the course, the students had an opportunity to give a critique of the teacher. 课程结束时，学生们有机会对老师进行评价。

crooked ［'krʊkɪd ］

adj. ①不诚实的；欺诈的〈同　dishonest, sly〉

例　The city is full of crooked police officers taking bribes. 城市里到处都是收受贿赂的不正直的警察。

②弯曲的；蜿蜒的〈同　curved〉

例　You have to drive slowly on these crooked country roads. 在这些蜿蜒崎岖的乡村小路上，你必须慢点开车。

crumble ［'krʌmbəl ］

v. 粉碎；崩溃〈同　fall apart; disintegrate〉

例　I crumbled the bread for the birds. 我把面包捏碎喂鸟。

联　crumb n. 碎屑，面包屑；bumble v. 拙劣地做；说话含糊；fumble v. 摸索；grumble v. 抱怨；喃喃地说

crumple ［'krʌmpəl ］

vt. 把…弄皱；起皱〈同　rumple, wrinkle〉

例　The front of the car was crumpled like paper when it hit the wall at full speed. 汽车以全速撞上墙之后，车的前部像纸一样皱了起来。

culinary ［'kʌlɪnəri ］

adj. 厨房的，烹调的

例　Many chefs attribute their culinary skills to the wise use of spices. 许多大厨把他们的烹饪技巧归功于对调味料的合理利用。

记　cuis, cul 都是“厨房；烹调”之意。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The ______ in the wall suggested that someone shot a gun.

19. The sand castle ______ at high tide.

20. Plaits have a ______ pattern.

21. Kate was offered the job because of her academic ______.

22. The writer was so frustrated with his opening paragraph that he ______ the paper up and threw it out of the window.

23. The whole deal was ______ and they lost all their money.

第四部分

cumbersome ［'kʌmbəsəm ］

adj. 笨重的；难处理的〈同　burdensome, bulky〉

例　He was burdened down with cumbersome parcels. 他背着笨重的包裹。

记　cumber（=barrier 躺的东西，障碍）+some（有点…的）→有障碍的→难处理的

联　cumber vt. 阻碍；encumbrance n. 障碍物；妨碍；incumbency n. 任期；职责；recumbent adj. 斜躺的；succumb vi. 屈服；死亡

curator ［kjʊə'reɪtə(r) ］

n. （博物馆等的）馆长〈同　keeper, custodian〉

例　The new curator tried to make the museum more popular. 新馆长努力让博物馆更受欢迎。

curse ［kɜ:s ］

n./v. 诅咒，咒骂〈同　malediction〉

例　The wizard's curse changed her into a tree. 巫师的诅咒把她变成了一棵树。

cushion ［'kʊ∫ən ］

n. 垫子，软垫

例　His sofa is comfortable because of its thick cushions . 他的沙发因为有厚厚的垫子而非常舒适。

vt. 缓和…的冲击〈同　absorb, relieve〉

例　Nothing could cushion the shock of my friend's death. 什么都不能减轻朋友的去世给我的打击。

联　a cushion of 一层；air-cushion vehicle 气垫船

custodian ［kʌ'stəʊdjən ］

n. 看守人，管理人〈同　caretaker, guardian〉

例　After everyone had left the theater, the custodian locked all the doors and went home. 所有人都离开剧院之后，管理员锁上所有的门，然后回家了。

联　custody n. 照顾，监护（的责任）

dagger ［'dægə(r) ］

n. 短剑，匕首〈同　knife〉

例　A sword is a short-handled, long-bladed weapon, similar to a dagger but larger. 剑是一种短把长刃的兵器，与匕首类似，但比匕首更长。

daisy ［'deɪzi ］

n. 雏菊

例　Although native to Europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of North America. 虽然雏菊原产于欧洲，但如今已经遍布北美洲的大部分地区。

daring ［'deərɪŋ ］

adj. 大胆的，勇敢的〈同　bold, brave〉

例　A daring firefighter pulled the child from the fire. 一位勇敢的消防员把孩子从大火中救了出来。

dart ［dɑ:t ］

vi. 飞奔；投掷〈同　rush; cast〉

例　The cat darted away when the dog approached. 狗接近的时候，猫飞快地跑走了。

n. 标枪，镖，箭

例　Her first dart scored double twenty. 她的第一掷得到了二十加倍。

dated ［'deɪtɪd ］

adj. 陈旧的，过时的〈同　old-fashioned, obsolete〉

例　I refused to wear the suit because it was dated . 我拒绝穿这套西装，因为它已经过时了。

联　date back 追溯到…；outdated adj. 过时的，不流行的；validate vt. 【律】使有效，使生效；inundate vt. 淹没

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. His ______ was small enough to fit in his pocket and go unnoticed by the police.

25. The ______ luggage made it difficult for Richard to travel on foot.

26. The two runners ______ towards the finish line.

27. She made a ______ leap across the chasm.

28. Marilyn's shoes were very popular when her parents were young but now they look ______.

29. The helmet ______ the blow to his head.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | cumbersome | A. reject
31. ______ | contiguous | B. distant
32. ______ | counterfeit | C. straight
33. ______ | dated | D. uncomfortable
34. ______ | cosmopolitan | E. blessing
35. ______ | convivial | F. provincial
36. ______ | curse | G. genuine
37. ______ | crooked | H. grim
38. ______ | court | I. fashionable
39. ______ | cozy | J. convenient

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | critique | A. stuff
41. ______ | daring | B. assessment
42. ______ | constellation | C. contain
43. ______ | counteract | D. crease
44. ______ | crumple | E. communicable
45. ______ | cram | F. adventurous
46. ______ | contagious | G. imitate
47. ______ | cover | H. lessen
48. ______ | cushion | I. a formation of stars
49. ______ | counterfeit | J. offset

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

contiguous | cozy | custodian | creek | contour
constrict | critique | contagious | curse | culinary

50. The moon revealed the ______ of the lake at night.

51. I find that yawning is often ______.

52. The hotel was not elegant but it was very ______.

53. We called the ______ to repair the broken window.

54. Our class project is to attend an opera and write a ______ of it.

55. During his heart attack, his hands ______.

56. The cooking class helped improve Jen's ______ skills.

57. When they were children, they often went down to the ______ to fish.

58. The two countries are ______ for a few miles; then they are separated by the gulf.

59. The witch's ______ on the prince turned him into a frog.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. constellations
7. convex
8. counteract
9. contiguous
10. convivial
11. cosmopolitan
12. crammed
13. couriers
14. counterfeiting
15. covered
16. countless
17. courts
18. crevice
19. crumbled
20. crisscross
21. credentials
22. crumpled
23. crooked
24. dagger
25. cumbersome
26. darted
27. daring
28. dated
29. cushioned
30. J
31. B
32. G
33. I
34. F
35. H
36. E
37. C
38. A
39. D
40. B
41. F
42. I
43. J
44. D
45. A
46. E
47. C
48. H
49. G
50. contours
51. contagious
52. cozy
53. custodian
54. critique
55. constricted
56. culinary
57. creek
58. contiguous
59. curse

Lesson 7

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Isadora Dunean preferred to dance on a stage devoid of scenery.

(A) close to
(B) free of
(C) protected from

2. You had better defer to the old man's wishes.

(A) yield
(B) postpone
(C) show respect

3. You may find that jogging is derimental rather than beneficial to your health.

(A) helpful
(B) facile
(C) harmful

4. Large areas of Alaskan land remain desolate due to its harsh climate.

(A) inaccessible
(B) immature
(C) barren

5. A female mantis（螳螂）does not hesitate to devour her own mate if she is hungry.

(A) ignore
(B) fight
(C) consume

第一部分

daunting ［'dɔ:ntɪŋ ］

adj. 使人畏缩的〈同　intimidating, discouraging〉

例　After the party there was the daunting job of tidying up. 聚会结束之后，整理屋子的活让人却步。

debatable ［dɪ'beɪtəbəl ］

adj. 未决定的，有争执的〈同　disputable, unsettled〉

例　It is debatable as to which football team is the best. 哪一支球队才是最好的，这仍存在争议。

联　debate n./v. 争论，辩论

debris ［'deɪbri: ; (US)də'bri: ］

n. 废墟，残骸；碎片〈同　ruins, residue〉

例　The storm tore down trees, damaged houses and littered the village with debris . 暴风吹倒了树木，摧毁了房屋，村里到处散落着碎片。

联　debrief v. 听取汇报

decadent ［'dekədənt ］

adj. 颓废的〈同　self-indulgent, depraved〉

例　Because some critics considered it decadent , subversive, and incomprehensible, abstract art encountered much opposition in its early years. 由于有些批评家认为抽象艺术颓废、颠覆传统、难以理解，因此抽象艺术在早期遭到了许多人的反对。

记　de+cad（下落）+ent→落下的→颓废的

联　decade n. 十年；cadence n. （声音的）抑扬顿挫，节奏

deceptive ［dɪ'septɪv ］

adj. 欺骗的，导致误解的〈同　misleading, fraudulent〉

例　In the United States, both the federal and state governments have laws designed to guard consumers against deceptive advertisements. 在美国，联邦政府和州政府均制定了旨在保护消费者免受欺骗性广告影响的法律。

记　de（坏）+cept（拿，抓，握住）+ive→拿坏的东西来→欺骗的

联　deception n. 欺骗，诡计；receptive adj. 善于接受的；perceptive adj. 感知的，感觉的；有洞察力的；precept n. 箴言；inception n. 开始，开端；susceptible adj. 易受影响的

deciduous ［dɪ'sɪdjʊəs ］

adj. 每年落叶的

例　The deciduous trees are those that shed all or nearly all of their leaves each year. 落叶树是指每年掉落所有或几乎所有叶子的树。

记　de（去掉）+cid（落）+uous→使（树叶）掉下→每年落叶的

联　assiduous adj. 勤勉的，刻苦的；arduous adj. 费劲的，辛勤的；decibel n. 分贝；decimal adj. 十进的；decimate vt. 大批杀害

defecate ［'defɪkeɪt ］

vi. 排粪；通大便

例　He was arrested for defecating in a public place. 他因在公共场合大便而被捕。

defer ［dɪ'fɜ:(r) ］

vi. 遵从，听从〈同　yield, submit〉

例　I defer to my father's greater experience and knowledge of the English language. 我遵从了父亲在英语语言方面更丰富的经验和知识。

vt. 延期〈同　delay, postpone〉

例　Can we defer making a decision until next week? 我们能推迟到下一周再做决定吗？

联　deferential adj. 顺从的；敬意的；deference n. 尊重，顺从；敬意；infer v. 推断；refer v. 提到；confer v. 协商，谈判

definitive ［dɪ'fɪnətɪv ］

adj. 决定性的，最后的〈同　conclusive, ultimate〉

例　There are no definitive answers to this problem. 这个问题没有明确的答案。

联　definition n. 定义

deform ［dɪ'fɔ:m ］

vt. 使变形〈同　distort, disfigure〉

例　The intense heat from the fire deformed the metal chair. 炉火的高温把那把金属椅子烤得变形了。

记　de+form（形状）→使不再是原来的形状→使变形

联　deformation n. 损坏，变形；conform v. （使）一致；inform v. 通知；uniform n. 制服；disfigure vt. 损伤外貌，使变丑

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ tiger hid in the tall grass before attacking the sheep.

7. The board members could not agree on such a ______ topic.

8. The car hit him very hard and ______ his face.

9. Sean placed some newspapers in the corner for the cat to ______.

10. After the party, the host had the ______ task of cleaning up.

11. They were a ______ crowd; rich and idle, they spent their days taking drugs and their nights hunting for pleasure in the clubs.

第二部分

deft ［deft ］

adj. 灵巧的，熟练的〈同　skillful, dexterous〉

例　The carpenter was known for his deft hands. 那位木匠以他灵巧的双手而出名。

联　adept adj. 熟练的，拿手的；daft adj. 愚蠢的；debt n. 债务；dent n. 凹，凹痕 v. （使）凹下；cleft n. 裂缝；bereft adj. 丧失亲人的；凄凉的

dehydrate ［di:'haɪdreɪt ］

vt. 使脱去水分〈同　dry, desiccate〉

例　Working in the hot sun dehydrated the construction crew and they grew very thirsty. 在炎热的太阳下工作，建筑工人们都脱水了，他们变得非常口渴。

记　de+hydr（水）+ate→去掉水→使脱去水分

联　dehydrated adj. 干燥的，脱水的；dehydration n. 脱水；hydrous adj. 含水的；carbohydrate n. 碳水化合物；anhydrous adj. 无水的；hydropower n. 水力发出的电

deign ［deɪn ］

vi. 屈尊〈同　condescend〉

例　The arrogant businessman did not deign to shake hands with people he did not know. 那个傲慢的商人不屑于与他不认识的人握手。

deity ［'di:ɪti ］

n. 神；被奉若神明的人（或物）〈同　god, divinity〉

例　Venus is one of the Roman deities . 维纳斯是罗马诸神之一。

联　deify vt. 把…神化

delectable ［dɪ'lektəbəl ］

adj. 美味的；令人愉快的〈同　tasty, delicious; pleasing〉

例　The cheesecake was delectable and Janet ate many slices. 奶酪蛋糕非常美味，珍妮特吃了许多块。

delirium ［dɪ'lɪrɪəm ］

n. 精神错乱，发狂〈同　insanity, madness〉

例　Excessive consumption of caffeine can result in restlessness, insomnia, and even delirium . 过度使用咖啡因可能导致坐立不安、失眠，甚至精神错乱。

联　delirious adj. 神志昏迷的，不省人事的；发狂的

delta ［'deltə ］

n. （河流的）三角洲

例　A delta is a deposit of earth and sand that collects at the mouths of some rivers and is usually three-sided. 三角洲由河口汇集的泥沙沉积物形成，通常呈三角形。

demobilize ［dɪ'məʊbəlaɪz ］

vt. 遣散（军人），使复员

例　When the Civil War ended, about a half of the soldiers from both the North and South had to be demobilized . 内战结束后，来自南北双方约有一半的士兵不得不退伍。

记　de+mobilize（动员）→反动员→遣散（军人）

联　mobilize v. 动员；immobilize vt. 使固定不动；mobile adj. 可动的；mobility n. 能动性

demolish ［dɪ'mɒlɪ∫ ］

vt. 破坏，摧毁〈同　raze, destroy〉

例　Although the car was demolished in the accident, no one was seriously injured. 虽然那辆车在事故中被撞毁了，但没有人受重伤。

记　demol（破坏）+ish→摧毁

联　demolition n. 破坏，拆除；admonish vt. 训诫，警告；polish v. 擦亮

denomination ［dɪˌnɒmɪ'neɪ∫ən ］

n. ①宗教组织〈同　sect〉

例　Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first Black denomination in the United States. 理查德·艾伦成立了非洲裔卫理圣公会，这是美国的第一个黑人宗教组织。

②（货币的）面额，单位

例　The peso is a denomination of Mexican currency. 比索是墨西哥的货币单位。

记　de（给予）+nomin（名称，名字）+ate→给钱名字→（货币的）单位

联　denominate vt. 命名；nominate vt. 提名，推荐；nominal adj. 名义上的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. John thinks he is so important now that he doesn't ______ to speak to us ordinary people.

13. After the soldiers were ______, many went home to their families.

14. He forgot to bring water for the ten-mile run and became ______.

15. I like the ______ taste of freshly baked bread.

16. “A quarter”is the common name for the 25 cent ______ of American currency.

17. Everyone applauded for the ______ pianist after the concert.

第三部分

dent ［dent ］

n. 缺口，凹痕〈同　cavity, hollow〉

例　Somebody made a large dent in the back of my car while it was parked outside the house. 我把车停在房子外面的时候，有人在我的车尾上弄了一个很大的凹痕。

v. （使）凹下，（使）凹陷

例　The side of the jeep was badly dented in an accident. 吉普车的一侧在事故中严重凹陷。

联　indent vt. 使凹进；indenture vt. 以契约束缚；rodent n. 啮齿动物；edentate n. 贫齿类动物

dentistry ［'dentɪstri ］

n. 牙科

例　The pain-killing agent most commonly administered in dentistry is the local anesthetic, which produces loss of feeling only in a specific area. 牙科中最常用的镇痛剂是局部麻醉剂，可以仅使特定部位失去知觉。

联　dental adj. 牙齿的；dentist n. 牙科医生

deplete ［dɪ'pli:t ］

vt. 耗尽，使衰竭〈同　exhaust, consume〉

例　This project has greatly depleted our resources. 该项目严重消耗了我们的资源。

记　de+plet（满）+e→不满→使衰竭

联　depletion n. 耗尽；replete adj. 饱满的；complete vt. 完成；delete vt. 删除

depot ［'depəʊ ］

n. 货栈，仓库〈同　depository, storehouse〉

例　The fruits stacked in the depot began to decay. 仓库里堆放的水果开始腐烂。

联　depository n. 存放处；storehouse n. 仓库；deposit n. 沉淀物；押金

depreciation ［dɪˌpri:∫ɪ'eɪ∫ən ］

n. 贬值〈同　devaluation〉

例　The gradual depreciation of the dollar was fueled by rising imports. 美元的逐渐贬值受到了进口增加的刺激。

记　来自动词depreciate（贬值；de+preci［价值］+ate→贬值）+ion→贬值

联　depreciate v. 贬低；折旧；depreciatory adj. 贬值的；蔑视的；depredatory adj. 劫掠的；deprecatory adj. 不赞成的；disparage vt. 蔑视，贬损

depredation ［ˌdeprə'deɪ∫ən ］

n. 劫掠，蹂躏〈同　pillage〉

例　The tornado left the town looking like the depredation of a large army. 飓风席卷过的小镇就像是遭到了大股军队破坏一样。

deputy ［'depjʊti ］

n. 代理人，代表；副手〈同　agent; assistant, aide〉

例　He passed on his authority to his deputy when he went on vacation. 他去度假的时候，会把自己的职权交接给副手。

desalination ［di:ˌsælɪ'neɪ∫ən ］

n. 脱盐，去盐作用

例　The Canary Islands rely on desalination for much of their water. 加那利群岛的很多用水均依靠海水淡化。

desolate ［'desələt ］

adj. （地方）荒凉的，无人烟的〈同　bleak, barren〉

例　At the South Pole lies Antarctica, the coldest and most desolate region on Earth. 位于南极的是南极洲，是地球上最寒冷和最荒凉的区域。

记　de+sol（孤独）+ate→变得孤独的→（地方）荒凉的

联　desolation n. 荒芜，荒凉；resolute adj. 坚决的；insolate vt. 曝晒；solo n. 独奏（唱）；solitary adj. 孤独的

despoil ［dɪ'spɔɪl ］

vt. 夺取，掠夺〈同　plunder, pillage〉

例　The industrial waste is despoiling the environment. 工业废料正在毁灭环境。

联　despoiler n. 掠夺者

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. I dropped a hammer on the floor, and it ______ the floorboard.

19. The water from the ocean needs ______ before you can drink it.

20. The ______ of gold made the jewelry store manager concerned about future business.

21. Despite the castle's defenses, the army invaded and ______ it in less than one day.

22. The barbarian's ______ left the town on fire.

23. You'll need less ______ if you don't eat sugar.

第四部分

deter ［dɪ'tɜ:(r) ］

vt. 阻碍，制止，使踌躇〈同　stop, prevent〉

例　Threats did not deter the lady from revealing the identity of the murderer. 威胁不会阻止那位女士揭露杀人凶手的身份。

记　de+ter（吓唬）→使踌躇

联　deterrent adj. 威慑的，制止的 n. 制止物，威慑力量；determinant adj. 决定性的；defer v. 推迟，延期

detergent ［dɪ'tɜ:ʤənt ］

n. 清洁剂，洗涤剂〈同　cleanser〉

例　Many new detergents have replaced soap. 许多种新型洗涤剂已经替代了肥皂。

联　deterge vt. 使清洁

determinant ［dɪ'tɜ:mɪnənt ］

n. 决定因素

例　The salary that the new job offers is the determinant in my job transfer. 新工作提供的工资是我跳槽的决定性因素。

联　determine vt. 确定；决定；determination n. 决心；果断；determinedly adv. 决然地；断然地

detest ［dɪ'test ］

vt. 深恶，憎恶〈同　abhor, loathe〉

例　I can forgive an honest mistake, but I detest an attempt to cover up mistakes by lying. 我可以原谅无心之过，但我憎恨试图通过撒谎来掩盖错误的行为。

记　de+test（证明）→反过去证明→憎恶

detrimental ［ˌdetrɪ'mentəl ］

adj. 有害的〈同　adverse, harmful〉

例　Smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. 吸烟对健康有害。

联　detriment n. 损害，伤害；detritus n. 岩屑，碎石；deleterious adj. 有害的，造成伤害的；noxious adj. 有害的，有毒的；pernicious adj. 有害的，恶劣的

devastate ［'devəsteɪt ］

vt. 毁坏；使不知所措〈同　ruin, destory〉

例　Many villages were devastated by the famine this year. 今年，许多村子都遭受了饥荒。

记　de+vast（大量）+ate→大量弄坏→破坏，vast 本身是一个单词，意为“广阔的；大量的”

联　devastation n. 毁坏；devastating adj. 破坏性的；devalue v. 减值，贬值；reinstate vt. 使恢复（原职）；ruin v. （使）堕落，毁灭；estate n. 不动产；阶层；apostate n. 变节者，背教者

devoid ［dɪ'vɔɪd ］

adj. 全无的，缺乏的（of）〈同　free of, lacking〉

例　Most of this barren land is devoid of vegetation. 这片荒地上的大部分地方都没有植被。

记　de+void（空）→空的→全无的

联　void adj. 缺乏的，空缺的；空闲的；destitute adj. 穷困的；缺乏的；barren adj. 贫瘠的；不孕的；vacant adj. 空的，空白的；空缺的；vacuous adj. 空虚的；空洞的

devour ［dɪ'vaʊə(r) ］

vt. 贪婪地吃，吞食〈同　consume, gorge〉

例　The hungry man devoured the rich food greedily. 那个饥饿的人贪婪地吞食着丰盛的食物。

记　de+vour（吞吃）→吞食

联　detour n. 绕路；scour v. 冲洗；pour v. 倾注，倾泻；sour adj. 酸味的；dour adj. 阴沉的

diagonal ［daɪ'ægənəl ］

n./adj. 对角线（的）

例　The diagonal of squares makes two triangles. 正方形的对角线把它划分成两个三角形。

diction ［'dɪk∫ən ］

n. 措辞，用语〈同　phrase, wording〉

例　The student showed good diction in his book report. 那名学生在他的读书报告中表现出很好的文笔。

联　dictionary n. 字典，词典；prediction n. 预言，预报；jurisdiction n. 权限

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The hurricane ______ many homes and buildings.

25. Good ______ implies a skillful choice of words accurately used to express ideas clearly.

26. He forgot to use ______ and his clothes smelled awful.

27. The board's decision was ______ to the company and in one month the company was closed down.

28. The growl of her pet dog ______ many visitors from entering the house.

29. The snake ______ the rat in one bite.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | detrimental | A. replete
31. ______ | defer | B. inept
32. ______ | deter | C. disgusting
33. ______ | delectable | D. honest
34. ______ | daunting | E. encourage
35. ______ | deceptive | F. encouraging
36. ______ | devoid | G. advantageous
37. ______ | desolate | H. questionable
38. ______ | deft | I. crowded
39. ______ | definitive | J. expedite

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. We can't defer the action until Mr. Thomas returns.

(A) dilate
(B) scorn
(C) delay

41. Fluoride deters tooth decay by reducing the growth of bacteria that destroys tooth enamel.

(A) refutes
(B) overwhelms
(C) inhibits

42. For centuries before the first astronomers' probings, the sun had been viewed only as a deity and was therefore not often the subject of scientific study.

(A) a satellite
(B) a god
(C) an illusion

43. Shellfish give the deceptive appearance of enjoying a peaceful existence, although, in fact, life is a constant struggle for them.

(A) misleading
(B) calm
(C) understandable

44. Important features of dehydrated foods are their lightness in weight and their compactness.

(A) frozen
(B) dried
(C) organic

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | delectable | A. undecided
46. ______ | dent | B. swallow up
47. ______ | debatable | C. pleasing
48. ______ | dehydrate | D. use up
49. ______ | devour | E. parch
50. ______ | deputy | F. mar
51. ______ | deform | G. devastate
52. ______ | demolish | H. indentation
53. ______ | deplete | I. hate
54. ______ | detest | J. delegate

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

depleted | defer | deputy | detest | definitive
deciduous | devoid | desolate | determinant | demolish

55. The bomb ______ the army headquarters.

56. She asked her apartment manager if she could ______ payment to the end of the month.

57. Their graduation party ______ all the beer at the bar.

58. Many women ______ spiders and snakes.

59. The branches of the ______ tree were bare during the winter.

60. People once thought that the ______ moon once had life on it.

61. Her father's approval was the ______ for her to get married.

62. A well ______ of water is useless.

63. The ______ filled in when the sheriff（州长）was busy.

64. Finally, after hours of discussion, the jury gave a ______ verdict.

参考答案

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. deceptive
7. debatable
8. deformed
9. defecate
10. daunting
11. decadent
12. deign
13. demobilized
14. dehydrated
15. delectable
16. denomination
17. deft
18. dented
19. desalination
20. depreciation
21. despoiled
22. depredation
23. dentistry
24. devastated
25. diction
26. detergent
27. detrimental
28. deterred
29. devoured
30. G
31. J
32. E
33. C
34. F
35. D
36. A
37. J
38. B
39. H
40. C
41. C
42. B
43. A
44. B
45. C
46. H
47. A
48. E
49. B
50. J
51. F
52. G
53. D
54. I
55. demolished
56. defer
57. depleted
58. detest
59. deciduous
60. desolate
61. determinant
62. devoid
63. deputy
64. definitive

Lesson 8

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Many cold-blooded animals are dormant during the winter.

(A) freeze
(B) starve
(C) hibernate

2. The pupil of the human eye dilates when the light is dim.

(A) reacts
(B) focuses
(C) expands

3. A traditional way of gathering oysters is to dive from small boats and collect the oysters from the bottom of the ocean.

(A) plunge
(B) sweep
(C) wish

4. Young people often dispense with the traditional ceremonies of marriage.

(A) engage upon
(B) unite
(C) omit

5. Of all the wild dogs, none is more closely related to the domesticated dog than the wolf.

(A) ordinary
(B) tame
(C) faithful

第一部分

digestion ［daɪ'ʤestʃən ］

n. 消化

例　Protein digestion begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. 蛋白质的消化从胃部开始，在小肠里结束。

联　digest vt. 消化；digestive adj. 消化的；助消化的；indigestion n. 消化不良

digression ［daɪ'gre∫ən ］

n. 离题，扯到枝节上〈同　deviation, diversion〉

例　Talking about money now would be a digression from the main purpose of this meeting. 现在谈论钱的问题，就偏离了这次会议的主要目的。

dilate ［daɪ'leɪt ］

vt. 使膨胀，使扩大〈同　expand, enlarge〉

例　The optometrist's solution dilated the pupils of my eyes. 验光师点的眼药水使我的瞳孔放大了。

dioxide ［daɪ'ɒksaɪd ］

n. 二氧化物

例　Dioxide is the oxide having two atoms of oxygen for each molecule. 二氧化物是每一个分子中含有两个氧原子的氧化物。

联　carbon dioxide n. 【化】二氧化碳

disciple ［dɪ'saɪpəl ］

n. 门徒，弟子，追随着〈同　follower, adherent〉

例　Aristotle, a famous philosopher of ancient Greece, had a large number of disciples . 古希腊著名哲学家亚里士多德有许多门徒。

记　记住 discipline（纪律）就能记住 disciple，学徒必须守纪律

联　disciplinarian n. 厉行纪律的人，严师；disciplinant n. 苦行者，严于律己者

discomfort ［dɪs'kʌmfət ］

n. 不适〈同　distress, uneasiness〉

例　He went to the hospital and told the doctor about the discomfort in his chest. 他去了医院，并把自己胸部不适的症状告诉了医生。

discourse ［'dɪskɔ:s ］

n. 讲道，演讲〈同　speech, lecture〉

例　The priest delivered a long discourse in the evils of untruthfulness. 牧师发表了关于虚伪的邪恶之处的长篇大论。

记　dis（离开）+course（跑）→就某一主题讲开去→讲道，演讲

联　concourse n. 汇合，合流；discourteous adj. 不恭的，不敬的；recourse n. 求援，求助

disgrace ［dɪs'greɪs ］

vt. 玷污，给…带来耻辱〈同　humiliate〉

例　The warrior's dishonorable actions disgraced his tribe. 那名战士不光彩的行为让他的部族蒙羞。

n. 耻辱〈同　dishonor, shame〉

例　Mary was so drunk at the wedding that she was a disgrace to her family. 玛丽在婚礼上喝得酩酊大醉，对她家人来说真是耻辱。

disillusion ［ˌdɪsɪ'lu:ʒən ］

v. 使醒悟

例　The magician disillusioned everyone when he taught them the secrets of his magic tricks. 魔术师把魔术的秘密告诉所有人之后，大家都恍然大悟。

disintegrate ［dɪs'ɪntɪgreɪt ］

v. （使）瓦解，（使）碎裂〈同　fall apart〉

例　The spacecraft disintegrated as it entered the Earth's atmosphere. 这艘宇宙飞船进入地球大气层之后便解体了。

记　dis+integr（完整）+ate →使不完整→（使）瓦解

联　integrity n. 完整；正直；integral adj. 完整的，整体的；integrate v. （使）成整体，（使）一体化；disinter vt. 掘出

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The essay was well-focused on one topic, except for the ______ in the second paragraph.

7. Drinking some tea will help your ______ after a meal.

8. Immigrants who expected America to have streets of gold were ______.

9. After he fell down, he quickly stood up but he was obviously in a great deal of ______.

10. The ancient bones ______ as soon as the tomb was opened.

11. The rock band had many ______ that listened to whatever they sang about.

第二部分

disinterested ［dɪs'ɪntrɪstɪd ］

a dj. 不感兴趣的；无私的，公平的〈同　indifferent; impartial, unbiased〉

例　Mary is completely disinterested in the matter and can judge fairly. 在这件事上，玛丽是绝对公正的，可以公平地做出判断。

记　dis+interest（利益，兴趣）+ed→离开利益的→公平的

联　interested adj. 感兴趣的；uninterested adj. 不感兴趣的，淡漠的

dismal ［'dɪzməl ］

adj. ①暗的，凄凉的〈同　gloomy, bleak〉

例　The planet Saturn is so far from the sun that it is thought of as cold and dismal . 土星距离太阳太远，被认为是一颗冰冷而荒凉的星球。

②忧郁的，沮丧的〈同　melancholy, depressing〉

例　Sickness often makes a person feel dismal . 生病经常会让一个人感到沮丧。

记　dis+mal（坏，恶）→雪上加霜的→凄凉的

联　dismay vt. 使惊愕；使气馁 n. 惊愕；气馁，绝望；abysmal adj. 深不可测的，无底的；糟透的

dismember ［dɪs'membə(r) ］

vt. 肢解，分割〈同　dissect, split up〉

例　The curious boy dismembered the insect in order to see how it worked. 那个好奇的男孩为了研究昆虫而将它肢解了。

记　dis（去掉）+member（人或动植物的一部分）→肢解

联　dislocate vt. 使（骨头）脱臼；使…运转不正常；dislodge v. 驱逐；dismantle v. 拆开，拆卸（机器等）；取消（制度、安排等）

disorganize ［dɪs'ɔ:gənaɪz ］

vt. 扰乱，使混乱〈同　disarrange, disorder〉

例　His lateness disorganized my schedule. 他的迟到打乱了我的计划。

dispense ［dɪ'spens ］

vt. 分配，分发〈同　distribute, give out〉

例　The political candidate dispensed lots of leaflets. 那位政治候选人派发了大量传单。

联　dispensable adj. 可有可无的；indispensable adj. 不可缺少的；dispense with 免除，省去；disperse v. （使）分散，（使）散开

disproportionate ［ˌdɪsprə'pɔ:∫ənət ］

adj. 不成比例的〈同　unequal, unbalanced〉

例　The country's great influence in the world is disproportionate to its relatively small size. 那个国家在世界上的巨大影响力与其相对较小的国土面积不成比例。

联　disproportionately adv. 不相称地，不平衡地

disrepute ［ˌdɪsrɪ'pju:t ］

n. 坏名声，不光彩〈同　discredit, dishonor〉

例　Dishonest dealings have brought that company into a state of disrepute . 欺诈交易让那家公司名誉扫地。

disseminate ［dɪ'semɪneɪt ］

vt. 传播，宣传〈同　distribute, spread〉

例　During a weather emergency, the radio station disseminates important information. 在紧急天气情况下，电台会播出重要信息。

记　dis+semin（种子）+ate→播撒种子→传播

联　dissemination n. 传播；disseminative adj. 传播的；disseminator n. 传播者；seminal adj. 种子的；生殖的；dissemble v. 掩饰，假装不知道；dissembler n. 伪君子

dissenter ［dɪ'sentə(r) ］

n. 不同意者，反对者〈同　objector〉

例　The dissenter refused to accept the vote. 反对者拒绝接受选举结果。

记　dis（相反）+sent（感觉）+er（人，物）→有相反感觉的人→不同意者

联　dissent vi. 不同意；dissident n. 唱反调者；assent n./vi. 赞成，同意；consent vi. 同意；sentiment n. 情感；presentiment n. 预感

dissertation ［ˌdɪsə'teɪ∫ən ］

n. 论文〈同　thesis, discourse〉

例　In order to earn a graduate degree from many of our universities, a candidate is frequently required to prepare a dissertation on some scholarly subject. 为了在大学获得研究生学位，在校生常常被要求就某些学术主题准备一篇论文。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. His ______ grew after he kept borrowing money without paying any of it back.

13. The curious girl liked to ______ her dolls and put them back together.

14. His graduation ______ was so good that it was published.

15. The length of his arms is ______ to the size of his body.

16. A good empire makes ______ decisions.

17. Nurses ______ medicine to their patients.

第三部分

dissimilar ［dɪ'sɪmɪlə(r) ］

adj. 不同的，相异的〈同　unlike, different〉

例　The new house is not dissimilar to our old one except that it's a bit bigger. 除了大了一些，新房子与我们的旧房子没有什么不同。

distasteful ［dɪs'teɪstfʊl ］

adj. （令人）不愉快的，讨厌的〈同　abhorrent, displeasing, disagreeable〉

例　Spreading manure on the garden is a distasteful job, but someone must do it. 在花园里施肥是个让人讨厌的活，但必须有人去做。

distinctive ［dɪ'stɪŋktɪv ］

adj. 有特色的，出众的〈同　special, unique〉

例　A police officer wears a distinctive uniform. 警官穿着特殊的制服。

dive ［daɪv ］

vi. 潜水；跳水〈同　plunge, plummet〉

例　Mary dived dove into the sea from the rocks. 玛丽从岩石上跳入海中。

联　diver n. 潜水者；跳水运动员

divergent ［daɪ'vɜ:ʤənt ; dɪ'vɜ:ʤənt ］

adj. 有分歧的，有差异的〈同　different, conflicting〉

例　In a democracy, we expect people to have divergent views and to express them openly. 在民主国家，我们希望人们可以有不同的观点，并且可以公开表达自己的观点。

联　divergence n. 分歧，岔开

diversity ［daɪ'vɜ:sɪti ］

n. 差异，多样〈同　variety, difference〉

例　The dogmatic dictator would brook no diversity of opinions. 那个固执己见的独裁者不能容忍不同意见。

联　adversity n. 苦难；versatile adj. 多才多艺的；averse adj. 反感的；adverse adj. 不利的，敌对的

dogged ［'dɒgɪd ; (US)'dɔ:gɪd ］

adj. 顽强的，固执的〈同　determined, persevering〉

例　Her ambition and dogged personality ensured that she rose to the top of her profession. 她的雄心和顽强的个性让她达到了事业的顶峰。

记　dog（狗）+ged→像狗追逐猎物一样的→紧紧追随（目标）的→顽强的

联　doggerel n. 打油诗；jagged adj. 锯齿状的，参差不齐的；pertinacious adj. 坚持不放的，顽执的；unyielding adj. 不易弯曲的；不屈的

dogma ［'dɒgmə ; (US)'dɔ:gmə ］

n. 教条，教义，信仰〈同　belief, doctrine〉

例　Atheism and theism are two opposite dogmas . 无神论与有神论是两种相对立的信仰。

dolphin ［'dɒlfɪn ］

n. 海豚

例　The stage dolphin was trained to jump out of the water and through a ring. 表演的海豚经过训练后，会跳出水面，钻圈。

domesticate ［də'mestɪkeɪt ］

v. 驯养，驯化〈同　cultivate〉

例　Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries and are raised commercially for their meat and eggs. 鸭子被人工饲养已有数个世纪，在商业上，喂养鸭子是为了获得鸭肉和鸭蛋。

联　domesticated adj. 驯养的，家养的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. It was only because of his ______ efforts that the company was able to increase sales.

19. I'd know her voice anywhere because she has a very ______ way of talking.

20. People have ______ many plants and animals.

21. A ______ of people is considered to be one of America's greatest strengths.

22. The ideas they expressed were not ______; they were simply described in different ways.

23. The ______ path made it difficult to find the way home.

第四部分

dormant ［'dɔ:mənt ］

adj. 静止的，休眠的〈同　hibernated, lethargic〉

例　The dormant volcano has not erupted in two hundred years. 这座休眠火山已有两百年未曾喷发了。

记　dorm（睡眠）+ant→休眠的

联　dormancy n. 休眠，蛰伏；dormitory n. 寝室，宿舍；dormer n. 天窗；quiescent adj. 静止的；被动的；inert adj. 无活动的，惰性的

dorsal ［'dɔ:səl ］

adj. 背部的，背脊的〈同　back〉

例　The dorsal fins of sharks and dolphins look the same from a distance. 鲨鱼和海豚的背鳍从远处看是一样的。

drama ［'drɑ:mə ］

n. 戏剧〈同　play, show〉

例　The drama called Hamlet was performed last night and had many famous actors. 《哈姆雷特》这部戏剧在昨晚上演，里面有许多著名的演员。

联　dramatize vt. 改编为戏剧，编写剧本；melodrama n. 情节剧

dreary ［'drɪəri ］

adj. 沉闷的，阴郁的〈同　gloomy, dismal〉

例　A cold, rainy day is dreary . 寒冷的下雨天真是沉闷。

drowsy ［'draʊzi ］

adj. 昏昏欲睡的〈同　sleepy, soporific〉

例　Since this medicine may cause you to feel drowsy , do not drive a car or operate machinery. 因为这种药可能导致你昏昏欲睡，因此不要开车或操作机器。

drudgery ［'drʌʤəri ］

n. 苦工，苦差事〈同　tedium, toil〉

例　Microwave ovens and automatic dishwashers have emancipated modern homemakers from much of the household drudgery . 微波炉和自动洗碗机将现代的家庭主妇们从辛苦的家务劳动中解放了出来。

记　drudge（长时间做繁重、乏味的工作）+ry（名词后缀，表状态、性质）→苦工，苦差事

联　druggery n. （总称）药物；药橱；dredge v. 挖泥，疏通

ductile ［'dʌktaɪl ; (US)'dʌktəl ］

adj. 易延展的；柔软的〈同　flexible; pliant〉

例　Gold and copper are ductile metals. 黄金和铜都是延展性金属。

记　duct（引导）+ile→可引导的→柔软的

联　duct n. 管道，输送管；aqueduct n. 导水管；abduct vt. 诱拐；deduction n. 减去，扣除；tile n. 瓦片，瓷砖

dwarf ［dwɔ:f ］

n. 侏儒

例　A dwarf is a person, animal, or plant that is much smaller than the usual size. 侏儒是指比正常尺寸小的人、动物或植物。

vt. 使…显得矮小

例　Their little cottage was dwarfed by a big building in the neighborhood. 他们的小平房跟旁边的大楼一比，显得特别矮小。

dynasty ［'dɪnəsti ; (US)'daɪnəsti ］

n. 朝代，王朝〈同　regime; sovereignty〉

例　The same family dynasty had ruled the land for more than 120 years. 同一个家族王朝统治这块土地超过120年。

eclecticism ［ɪ'klektɪsɪzəm ］

n. 折中主义

例　Eclecticism is the practice of mixing elements dissimilar in style in a single work of art. 折中主义是将风格迥异的元素混合在一件艺术作品中的做法。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Bears remain ______ during the winter months.

25. The Tang ______ was one of the richest regimes in Chinese history.

26. He slept for three hours and woke up with ______ eyes.

27. Wax is ______ when it is warm.

28. The cemetery（墓地，公墓）is very ______ at night.

29. He quit school because of the ______ of homework.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | dilate | A. gather
31. ______ | distinctive | B. alert
32. ______ | disinterested | C. giant
33. ______ | drowsy | D. contract
34. ______ | dogged | E. enchant
35. ______ | disillusion | F. biased
36. ______ | disseminate | G. uniformity
37. ______ | diversity | H. active
38. ______ | dwarf | I. irresolute
39. ______ | dormant | J. nondescript

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Before the development of movable metal type in the mid-fifteenth century, news was disseminated by word of mouth, by hand-written letters, or by public notice.

(A) organized
(B) requested
(C) distributed

41. The Little Foxes , a drama by Lillian Hellman, was first made in New York in 1939.

(A) play
(B) novel
(C) musical

42. The plant known as corn, domesticated by the American Indians, was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus.

(A) trained
(B) cultivated
(C) implanted

43. It is not easy for him to bear the drudgery of living in the woods.

(A) violence
(B) interest
(C) tedium

44. Within each species, there is room for genetic diversity .

(A) classification
(B) expansion
(C) variety

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | drudgery | A. departure
46. ______ | distasteful | B. humiliation
47. ______ | dispense | C. chore
48. ______ | digression | D. divide
49. ______ | disintegrate | E. unprejudiced
50. ______ | dreary | F. disgusting
51. ______ | dismember | G. pain
52. ______ | disinterested | H. bleak
53. ______ | disgrace | I. allocate
54. ______ | discomfort | J. break up

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

dove | drowsy | disorganize | discourse | distasteful
disseminate | dissenter | dismal | disgrace | dilate

55. Lectures and sermons are ______.

56. The grey clouds and light rain made today look very ______.

57. The laughing gas ______ throughout the room and we couldn't stop laughing.

58. His eyes became red and ______ when he was drunk.

59. He was never invited to parties because of his ______ jokes.

60. We viewed our loss to the league's worst team as a major ______.

61. They ______ from the cliff into the lake.

62. Dennis was known as the town ______ because he never agreed with anyone.

63. Although Jennifer's mom thought she was helping by cleaning her room, she was in fact ______ it.

64. He stayed up all night to study for the exam, but by the time he took it, he was so ______ he couldn't focus.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. digression
7. digestion
8. disillusioned
9. discomfort
10. disintegrated
11. disciples
12. disrepute
13. dismember
14. dissertation
15. disproportionate
16. disinterested
17. dispense
18. dogged
19. distinctive
20. domesticated
21. diversity
22. dissimilar
23. divergent
24. dormant
25. Dynasty
26. drowsy
27. ductile
28. dreary
29. drudgery
30. D
31. J
32. F
33. B
34. I
35. E
36. A
37. G
38. C
39. H
40. C
41. A
42. B
43. C
44. C
45. C
46. F
47. I
48. A
49. J
50. H
51. D
52. E
53. B
54. G
55. discourses
56. dismal
57. disseminated
58. dilated
59. distasteful
60. disgrace
61. dived
62. dissenter
63. disorganizing
64. drowsy

Lesson 9

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Prices are escalating rapidly.

(A) rising
(B) changing
(C) calculating

2. A mature tulip bulb contains the embryo of a plant.

(A) flower bud
(B) waste product
(C) completely undeveloped form

3. The Salk vaccine is a major factor in the fight to eradicate polio.

(A) completely destroy
(B) carefully disguise
(C) sustain

4. The Red Cross made an equitable distribution of the bread to the starving children.

(A) a just
(B) a quick
(C) a nutritious

5. The cat found the mouse to be too elusive and could not catch it.

(A) baffling
(B) large
(C) hostile

第一部分

economize ［ɪ'kɒnəmaɪz ］

vi. 节约，节省〈同　save, be thrifty〉

例　We must economize on scarce resources. 我们必须节省稀缺资源。

联　economics n. 经济学；economical adj. 节约的，经济的

edifice ［'edɪfɪs ］

n. 宏伟的建筑物〈同　skyscraper〉

例　The huge edifice is a tribute to modern architecture. 这座宏伟的建筑是对现代建筑的致敬。

联　edify vt. 启迪，陶冶；edification n. 陶冶，教诲

educated ［'edju:keɪtɪd ］

adj. 受过教育的，有教养的〈同　informed, learned〉

例　Educated men never stop learning. 受过教育的人永远不会停止学习。

联　educable adj. 可教育的，可培养的；education n. 教育，培养

effluent ［'eflʊənt ］

n. 流出物

例　It would be terrible if effluent from the metal factory reached the river. 如果金属加工厂的废水流入河中，后果会非常糟糕。

election ［ɪ'lek∫ən ］

n. 选择；当选；选举〈同　voting, balloting〉

例　How many people voted in the last election ? 在上一次选举中，有多少人参加了投票？

联　selection n. 选择；精选品

elixir ［ɪ'lɪksə(r) ］

n. 长生不老药，仙丹妙药〈同　cure-all〉

例　The elixir which can cure all diseases does not exist. 能治愈所有疾病的万能药是不存在的。

联　exile n./vt. 放逐，流放；exilic adj. 放逐的，流亡的

elliptical ［ɪ'lɪptɪkəl ］

adj. ①椭圆的〈同　egg-shaped〉

例　The Earth's orbit is elliptical . 地球的轨道是椭圆形的。

②省略的〈同　short, terse〉

例　An elliptical remark baffles because it is not perfectly clear. 晦涩的言辞让人困惑，因为它不够清楚。

联　ellipse n. 椭圆；ellipsis n. 省略

elongate ［'i:lɒŋgeɪt ; (US)ɪ'lɒŋ- ］

vt. 延长，伸长〈同　lengthen, extend〉

例　The dog pulled on the sweater and elongated the sleeve. 那条狗拽着毛衣，把袖子都拉长了。

elusive ［ɪ'lu:sɪv ］

adj. 难懂的，难捉摸的〈同　baffling〉

例　Although he possesses great wealth, he finds happiness quite elusive . 虽然他拥有大量财富，但他却发现幸福非常令人难以捉摸。

记　e+lus（玩，戏剧）+ive→把人玩出去→难懂的

联　elude vt. 躲避；illusive adj. 幻影的，错觉的；delusive adj. 欺骗的；令人产生错觉的；allusive adj. 暗指的，影射的；evasive adj. 逃避的，推托的

emancipate ［ɪ'mænsɪpeɪt ］

vt. 解放，释放〈同　liberate, free〉

例　Abraham Lincoln emancipated four million African slaves. 亚伯拉罕·林肯使四百万非洲奴隶重获自由。

联　emancipation n. 释放，解放

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. To ______ the company's budget, the entire staff will have to suffer a pay cut.

7. The comet is in an ______ orbit, which brings it close to the Earth at regular intervals.

8. She gave us an ______ theory when we wanted hard facts.

9. An ______ is a building, especially a large or impressive one.

10. The balloon ______ as it became filled with air.

11. Schindler worked towards ______ many Jews from concentration camps.

第二部分

embellish ［ɪm'belɪ∫ ］

vt. 装饰，修饰〈同　adorn, beautify〉

例　Anne embellished the shirt collar with lace. 安妮用蕾丝装饰衬衫的领子。

记　em+bell（美）+ish→使…美→装饰

联　embellishment n. 装饰；belle n. 美女；ornament n./vt. 装饰；decorate v. 装饰

emblem ［'embləm ］

n. 象征，标志；徽章〈同　symbol, sign〉

例　Mace is the emblem of the authority of the king. 权杖是国王权威的象征。

联　emblematic adj. 作为象征的；badge n. 徽章

emboss ［ɪm'bɒs ; (US)ɪm'bɔ:s ］

vt. 加浮雕花纹于；使凸出

例　The printer embossed my company's name on my business cards. 印刷公司为我的名片上的公司名称做了浮雕工艺。

记　em+boss（凸出）→使凸出

联　bossy adj. 专横的；有浮雕装饰的；embody vt. 具体表达，使具体化；engross vt. 使全神贯注于

embroider ［ɪm'brɔɪdə(r) ］

vt. 刺绣，镶边；装饰〈同　decorate, adorn〉

例　Susan embroidered the edges of her pillowcases. 苏珊在枕套的边上刺绣。

记　em+broider（刺绣）→刺绣

联　embroidery n. 刺绣；装饰；embroil vt. 使纠缠不清

embryo ［'embrɪəʊ ］

n. 胚胎；事物的萌芽期〈同　completely undeveloped form, fetus〉

例　The plan of reform is still in embryo . 改革的方案仍在筹划当中。

记　em（=in）+bryo（胀满）→逐渐长大胀满的东西→胚胎

联　embryonic adj. 胚胎的，萌芽期的；embryological adj. 胚胎学的

eminent ［'emɪnənt ］

adj. 著名的，显著的〈同　distinguished, notable〉

例　After his appointment to this eminent position, he seldom had time for his former friends. 自从他被任命登上这个显赫的职位以后，他便很少有时间陪以前的朋友们了。

记　e+min（突出）+ent→突出来的→著名的

联　eminence n. 杰出，著名；imminent adj. 急迫的，即将来临的；preeminent adj. 卓越的，杰出的；prominent adj. 卓越的；显著的，突出的

empty ［'empti ］

adj. 空的〈同　vacant〉

例　The room is empty . All the furniture has been removed. 房间是空的。所有家具都被搬走了。

vt. 使…成为空的，倒空〈同　clean out, clear〉

例　The drinker emptied his glass quickly. 那个酒鬼很快就喝光了杯子里的酒。

联　empiricism n. 经验主义；empirical adj. 完全根据经验的，经验主义的；vacate v. 腾出，空出

enact ［ɪ'nækt ］

vt. 发布；制定（法律等）〈同　make (a law) official〉

例　The government has enacted several new laws. 政府制定了几项新法律。

encase ［ɪn'keɪs ］

vt. 装入；包住，围〈同　enclose〉

例　Medieval fighters were encased in armor from head to foot. 中世纪的士兵们从头到脚都被盔甲包裹起来。

联　encompass vt. 包围；encage vt. 关入笼中；encapsulate v. 装入胶囊；压缩

encompass ［ɪn'kʌmpəs ］

vt. ①环绕，围住〈同　surround, circle〉

例　The atmosphere encompasses the Earth. 大气层包围着地球。

②包含〈同　include, embrace〉

例　This book encompasses all the important events of the city. 这本书中包括这座城市的所有重要事件。

记　en+compass（罗盘；范围）→进入范围→包含

联　encomium n. 赞美，称赞；compass n. 罗盘，指南针；compasses n. 圆规；compassion n. 同情，怜悯

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The printer ______ the company emblem at the top of the letter paper.

13. The baker ______ the wedding cake with decorations.

14. A new ______ starts as a single cell with perfect symmetry.

15. The map ______ three provinces.

16. His mom always liked to ______ his name into his clothes.

17. The cinema hall soon ______ of people when the film was over.

第三部分

encroach ［ɪn'krəʊtʃ ］

vi. 侵占，蚕食〈同　intrude, invade〉

例　One should not encroach on somebody's property. 任何人均不得侵占他人的财产。

记　en+croach（钩）→钩进去→侵占

联　crochet v. 用钩针编织；encrust v. 在…上包上外壳；结壳；encourage vt. 鼓励

endless ［'endləs ］

adj. 无止境的〈同　everlasting, eternal〉

例　The long and boring drive seemed endless . 漫长无聊的车程似乎永无止境。

联　endlessly adv. 不断地，无穷尽地

engaging ［ɪn'geɪʤɪŋ ］

adj. 动人的，迷人的〈同　pleasing, attractive〉

例　All the children thought the firework display was engaging . 孩子们都认为焰火表演非常迷人。

记　来自动词engage（吸引）

联　engagement n. 婚约；engage in 从事，参加

engrave ［ɪn'greɪv ］

vt. 雕上，刻上〈同　enchase, carve〉

例　The jeweller skillfully engraved the initials on the ring. 宝石匠熟练地把首字母刻在戒指上。

联　engraving n. 雕刻，雕版

enrage ［ɪn'reɪʤ ］

vt. 激怒〈同　infuriate, anger〉

例　I was enraged at his idiotic remarks. 他愚蠢的话把我激怒了。

ensemble ［ɒŋ'sɒŋbəl ］

n. ①全体，整体〈同　aggregate〉

例　The green scenery and the blue dresses of the dancers made a very effective ensemble . 绿色的布景和舞蹈演员们蓝色的服装，形成了一种令人印象深刻的总体效果。

②剧团；文工团；合唱团〈同　troupe, choir〉

例　The ensemble practiced today for their music performance tomorrow. 为了明天的表演，合唱团今天进行了练习。

entanglement ［ɪn'tæŋgəlmənt ］

n. ①纠缠；缠绕物〈同　snare〉

例　The new nation avoided an entanglement with foreign countries. 那个新国家避免与其他国家有任何纠缠。

例　The trenches were protected by barbed wire entanglements . 战壕被带刺的铁丝网保护着。

②累赘；牵连

例　Democracy failed in the country for several reasons, including entanglement with wars and underdevelopment. 民主在这个国家并未成功，原因有许多，其中包括受到战争和发展滞后的牵连。

记　en+tangle（纠缠）+ment→纠缠

联　entangle vt. 使纠缠，卷入；tangle v. （使）乱作一团，（使）绞在一起；snarl v. （使）缠结；咆哮

enterprising ［'entəpraɪzɪŋ ］

adj. 有进取心的，有事业心的，有魄力的〈同　ambitious, industrious〉

例　Instead of just waiting for things to get better, we must be more enterprising in working towards improvements. 我们不能干等着事情好转，而是必须更有进取心，努力争取进步。

记　来自名词enterprise（事业心；enter［进入］+prise［试验］→试着去做→事业心）

联　ambitious adj. 有雄心的，野心勃勃的

entrenched ［ɪn'trentʃd ］

adj. 确立的，不容易改的〈同　established, rooted〉

例　He was so firmly entrenched as the political leader of the district that efforts to displace him proved completely futile. 他作为这个地区政治领袖的地位非常稳固，任何试图取代他的努力都被证明完全是徒劳的。

envious ［'envɪəs ］

adj. 嫉妒的；羡慕的〈同　jealous, covetous〉

例　Mr. Baker is envious of his neighbor's new swimming pool. 贝克先生羡慕邻居的新游泳池。

联　envy n./v. 羡慕；嫉妒；enviable adj. 令人羡慕的；covetous adj. 贪求的，垂涎的；jealous adj. 嫉妒的，妒羡的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. His norvels always deal with romantic ______ of the heroines.

19. The Great Wall seems ______.

20. Two violins, a cello, and a viola made up the string ______.

21. She was ______ of her friend's new sports car.

22. The mother tiger would get ______ if anyone approached her baby tigers.

23. The factory was so busy that the work ______ on her family time.

第四部分

envision ［ɪn'vɪʒən ］

vt. 想象，预想〈同　picture, visualize〉

例　Researches envision that commercial farming of lobsters will enable fishers to sell the shellfish year-round. 研究预测，商业化龙虾养殖将使渔民们全年都能销售海鲜。

记　en（放进）+vision（景象）→把景象放进去→想象

联　envisage vt. 想象，设想；visualize v. 形象化，想象

ephemeral ［ɪ'femərəl ］

adj. 短暂的，转瞬即逝的〈同　short-lived, transitory〉

例　Fashions are by nature fickle and ephemeral . 时尚从本质上而言是易变的和短暂的。

记　e+phem（出现）+eral→刚出现就消失的→短暂的

联　ephemeron n. 生命极短暂之物；蜉蝣

equitable ［'ekwɪtəbəl ］

adj. 公平的，公正的〈同　just, fair〉

例　The divorce settlement was quite equitable . Sheila got the right half of the house and Tom got the left half. 离婚协议书非常公平。希拉获得了房子的右半边，汤姆则获得了左半边。

记　equit（公平）+able→公正的

联　equate v. （使）平等；equality n. 相等；平等；equity n. 公正，公平；equivalent adj. 相等的；相当的；equitation n. 骑马，骑术；equivocal adj. 意义不明确的，模棱两可的

eradicate ［ɪ'rædɪkeɪt ］

vt. 根除，杜绝〈同　completely destroy, eliminate〉

例　Many young doctors, inspired by the desire to eradicate heart disease, the nation's number one killer, are entering the field of cardiology. 许多年轻的医生，受到根除全国头号杀手心脏病这一愿望的鼓舞，纷纷选择进入心脏病学领域。

记　e+radic（根）+ate→把根拔出来→根除

联　eradicable adj. 可根除的；radical adj. 基本的；eradiate vt. 发射，辐射；radiate v. 放射，辐射

erratic ［ɪ'rætɪk ］

adj. 古怪的，反复无常的〈同　eccentric, unusual〉

例　Mary's behavior becomes erratic when she drinks alcohol. 玛丽在喝酒之后，她的行为就会变得非常古怪。

记　err（错）+atic→有错的→反复无常的

联　err vi. 犯错，做错；fickle adj. （感情等）易变的，无常的；mercurial adj. 活泼善变的

escalate ［'eskəleɪt ］

vi. 升级，逐步增强〈同　rise〉

例　His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed. 失业之后，他的经济困难进一步加剧了。

vt. 使逐步上升〈同　increase〉

例　An assassination attempt escalated the tension between the two countries. 一次暗杀企图使两国之间的紧张局势进一步升级。

联　escalator n. 电动扶梯

etiquette ［'etɪket ］

n. 礼仪，礼节〈同　manners, decorum〉

例　Good etiquette requires women wearing dresses to cross their legs. 良好的礼节要求女士穿裙子（坐）时，要双腿交叉。

eventful ［ɪ'ventfʊl ］

adj. 多事的，充满大事的；意义重大的〈同　busy; momentous〉

例　The discovery of atomic energy began an eventful period in history. 原子能的发现开启了历史上的一个重要时期。

记　event（事件）+ful→多事的

联　event n. 事件；eventual adj. 最终的；invent v. 发明，创造；consequential adj. 重大的，重要的；momentous adj. 重大的，重要的

evergreen ［'evəgri:n ］

adj. 常绿的

例　The pine, cedar and spruce are evergreen trees. 松树、雪松和云杉都是常青树。

n. 常绿树；常绿植物

例　The pine on our lawn is an evergreen . 我们草坪上的松树是常绿植物。

记　ever（在任何时候）+green（绿）→在任何时候都是绿的→常绿的

联　everglade n. 沼泽地；greenhouse n. 温室，暖房

eviscerate ［ɪ'vɪsəreɪt ］

vt. 取出内脏；除去主要部分

例　The cow needed to be eviscerated before the meat could be sold. 必须取出牛的内脏之后，它的肉才能出售。

记　e+viscer（内脏）+ate→取出内脏

联　evisceration n. 取出内脏

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The recent attack ______ their concern that a war was coming.

25. The doctor ______ his blind eye and replaced it with a glass eye.

26. For the cooperation to be fair, the contract needs to divide profits in an ______ fashion.

27. When she was young, she ______ herself becoming a successful business-woman.

28. She showed proper table ______ when she ate dinner with the ambassador.

29. The cat did a good job of ______ all the mice from the house.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | embellish | A. ordinary
31. ______ | ephemeral | B. deface
32. ______ | economize | C. consistent
33. ______ | endless | D. shorten
34. ______ | equitable | E. lasting
35. ______ | erratic | F. exclude
36. ______ | elongate | G. unjust
37. ______ | encompass | H. create
38. ______ | eventful | I. finite
39. ______ | eradicate | J. squander

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | enterprising | A. venturesome
41. ______ | economize | B. begrudging
42. ______ | elusive | C. group
43. ______ | escalate | D. fixed
44. ______ | ensemble | E. release
45. ______ | emancipate | F. irregular
46. ______ | enrage | G. be frugal
47. ______ | erratic | H. mount
48. ______ | entrenched | I. irritate
49. ______ | envious | J. evasive

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

eminent | ephemeral | eventful | erratic | encase
election | enact | emblem | enterprising | engaging

50. His performance on exams was very ______, sometimes perfect and sometimes terrible.

51. The ______ professor always attracted a big crowd when she spoke in public.

52. The new law became effective on the date it was ______.

53. Jon went to vote in the presidential ______.

54. David's ______ nature puts everyone at ease.

55. The lumber company has a drawing of a tree on their ______.

56. The graduation day was not as ______ as they had expected.

57. We ______ the vase with newspaper before we packed it in the suitcase.

58. Beauty is ______; it is the soul and spirit that lasts forever.

59. Only ______ businessmen will financially survive this awful economy.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. economize
7. elliptical
8. elusive
9. edifice
10. elongated
11. emancipating
12. embossed
13. embellished
14. embryo
15. encompassed
16. embroider
17. emptied
18. entanglement
19. endless
20. ensemble
21. envious
22. enraged
23. encroached
24. escalated
25. eviscerated
26. equitable
27. envisioned
28. etiquette
29. eradicating
30. B
31. E
32. J
33. I
34. G
35. C
36. D
37. F
38. A
39. H
40. A
41. G
42. J
43. H
44. C
45. E
46. I
47. F
48. D
49. B
50. erratic
51. eminent
52. enacted
53. election
54. engaging
55. emblem
56. eventful
57. encased
58. ephemeral
59. enterprising

Lesson 10

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The feat of the Japanese explorer who traveled to the North Pole alone was described in the newspaper.

(A) notoriety
(B) masquerade
(C) achievement

2. He was an exemplary prisoner despite his history of crime.

(A) a model
(B) a sample
(C) an honest

3. A vein（矿脉）is a deposit of mineral matter that has filled a fault or seam in a rock.

(A) a cave
(B) an indentation
(C) a crack

4. The fitness craze of the 1970's and 1980's has contributed to women's increasing interest in sports.

(A) slimming
(B) weight
(C) health

5. The counterfeit bills were a good facsimile of the real ones.

(A) factorial
(B) reproduction
(C) identification

第一部分

exacting ［ɪg'zæktɪŋ ］

adj. 苛求的，要求严格的〈同　trying, severe〉

例　Defusing a bomb is an exacting task. 拆除炸弹是一项艰巨的任务。

联　exact adj. 精确的 v. 强求；exactitude n. 正确，精密；严格；exaction n. 勒索；苛求

exalted ［ɪg'zɔ:ltɪd ］

adj. 崇高的，高贵的〈同　superior, noble〉

例　It is customary to bow when the tribe's exalted chief enters. 当部落尊贵的首领进来时，按照习俗应该鞠躬。

excavate ［'ekskəveɪt ］

vt. 挖掘，挖出〈同　unearth, dig out〉

例　The workers used shovels to excavate the dirt from the hole. 工人们用铁铲挖出洞中的泥土。

记　ex+cav（洞）+ate→挖出洞→挖掘

联　excavation n. 挖掘，发掘；excavator n. 开凿者；开凿机；cavity n. 洞；concave adj. 凹的；cavern n. 大山洞

exemplary ［ɪg'zempləri ］

adj. 模范的，典范的；可仿效的〈同　paradigmatic〉

例　The headmaster rewarded Susan for her exemplary performance in school. 校长为苏珊在学校内的模范行为奖励了她。

记　ex+empl（拿，获得）+ary→拿得出来的→典范的

联　exemplar n. 模范，榜样；example n. 例子；exemplify vt. 举例说明；exemplum n. 例证，范例；exempt vt. 免除，豁免

exhale ［ɪks'heɪl ］

vt. 呼出，呼气〈同　breathe out〉

例　Bill inhaled the cigarette smoke and then exhaled deeply. 比尔吸了一口烟，然后大口吐了出来。

exhausted ［ɪg'zɔ:stɪd ］

adj. 精疲力竭的〈同　depleted, tired〉

例　The runners were exhausted after the marathon. 运动员们跑完马拉松之后，都已经筋疲力尽。

记　ex+haust（拉）+ed→被拉完了的→精疲力竭的

联　exhaust v. 用尽，耗尽；exhort v. 劝诫，忠告

exhilarating ［ɪg'zɪləreɪtɪŋ ］

adj. 爽快的，使人愉快的〈同　stimulating〉

例　We came back from an exhilarating walk in the mountains. 我们在山区进行了一次令人愉快的徒步旅行后返回。

记　ex+hilar（高兴）+at(e)+ing→高兴的→使人愉快的

联　exhilarate vt. 使高兴，使兴奋；hilarity n. 兴高采烈，欢闹；hilarious adj. 高兴的；热闹的

exorbitant ［ɪg'zɔ:bɪtənt ］

adj. （指价格、索价等）过高的，过分的〈同　expensive, excessive〉

例　Meals at the new restaurant are exorbitant ; a simple meal costs seventy-five dollars. 那家新餐馆的饭菜价格太高了；很简单的一顿饭竟然要75美元。

记　ex+orbit（轨道；常规）+ant→走出常规的→过分的

联　orbit n. 轨道；orbital adj. 轨道的；extortionate adj. 敲诈的；昂贵的

expanse ［ɪk'spæns ］

n. 广阔的区域〈同　space〉

例　Pictures of the Moon show vast expanses of crater and rock. 月亮的照片上显示出一望无际的环形山和岩石。

exponential ［ˌekspə'nen∫əl ］

adj. 指数的，幂数的

例　There has been an exponential increase in world population this century. 全球人口在本世纪出现了指数增长。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Esther was an ______ worker and was promoted to the position of trainer.

7. She received respect because of her ______ position in society.

8. Paying one hundred dollars for this old watch is ______.

9. When he was choking（窒息，透不过气）with the food stuck in his throat, he could not ______.

10. The company experienced an ______ growth in profits during the Internet boom.

11. The ______ runner fell to the ground after the race.

第二部分

expressive ［ɪk'spresɪv ］

adj. 有表现力的，富有表情的，生动的〈同　indicative, demonstrative〉

例　The expressive speech by the President inspired the crowd with patriotic emotions. 总统富有表现力的演讲，激起了人们的爱国情感。

记　express（表达；ex+press［挤压］）+ive→表达出来的→有表现力的

联　express vt. 表达 n. 快车；快递；expression n. 表达；表情；impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的；suppression n. 镇压，平定

expressly ［ɪk'spresli ］

adv. 特意地，专门〈同　particularly, specifically〉

例　These boots are made expressly for rock climbing. 这些靴子是专门为攀岩制作的。

exterminate ［ɪk'stɜ:mɪneɪt ］

vt. 根除，灭绝〈同　eliminate, annihilate〉

例　Since rats are destructive and may carry disease, many cities try to exterminate them. 由于老鼠极具破坏性，而且可能传播疾病，因此许多城市都在努力消灭它们。

记　ex+termin（范围，结束）+ate→从范围中出去→灭绝

联　interminable adj. 无穷无尽的；terminate v. （使）结束，（使）终止；terminus n. 终点站；terminology n. 术语

extol ［ɪk'stəʊl ］

vt. 赞美〈同　praise, exalt〉

例　They wrote a song to extol their dead leader. 他们写了一首歌，来赞颂逝去的领袖。

记　ex+tol（举起）→举出来→赞美

联　exalt vt. 提升，提拔；extort vt. 敲诈，勒索；export v. 输出，出口；eulogize vt. 称赞，颂扬；commend v. 称赞，表扬；laud n./vt. 赞美，称赞

extremity ［ɪks'treməti ］

n. 末端；极端，极度〈同　end; limit〉

例　Alaska is the northern extremity of the United States. 阿拉斯加是美国的最北端。

联　extreme adj. 尽头的，极度的；extremely adv. 极端地，非常地

exuberant ［ɪg'zju:bərənt ; (US)-zu:- ］

adj. ①充满活力的〈同　high-spirited, lively〉

例　His speeches were famous for his exuberant language and vivid imagery. 他的演讲以充满活力的语言和生动的比喻而著名。

②（植物）繁茂的〈同　abundant, luxurious〉

例　The path was blocked by the exuberant growth of wild blackberry bushes. 这条路被茂盛的野生黑莓灌木丛挡住了。

记　ex+uber（果实）+ant→结出果实的→（植物）繁茂的

联　exonerate vt. 免除；使免罪；exorbitant adj. 过度的；过高的

eyewitness ［'aɪwɪtnəs ］

n. 目击者〈同　witness〉

例　The police protected the eyewitness of the murder in case there were any attempts on her life. 警方对凶杀案的目击证人进行了保护，以免出现任何威胁她生命的情况。

facade ［fə'sɑ:d ］

n. 正面，表面〈同　face; appearance〉

例　Our bedroom window is on the southern facade of the building, enabling us to enjoy plenty of sunshine. 我们卧室的窗户在楼的南面，这样我们享受到充足的阳光。

联　facet n. （多面体的）面；方面；preface n. 前言；surface n. 表面；efface vt. 擦掉

facsimile ［fæk'sɪməli ］

n. 复制品，赝品〈同　reproduction, duplicate〉

例　Many museums sell facsimiles of the works of art on display. 许多博物馆都会出售展出艺术品的复制品。

faction ［'fæk∫ən ］

n. 派别，宗派，小集团〈同　group, sect〉

例　After their leader died, the members broke up into factions . 领导人死后，成员们分裂成了许多派系。

联　factious adj. 派系的；factitious adj. 造作的，不真实的；fraction n. 小部分，片断；分数；petrifaction n. 石化；化石；satisfaction n. 满意，满足

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He is a classical dancer with an ______, flamboyant style.

13. There are so many ______ in their group that it is impossible to agree on any important matter.

14. Simon was ______ for the bravery he demonstrated when he saved the child from drowning.

15. “The cat's skin hung on its bones.”is a more ______ sentence than“The cat was very thin.”

16. Santa Claus lives at the northern ______ of the planet—the North Pole.

17. Jack saved some of his salary ______ to buy a new tie.

第三部分

factual ［'fæktjʊəl ］

adj. 事实的，实际的〈同　real, actual〉

例　The honest witness gave a factual account of the crime. 那位诚实的证人对犯罪过程进行了实事求是的说明。

falcon ［'fɔ:lkən ; (US)'fælkən ］

n. （猎鸟用的）猎鹰

例　The falcon liked to eat small birds. 猎鹰喜欢吃小鸟。

联　falconer n. 养猎鹰者；放鹰狩猎人

fanatical ［fə'nætɪkəl ］

adj. 狂热的；入迷的〈同　crazy, frenetic〉

例　His enthusiasm for dancing was almost fanatical . 他对舞蹈的热情近乎狂热。

联　fanatic adj. 狂热的；盲信的；fanaticism n. 狂热；盲信

farce ［fɑ:s ］

n. 闹剧，滑稽剧

例　It's a farce for him to apply for a job in which he's had no experience. 他竟然去申请一份自己没有任何经验的工作，真是胡闹。

联　farcical adj. 引人发笑的，闹剧的；comical adj. 好笑的，滑稽的

fateful ［'feɪtfʊl ］

adj. 重大的，决定性的〈同　crucial, critical〉

例　The married couple recalled that fateful day when they first met. 那对夫妇回忆起两人初次见面的那个重要日子。

faucet ［'fɔ:sɪt ］

n. 水龙头

例　He turned on the faucet to wash his hands. 他打开水龙头洗手。

fault ［fɔ:lt ］

n. ①【地质】断层〈同　crack〉

例　The earthquake which happened last night created a fault line in the middle of the town. 昨天晚上发生的地震在城市中间形成了一个断层线。

②过错，缺点〈同　defect, flaw〉

例　Profits are down and the fault is in bad management. 利润在下降，而责任在于糟糕的管理。

feat ［fi:t ］

n. 功绩，壮举〈同　achievement, accomplishment〉

例　Man's first landing on the moon was a great feat in human history. 人类首次登上月球是人类历史上的一次伟大壮举。

ferment

［fə'ment ］v. （使）发酵

例　The grapes need to ferment before they can turn into wine. 葡萄被酿成酒之前，必须经过发酵。

［'fɜ:ment ］n./ ［fə'ment ］vt. （使）激动，（使）动乱〈同　agitate, excite〉

例　Rumors of war caused ferment throughout the country. 战争的流言在整个国家引发了动乱。

记　ferm（=ferv 热）+ent→生热→（使）发酵；（使）激动

联　fermentation n. 发酵；brew v. 酿造；图谋

fervor ［'fɜ:və(r) ］

n. 热情，热烈〈同　zeal, enthusiasm〉

例　Their kiss was full of the fervor of love. 他们的吻满含爱的激情。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. I remember that _______ day when the police arrested my father.

19. They used yeast to _______ the fruit.

20. Although it seems like a science fiction, the book is based on a ______ story.

21. My brother worked with ______ on his first day of work. He finished three day's work in one day!

22. Kobe was ______ about NBA basketball and watched all the games on TV this year.

23. The hero's greatest _______ was becoming the king.

第四部分

feud ［'fju:d ］

n. 世仇，不和〈同　enmity, vendetta〉

例　Negotiations are taking place aimed at ending the 10-year-old feud between the two countries. 为了结束两国之间长达十年的不和，目前两国正在进行谈判。

联　feudal adj. 世仇的；封建制度的；feudality n. 封建制度；封地；feudary n. 封建领主；封地

feverish ［'fi:vərɪ∫ ］

adj. ①发烧的〈同　hot〉

例　I feel feverish so I think I'll try to sleep for an hour. 我感觉发烧了，所以我觉得应该尽量睡一个小时。

②狂热的，兴奋的〈同　excited, agitated〉

例　Tom waited in a state of feverish anxiety for his mother to come home. 汤姆焦急地等待着妈妈回家。

联　fever n. 发热，狂热

fidelity ［fɪ'deləti ; (US)faɪ'dɪləti ］

n. 忠实，忠诚〈同　faithfulness, loyalty〉

例　The fidelity of the soldier's wife was strong and she waited for more than twenty years for him to return. 这个士兵的妻子非常忠诚，她二十多年来一直在等他回家。

figurehead ［'fɪgəhed ］

n. 装饰船头的雕像，破浪神；有名无实的领袖〈同　token〉

例　The king was reduced to a figurehead after the revolution. 革命胜利之后，国王变成了有名无实的领袖。

finesse ［fɪ'nes ］

n. ①精密技巧，灵巧〈同　delicacy, adroitness〉

例　The finesse and adroitness of the surgeon impressed the observers in the operating room. 那名外科医生的灵巧与熟练令手术室内的观察人员印象深刻。

②手腕〈同　tact〉

例　She has handled these difficult negotiations with tremendous finesse . 她以惊人的手腕解决了这些困难的谈判。

记　fine（好，巧妙）+sse→巧妙的手段→手腕；注意不要和fineness（优雅，纤细）混淆

联　finery n. 华丽的衣服或装饰品

fishy ［'fɪ∫i ］

adj. 鱼的，鱼味的；腥臭的

例　Tim and Raul had to clean the boat three times to get rid of the fishy smell. 蒂姆和劳尔不得不把船清洁了三遍，才消除了鱼腥味。

fitness ［'fɪtnəs ］

n. 健康〈同　health, vigor〉

例　Her plan for fitness included regular exercise and a diet. 她的健身计划包括定期锻炼和节食。

联　fittingly adv. 适当地

flabby ［'flæbi ］

adj. （肌肉等）不结实的，松弛的〈同　weak, limp〉

例　He could not use his arm for two months after it broke, and it became very flabby . 他的胳膊在断了之后的两个月内都不能动，因此变得非常松弛。

flair ［fleə(r) ］

n. 才能，本领〈同　talent, knack〉

例　During the speech contest, the student showed a flair for public speaking. 在演讲比赛的过程中，那名学生表现出公开演讲的天赋。

联　fair adj. 公正的；flail n. 连枷（旧式打谷具）；flare v. （使）闪光，（使）闪耀；flack n. 高射炮

flake ［fleɪk ］

v. 使成薄片；雪片般落下，剥落

例　Dirty, gray spots showed where the paint had flaked off. 脏的灰点显示出涂料剥落的地方。

n. 薄片〈同　slice, chip〉

例　This room needs redecorating; flakes of paint keep coming off the walls. 这个房间需要重新装修；墙上经常掉下漆皮。

联　snowflake n. 雪花

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The cat was attracted by the _______ smell of the food.

25. She got the nickname“motor mouth”because of her ______ for talking.

26. The ______ between the two families has lasted for many generations.

27. They maintained their ______ through fifty years of marriage.

28. The ice skater moves with such _______ that it seems like she is flying in the air.

29. Without regular exercise your muscles will become ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | fidelity | A. terrible
31. ______ | exhale | B. apathy
32. ______ | fervor | C. soothe
33. ______ | exorbitant | D. firm
34. ______ | flabby | E. inhale
35. ______ | ferment | F. undemanding
36. ______ | extol | G. perfidy
37. ______ | exacting | H. clumsiness
38. ______ | exemplary | I. moderate
39. ______ | finesse | J. condemn

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | flair | A. radical
41. ______ | exalted | B. antagonism
42. ______ | expressly | C. fatigued
43. ______ | fanatical | D. knack
44. ______ | feud | E. deed
45. ______ | fidelity | F. momentous
46. ______ | feat | G. lofty
47. ______ | exhausted | H. vital
48. ______ | exuberant | I. integrity
49. ______ | fateful | J. purposely

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

expanse | farce | exterminate | exhilarating | fitness
exacting | facsimile | excavate | feverish | fault

50. The referee was so bad that he made the game look like a ______.

51. The thief stole the painting and replaced it with a ______ so no one would notice.

52. The ______ teacher would not allow belated students to enter his class.

53. They had to ______ the rabbits because they were destroying the crops.

54. Your level of ______ increases as you exercise every day.

55. It was Daniel's ______ that the team lost the game.

56. The pirates dug in the sand for hours in order to ______ the buried treasure.

57. Timmy felt ______ after he had played in the rain and forgotten to change his clothes.

58. You could see a vast _______ of the ocean from his window.

59. The view from the mountain peak was ______.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. exemplary
7. exalted
8. exorbitant
9. exhale
10. exponential
11. exhausted
12. exuberant
13. factions
14. extolled
15. expressive
16. extremity
17. expressly
18. fateful
19. ferment
20. factual
21. fervor
22. fanatical
23. feat
24. fishy
25. flair
26. feud
27. fidelity
28. finesse
29. flabby
30. G
31. E
32. B
33. I
34. D
35. C
36. J
37. F
38. A
39. H
40. D
41. G
42. J
43. A
44. B
45. I
46. E
47. C
48. H
49. F
50. farce
51. facsimile
52. exacting
53. exterminate
54. fitness
55. fault
56. excavate
57. feverish
58. expanse
59. exhilarating

Lesson 11

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The harpsichord, developed during the Middle Ages, was one of the forerunners of the piano.

(A) competitors
(B) imitators
(C) predecessors

2. There are in excess of fifty species of fluorescent fungi.

(A) microscopic
(B) poisonous
(C) luminous

3. Hurricanes usually move toward the west during their formative stages.

(A) tranquil
(B) developmental
(C) critical

4. Strict sanitary procedures help to forestall outbreaks of disease.

(A) prevent
(B) control
(C) minimize

5. Alexander Woollcott's flamboyant personality combined sharpness of wit with sentimentality.

(A) devious
(B) humorous
(C) showy

第一部分

flamboyant ［flæm'bɔɪənt ］

adj. 艳丽的；炫耀的〈同　showy, ostentatious〉

例　Modern styles of architecture have discarded the flamboyant trimming on buildings and emphasize simplicity of line. 当代建筑风格放弃了华丽的建筑装饰，而强调线条的简洁。

fleeting ［'fli:tɪŋ ］

adj. 短暂的，飞逝的〈同　transient, temporary〉

例　The appearance of the comet was fleeting . 彗星的出现是转瞬即逝的。

记　来自动词fleet（疾飞，掠过）

联　fleecy adj. 蓬松的，羊毛似的

flickering ［'flɪkərɪŋ ］

adj. 闪烁的，摇曳的，一闪一闪的

例　We watched the flickering lights in the distance. 我们看到远处闪烁的灯光。

flint ［flɪnt ］

n. 打火石

例　He carried a piece of flint when he went hiking just in case he needed to start a fire. 他去徒步旅行的时候带了一块打火石，以便需要生火时使用。

flounder ［'flaʊndə(r) ］

n. 比目鱼

例　Flounder and sloe are both flat-bodied, but they are entirely different kinds of fish. 比目鱼和鳎目鱼都是扁平的，但它们是完全不同的两种鱼。

vi. 挣扎，艰难地移动〈同　struggle, stumble〉

例　He floundered in the deep water, trying desperately to reach the bank. 他在深水里挣扎，拼命想靠到岸边。

记　分割记忆；flo 看作flow（流）+under（在…下面）→在下面流动→挣扎

fluffy ［'flʌfi ］

adj. 绒毛的，松软的〈同　fuzzy, soft〉

例　Baby chicks have fluffy feathers. 小鸡崽有松软的羽毛。

fluorescent ［ˌflʊə'resənt ］

adj. 荧光的

例　The fluorescent plants in the sea looked like a city at night. 海里的荧光植物看起来就像一座夜间的城市。

flux ［flʌks ］

n. 变迁；涨潮〈同　conversion; flow〉

例　The bad weather may put your travel plans in a state of flux . 糟糕的天气可能会让你的旅行计划不断改变。

联　influx n. 流入

foe ［fəʊ ］

n. 敌人，敌军〈同　enemy, adversary〉

例　Hitler was an ardent foe of global peace. 希特勒是全球和平不共戴天的敌人。

联　hoe n. 锄头；toe n. 脚趾

foggy ［'fɒgi ］

adj. 多雾的，模糊的

例　Because of the foggy weather it was difficult to see and more difficult to drive a car. 由于雾天，看清（路）都有难度，开车就更难了。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ candle lit up the room for hours.

7. They are friends at work but ______ on the tennis court.

8. He brought a _______ pillow to rest his head on during the long bus ride.

9. She wore ______ costumes to attract the attention of the boy she liked.

10. New words and meanings keep the English language in a state of ______.

11. We caught a ______ glimpse of the queen as she drove past.

第二部分

folklore ［'fəʊklɔ:(r) ］

n. 民间传说

例　Folklore says that a large monster lives at the bottom of the lake and likes to eat little boys and girls, so be careful if you go swimming. 根据民间传说，在湖底住着一只巨大的怪兽，它喜欢吃童男童女，所以在湖里游泳的时候一定要小心。

folly ［'fɒli ］

n. 愚笨，愚蠢；荒唐事〈同　foolishness, absurdity〉

例　Why are we standing in line in the cold? This is folly ! 我们为什么要在大冷天排队？真是愚蠢！

记　fol（=fool 蠢）+ly→愚蠢

联　foolish adj. 愚蠢的；fool n. 蠢人，傻瓜；foolhardy adj. 有勇无谋的

foment ［fəʊ'ment ］

vt. 煽动，助长〈同　stir up, instigate〉

例　The radicals set off several bombs in an effort to foment rebellion among the peasants. 为了煽动农民叛乱，激进分子引爆了多颗炸弹。

联　fomentation n. 煽动；ferment n./v. （使）发酵；（使）激动，（使）动乱；incite v. 激动；煽动；instigate vt. 鼓动

footnote ［'fʊtnəʊt ］

n. 脚注

例　The footnote explained the source of the information in the report. 报告中的脚注解释了信息来源。

forage ［'fɒrɪʤ ; (US)'fɔ:rɪʤ ］

v. 搜寻（食物）〈同　hunt, search〉

例　The deer foraged in the woods for food. 鹿在丛林中寻找食物。

记　分割记忆；for（为了）+age（年龄）→［为了年龄（成长）而］搜寻（食物）

联　forager n. 为动物寻找饲料的人；foliage n. 树叶；植物；pillage n./v. 掠夺；collage n. 抽象拼贴画；leakage n. 漏，泄漏；adage n. 格言，谚语；rage n. 愤怒，情绪激动；forgery n. 伪造物；forgetter n. 健忘者

foray ［'fɒreɪ ; (US)'fɔ:reɪ ］

n. 突袭，偷袭〈同　assault〉

例　Armed bandits made forays into the villages and stole cattle. 全副武装的土匪们突然袭击了村庄，偷走了村里的牛。

记　fo(r)（为了）+ray（光线）→为了光明，为了成功→偷袭

联　assault n. 突袭；assail vt. 攻击

forbidding ［fə'bɪdɪŋ ］

adj. 可怕的，令人难以亲近的，令人生畏的〈同　prohibitive, frightening〉

例　That deserted house looks forbidding on dark and stormy nights. 在黑沉沉的暴雨夜，那栋被废弃的房子看起来令人生畏。

ford ［fɔ:d ］

n. 浅滩，水浅可涉处

例　Mary usually washed her clothes at the river's ford . 玛丽通常在河边的浅滩洗衣服。

记　Ford 福特（汽车生产商）

forebear ［'fɔ:beə(r) ］

n. 祖先〈同　forefather, ancestor〉

例　His forebears were among the first people to arrive in America. 他的祖先是第一批抵达美洲的人之一。

forefront ［'fɔ:frʌnt ］

n. 最前沿〈同　cutting edge, front〉

例　Astronomy is the oldest science, but it continues to be at the forefront of scientific thought. 天文学是最古老的科学，但它仍将继续处在科学思想的最前沿。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. You can see your feet when you are standing in the ______.

13. The doctors ______ the forest for plants that could be used for medicine.

14. Our university's hi-tech science lab is at the ______ of microbiology research.

15. Since Alaska was considered worthless, its purchase was thought to be _______.

16. Our ______ have lived in this valley for hundreds of years.

17. The ______ howl from the wolf under the full moon made everyone run back home.

第三部分

forerunner ［'fɔ:rʌnə(r) ］

n. 先驱，前身；预兆〈同　predecessor; herald〉

例　Autumn leaves are a forerunner of winter. 秋天的落叶是冬天来临的前兆。

foreshadow ［fɔ:'∫ædəʊ ］

vt. 成为先兆，预示〈同　predict, foretell〉

例　The dark clouds foreshadowed a rainy day. 乌云预示着雨天的到来。

联　forerunner n. 预示；先驱者；forestall vt. 预先阻止；forebode v. 预示；foreclose v. 排除；取消抵押品的赎回权

forestall ［fɔ:'stɔ:l ］

vt. 预防，预先阻止〈同　prevent, thwart〉

例　The tall fence forestalled the children from going to the house. 高高的栅栏可以防止孩子们进入那栋房子。

联　install vt. 安置，安装；stall n. 货摊；畜栏

foretell ［fɔ:'tel ］

v. 预示，预测〈同　predict, forecast〉

例　Seismology has not yet reached the stage that earthquakes can be foretold with a great deal of accuracy. 地震学尚未达到可以非常精确地预测地震的程度。

formation ［fɔ:'meɪ∫ən ; (US)fɒr'meɪ∫ən ］

n. 形成，构成〈同　configuration, pattern〉

例　That cloud formation looks like a person's head. 那朵云的形状看起来像是一个人头。

联　deformation n. 变形；transformation n. 变化，转化；改革

formative ［'fɔ:mətɪv ］

adj. 形成中的，发展中的〈同　developmental〉

例　Home and school are the chief formative influences in a child's life. 在孩子的一生中，家和学校是影响其性格形成的主要因素。

联　informative adj. 使知道消息的，见闻广博的

former ［'fɔ:mə(r) ］

adj. 从前的，以前的〈同　previous, earlier〉

例　My former students still kept in touch with me through e-mail. 我之前的学生们仍通过电子邮件与我保持着联系。

联　formerly adv. 从前，以前

fortress ［'fɔ:trəs ］

n. 要塞；城堡〈同　fort〉

例　A citadel, a fortress designed for the defense of a city, usually stands on top of a hill. 一座堡垒，即为了保卫一座城市而设计的要塞，通常位于山顶上。

记　fort 作为词根，意为“坚，强”

联　forte n. 特长；fortify v. 增强

fortuitous ［fɔ:'tju:ɪtəs ; (US)-'tu:- ］

adj. 偶然的，意外的〈同　serendipitous, accidental〉

例　After not seeing or contacting each other for ten years, their bumping into each other in the street was fortuitous . 他们有十年没见过面了，也没有任何联系，因此在大街上相遇纯属偶然。

记　来自名词fortune（运气）→凭运气的→偶然的

fray ［freɪ ］

vi. 磨损，磨破〈同　wear out, rub〉

例　My shoelaces frayed after months of use. 用了几个月之后，我的鞋带磨烂了。

n. 吵架或打架，冲突〈同　quarrel, brawl〉

例　Everyone involved in the fray was caught by the police. 参与打架的所有人都被警方逮捕了。

联　fret v. （使）烦恼；defray vt. 支付，支出；foray v. 袭击；flay vt. 剥皮，去皮；pray v. 祈祷，祈求；stray vi. 迷路，偏离

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Who can ______ what the future will be?

19. The king lived in the ______ with a large army for his defense.

20. The birds flew in a“V”______ when they flew south for the winter.

21. He thought his cough was the ______ of a bad cold and he took a heavy dose of medicine.

22. On their 50th anniversary, the married couple said the first time they met each other was completely ______.

23. The heavy snowfall ______ all departing flights from the city's airport.

第四部分

frenetic ［frə'netɪk ］

adj. 狂乱的，发狂的〈同　crazy, wild〉

例　As he was preparing for his exams, he became more and more frenetic . 他在准备考试的过程中，变得越来越烦躁。

联　fanatical adj. 狂热的；盲信的

frenzy ［'frenzi ］

n. 狂暴；狂怒〈同　rage, madness〉

例　In a frenzy , the teenager overturned every drawer while searching for the car keys. 陷入狂乱的少年，打翻了所有抽屉来寻找车钥匙。

记　fren来自phren（心灵）

fresco ［'freskəʊ ］

n. 壁画

例　Beautiful frescoes covered the walls and ceiling of the cathedral. 大教堂的墙壁和天花板上覆盖着美丽的壁画。

记　来自形容词fresh（新鲜的）+cool（凉爽的），原指“清凉的新鲜空气”→壁画

freshly ［'fre∫li ］

adv. 新近，最近〈同　recently〉

例　The freshly baked bread is delectable. 新鲜出炉的面包非常美味。

联　freshness n. 新鲜；活力

frivolity ［frɪ'vɒləti ］

n. 轻浮〈同　flippancy〉

例　The frivolity of the girl gave the teacher a bad impression. 那个女孩的轻浮给老师留下了非常差的印象。

记　friv（愚蠢）+olity→愚蠢→轻浮

联　frivolous adj. 轻浮的；frivol vt. 糟蹋，浪费 vi. 虚度日子；fro adv. 往，去；向后

frugal ［'fru:gəl ］

adj. 节约的，节俭的〈同　sparing, thrifty〉

例　My parents are frugal ; they buy and use carefully only what they need. 我的父母非常节俭；他们只购买需要的东西，并且会小心使用。

联　frugality n. 节俭，俭省

furry ［'fɜ:ri ］

adj. 毛皮的；盖着毛皮的〈同　hairy〉

例　Australian koalas are furry , gray animals that live in eucalyptus trees and feed on the leaves. 澳大利亚的考拉是一种住在桉树上、以桉树叶为食物的毛茸茸的灰色动物。

fuss ［fʌs ］

n. 忙乱；大惊小怪

例　The grumpy old man always made a big fuss out of nothing. 那位性情乖戾的老人总是没有缘由地大发脾气。

联　fussy adj. 为琐事而担忧的；爱挑剔的，难取悦的

gallantry ［'gæləntri ］

n. 勇敢〈同　bravery〉

例　He was awarded a medal for gallantry in action. 他因为行动中的勇敢行为而荣获一枚奖章。

联　gallant adj. （对女子）殷勤的；勇敢的，英勇的

gallop ［'gæləp ］

n./v. （马）急驰〈同　run〉

例　They rode across the field at a gallop . 他们骑着马飞快地穿过田野。

联　galloper n. 骑马奔驰的人；飞驰的马；gallon n. 加仑（容量单位）；galloot n. 愚笨的人；gollop n./v. 大口吞咽

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The wild horses ______ away from the cowboys.

25. Her friends would not take her seriously because of her ______.

26. Since they were going to be late for the plane, they rushed to the airport in a ______.

27. Everyone admired the ______ of the prince.

28. We'll have to be ______ for the next few months if we want to save money for a holiday.

29. ______ cut wood contains much moisture and tends to warp（变弯）.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | fleeting | A. rear
31. ______ | frugal | B. friend
32. ______ | former | C. calculated
33. ______ | foment | D. wisdom
34. ______ | fortuitous | E. latter
35. ______ | folly | F. plain
36. ______ | gallop | G. improvident
37. ______ | forefront | H. amble
38. ______ | flamboyant | I. permanent
39. ______ | foe | J. allay

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | fluffy | A. economical
41. ______ | frugal | B. threatening
42. ______ | fray | C. precursor
43. ______ | fleeting | D. fight
44. ______ | folklore | E. change
45. ______ | forbidding | F. downy
46. ______ | foray | G. turmoil
47. ______ | frenzy | H. attack
48. ______ | flux | I. ephemeral
49. ______ | forerunner | J. fables

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

foe | foment | fluorescent | gallop | flickering
fray | former | flounder | foreshadow | forage

50. The high gasoline prices ______ a troubled economy.

51. A ______ has both eyes on one side of its body.

52. In ______ times, cooking was done in fireplaces instead of stoves.

53. The ex-general ______ a rebellion against the emperor.

54. The casino（娱乐场）had a large ______ light outside.

55. These car tires will ______ after one year so make sure to replace them.

56. Robin Hood could hear the sheriff's soldiers coming by the thundering sounds of their horses' ______.

57. Scientists believe that, in primitive human societies, women stayed near home gardening and taking care of the children, while men would go out into the wilderness to ______ for food.

58. The two ______ formed an alliance in order to fight a greater enemy.

59. The ______ of the light bulb is a sign that it needs to be replaced.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. flickering
7. foes
8. fluffy
9. flamboyant
10. flux
11. fleeting
12. ford
13. foraged
14. forefront
15. folly
16. forebears
17. forbidding
18. foretell
19. fortress
20. formation
21. forerunner
22. fortuitous
23. forestalled
24. galloped
25. frivolity
26. frenzy
27. gallantry
28. frugal
29. Freshly
30. I
31. G
32. E
33. J
34. C
35. D
36. H
37. A
38. F
39. B
40. F
41. A
42. D
43. I
44. J
45. B
46. H
47. G
48. E
49. C
50. foreshadowed
51. flounder
52. former
53. fomented
54. fluorescent
55. fray
56. gallop
57. forage
58. foes
59. flickering

Lesson 12

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Grouping stars by constellations is a handy way of mapping the sky.

(A) nice
(B) funny
(C) convenient

2. Emeralds, the softest of the gems , are usually more costly than diamonds.

(A) precious stones
(B) green minerals
(C) tree ornaments

3. The people of the Middle Ages lived in a violent world, but they loved gay colors and rich decorations.

(A) contrasting
(B) light
(C) bright

4. Critics have traced the genesis of Mark Twain's central themes to his boyhood experiences.

(A) meaning
(B) structure
(C) origin

5. At first glance, a forest appears to be a haphazard collection of trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers.

(A) random
(B) total
(C) graded

第一部分

galvanize ［'gælvənaɪz ］

vt. 通电流于；刺激，激起〈同　stimulate, invigorate〉

例　Management's refusal to bargain galvanized the workers to strike. 管理层拒绝通过协商解决，这刺激了工人们举行罢工。

记　galvani(c)（电的）+ize→通电流于

联　galvanism n. 电疗法；galvanic adj. 令人振奋的

garb ［gɑ:b ］

n. 服装，装束〈同　costume, uniform〉

例　A surgeon must wear his or her surgical garb before entering the operating room. 外科医生在进入手术室之前，必须穿上手术服。

联　garbage n. 无价值的东西；garble vt. 断章取义，曲解

gay ［geɪ ］

adj. ①快乐的〈同　happy, joyous〉

例　Everyone at the party was in a gay mood. 聚会上的所有人都心情愉悦。

②明快的；生机勃勃的〈同　bright; vivid〉

例　The painter used gay colors to brighten up the reception area. 油漆匠使用明快的颜色使接待区更加明亮。

gazette ［gə'zet ］

n. 政府的公报〈同　periodical〉

例　He read the gazettes regularly for the announcement of his promotion. 他经常查看公报，寻找自己获得晋升的公告。

gem ［ʤem ］

n. 宝石，珠宝〈同　precious stone, jewel〉

例　The gems in this ring are rubies. 这枚戒指上的宝石是红宝石。

联　gemstone n. 经雕琢的宝石

genesis ［'ʤenəsɪs ］

n. 起源，产生〈同　origin, beginning〉

例　The question of the origin of the Moon is interesting as a part of the larger genesis of the Earth and the solar system. 作为更大范围的地球与太阳系起源的一部分，月亮的起源问题非常有趣。

记　gene（产生；基因）+sis→产生；Genesis 专指《圣经》中的《创世记》

联　genetic adj. 遗传的；genetics n. 遗传学；generate vt. 造成，使产生

genial ［'ʤi:nɪəl ］

adj. 和蔼可亲的〈同　friendly, cordial〉

例　I was greeted at the store entrance by a genial employee. 在商店门口，一位和善的员工接待了我。

联　geniality n. 亲切，友好；congenial adj. 意气相投的；宜人的；menial adj. 仆人的；venial adj. 可宽恕的；genteel adj. 文雅的，有礼貌的

genre ［'ʒɑnrə ］

n. 文学上的流派和体裁〈同　style, type〉

例　The music he played on his guitar was very strange and must have represented a whole new genre . 他用吉他演奏的音乐非常奇怪，肯定代表了一种全新的流派。

记　gen（种属）+re→类型→文学上的流派和体裁

gentility ［ʤen'tɪləti ］

n. 有教养，文雅〈同　politeness, refinement〉

例　Her family was proud of its gentility and elegance. 她的家庭以其教养和优雅而引以为豪。

联　gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的；genteel adj. 上流社会的

gibe ［ʤaɪb ］

v. 嘲弄，讥笑〈同　deride, mock〉

例　One should not gibe the poor. 任何人都不应该嘲笑穷人。

联　jeer v. 嘲笑；mock v. 嘲弄；scoff v. 讽刺；sneer v. 嘲笑；taunt v. 嘲笑，辱骂

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. A ______ is an official government journal containing lists of appointments and promotions.

7. My friends ______ at my ambition to become a famous political leader because they do not believe I can succeed.

8. The blue ______ on her necklace looked identical to the one that was stolen from the art gallery last week.

9. When the teacher began to talk about the final exam, it ______ the lazy students and they all began to study hard.

10. The young lady brought up with ______ showed great elegance in her behavior.

11. After a few drinks at the bar, the friends became ______ and danced on the tables.

第二部分

girder ［'gɜ:də(r) ］

n. （钢架结构的）大梁

例　The mouse walked on the girder and crossed the room unnoticed. 老鼠从房梁上走过去，悄悄穿过了房间。

联　gird v. 束，缚；围绕；girdle n. 腰带；带状物 vt. 包围，围绕；beam n. （木结构的）大梁

glacial ［'gleɪ∫əl ］

adj. 冰的；冰河的；冰冷的

例　His glacial stare frightened the other patients. 他冷漠注视的眼神吓坏了其他患者。

记　glaci（冰；glacier［冰川］）+al→冰冷的

联　glacier n. 冰河；glaciate v. （使）冰冻；glaciology n. 冰川学

glamorous ［'glæmərəs ］

adj. 迷人的，富有魅力的〈同　attractive, charming〉

例　Marilyn Monroe was a glamorous movie star that typified American beauty. 玛丽莲·梦露是一位迷人的电影明星，是典型的美国美人。

记　来自苏格兰语 glamour（魔法），因作家司各特常用 cast the glamour（施魔法）这一习语而成为人所共知的单词

glassware ［'glɑ:sweə(r) ］

n. 玻璃制品

例　When the cabinet fell, all the glassware broke and they had to drink from plastic cups. 橱柜摔倒的时候，所有玻璃器皿都摔碎了，他们不得不用塑料杯喝水。

联　ware n. 制品，器具；earthenware n. 土器，陶器；tableware n. 餐具；hardware n. 五金器具；warehouse n. 仓库，货栈

glaze ［gleɪz ］

vt. 装玻璃；上釉于，使表面光滑

例　Pieces of glass cut to the right size are used to glaze windows and picture frames. 切割成适当尺寸的玻璃被装在窗户和画框上。

glean ［gli:n ］

v. 逐渐搜集；拾〈同　gather, collect; pick up〉

例　The journalist gleans her information from many sources. 那名记者从许多来源收集信息。

联　gleaner n. 拾落穗的人；gleam n. 微弱的闪光 v. （使）闪烁

glossy ［'glɒsi ］

adj. 平滑的，有光泽的〈同　shiny, polished〉

例　The windows looked glossy after they were cleaned. 窗户被擦干净之后，看起来亮晶晶的。

记　来自名词gloss（光泽），可能是 glass 的变体

联　gloss n. 表面的光泽；glassy adj. 像玻璃的；光滑的；glossary n. （注释）词汇表；sleek adj. 光滑而有光泽的；silken adj. 丝绸一样的，柔软光洁的

gnaw ［nɔ: ］

v. 咬，啃〈同　nibble, bite〉

例　A mouse gnawed the cover of this box. 一只老鼠咬破了这个盒子的盖。

gourmet ［'gʊəmeɪ ］

n. 美食家

例　The gourmet stated that this was the best onion soup he had ever tasted. 那位美食家称，这是他喝过的最美味的洋葱汤。

联　注意以下三词的意义不同：gourmand n. 指“贪吃的人”；gourmet n. 指“品尝食品是否美味的人”；epicure n. 指“美食家”

graceful ［'greɪsfʊl ］

adj. 优雅的〈同　elegant〉

例　The ballet dancer was as graceful as a swan. 那位芭蕾舞演员就像天鹅一样优雅。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He polished his shoes until they were ______.

13. She was a ______ with discriminating taste.

14. A tall building or big bridge often has steel ______ to support its frame.

15. She thought becoming a fashion model would be ______.

16. Termites can ______ a hole through the wood.

17. The detective tried to ______ all the facts from the crime scene.

第三部分

graft ［grɑ:ft ; (US)græft ］

v. 嫁接；移植〈同　transplant, implant〉

例　The surgeon grafted a new artery into the patient's heart. 那位外科医生往患者的心脏里移植了一根新动脉。

graphic ［'græfɪk ］

adj. 绘画似的；图解的；生动的〈同　vivid〉

例　Her graphic description of the English countryside made me feel as though I had been there myself. 她对英国乡村的生动描述，让我有一种身临其境的感觉。

联　graph n. 图表；graphics n. （作单数用）制图法；制图学；kymograph n. 波动曲线记录仪；telegraph n. 电报机；电报；stereophotograph n. 立体摄影，立体相片；photograph n. 照片；seismograph n. 地震仪，测震仪；lithograph n. 平版印刷（指石版或金属版）；平版画

graphite ［'græfaɪt ］

n. 石墨

例　The lead pencil was made out of graphite . 铅笔是用石墨制成的。

gravitational ［ˌgrævɪ'teɪ∫ənəl ］

adj. 地心吸力的，重力的

例　The Moon's gravitational pull causes the high and low tides. 月球的引力造成了涨潮和落潮。

联　gravitation n. 引力，重力；gravitational field 重力场；gravitational pull 地心引力；gravitational force 地心引力

gulp ［gʌlp ］

n./v. 吞；吞咽〈同　swallow〉

例　My father gulped down a cup of coffee and went to work. 我爸爸大口喝下了一杯咖啡，然后就去工作了。

gush ［gʌ∫ ］

vi. 喷涌，涌流〈同　flow〉

例　Blood gushed out from his deep cut and we took him immediately to the hospital. 鲜血从他深深的伤口里喷涌而出，我们立刻把他送往医院。

联　gusher n. 滔滔不绝的说话者；喷油井；gushy adj. 流出的；易动感情的；gash n. 砍得很深的伤口；很深的裂缝

gust ［gʌst ］

n. 一阵强风〈同　blast, outburst〉

例　His hat was blown off by a sudden gust of wind. 突然刮来一阵狂风，把他的帽子吹掉了。

联　guest n. 客人；gist n. 主旨；lust vi. 渴望；bust n. 上半身雕像

habitat ［'hæbɪtæt ］

n. （动、植物的）产地，栖息地〈同　environment, abode〉

例　The polar bear lives in a cold habitat , but has thick fur to stay warm. 北极熊生活在寒冷的环境中，但它们身上厚厚的毛可以保暖。

记　habit（住）+at→住的地方→栖息地

联　habitant n. 居民；inhabitant n. 住户，居民；habituate vt. 使习惯于；habituation n. 适应；habitude n. 习俗；cohabit vi. 同居

hallmark ［'hɔ:lmɑ:k ］

n. 标志，特征〈同　sign, feature〉

例　The hallmark of a sluggish economy is a drop in interest rates. 经济萧条的特征就是利率下跌。

联　landmark n. 里程碑；trademark n. 商标

handful ［'hændfʊl ］

n. 一把；少数〈同　small number〉

例　Only a handful of football fans sat watching the game in the cold rain. 只有少数几名球迷坐在冷雨里观看足球比赛。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. A strong ______ of wind blew down the tree.

19. When they finally open the dam, water will ______ out with great force.

20. She picked up a ______ of sand and threw it into the sea.

21. He ______ new skin onto the burnt man's leg.

22. He was so thirsty that he drank the beer in one ______.

23. Pollution is destroying the ______ of thousands of animals, with at least 70 species of fish, birds and mammals becoming extinct since 1970.

第四部分

handy ［'hændi ］

adj. 便利的，容易取得的〈同　convenient, close〉

例　Keep your dictionaries handy as you write your compositions. 写作文的时候，要把词典放在手边。

haphazard ［hæp'hæzəd ］

adj. 偶然的；随便的〈同　fortuitous; random〉

例　Her belongings were tossed around the room in a haphazard manner. 她的东西杂乱地散落在房间里。

hardy ［'hɑ:di ］

adj. 能吃苦耐劳的；强壮的〈同　robust, sturdy〉

例　The hardy cattle survived the long journey on the trail. 那头健壮的牛在山间小径的漫长跋涉中存活了下来。

记　hard（艰苦）+y→不畏艰苦的→能吃苦耐劳的

联　hardihood n. 勇敢，刚毅；强壮；foolhardy adj. 有勇无谋的；tardy adj. 行动缓慢的；hardheaded adj. 头脑冷静的

harmonize ［'hɑ:mənaɪz ］

v. （使）协调，（使）和谐〈同　correspond, attune〉

例　The colors of her shoes and purse harmonized with her dress. 她的鞋子和钱包的颜色与裙子的颜色非常协调。

联　harmonization n. 一致；融洽；harmony n. 协调，融洽；harmonious adj. 和谐的；harmonica n. 口琴；philharmonic n. 交响乐团

haven ［'heɪvən ］

n. 避难所，安全地〈同　refuge, shelter〉

例　Maine's abundant forests and rivers have made it a haven for many kinds of wildlife. 缅因州繁茂的森林和众多的河流，使其成为许多种野生动植物的天堂。

记　比 heaven（天堂）少一个字母

联　havoc n. 大破坏，浩劫；sanctuary n. 避难所；asylum n. 庇护；收容所；heaven n. 天，天堂；heavenly adj. 天空的，天上的

hearty ［'hɑ:ti ］

adj. 衷心的，亲切的，热诚的〈同　warm and friendly; sincere〉

例　We gave our old friends a hearty welcome. 我们热情欢迎我们的老朋友。

联　heartily adv. 热忱地

heavenly ［'hevənli ］

adj. 如天堂的，神圣的；天空的，天上的〈同　celestial〉

例　People have always wondered if life exists on other heavenly bodies. 人们总是在想，其他天体上是否有生命存在。

记　heaven（天）+ly→天空的，天上的

联　heaven n. 天堂；heavenward adj./adv. 朝向天空的（地），朝向天国的（地）

hedge ［heʤ ］

n. ①树篱；障碍物〈同　boundary, fence〉

例　We couldn't look into the garden due to the high hedges . 由于有高高的篱笆，我们看不到花园里面。

②保护〈同　protection, guard〉

例　Health insurance acts as a hedge against unexpected medical expenses. 健康保险可以作为对冲意外医疗费用的措施。

heed ［hi:d ］

n./v. 注意，留意〈同　attention; pay attention to〉

例　The teacher paid little heed to those students who are often reticent. 老师很少注意那些沉默寡言的学生。

联　heedless adj. 不注意的；deed n. 行为；契约；creed n. 信条；screed n. 冗长的演说；heel n. 脚后跟

hell ［hel ］

n. 地狱

例　He often shouted at her and hit her, making her life an absolute hell on Earth. 他经常呵斥她、打骂她，让她就像生活在人间地狱一般。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The sun, moon, and stars are ______ bodies.

25. She would not have been arrested had she ______ the officer's warning.

26. The colors in the room ______ and give a pleasing effect.

27. Please give a ______ welcome to our foreign students on the first day of class.

28. Exercise and a good diet made him ______.

29. My mountain cabin is my ______ from the city.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | glamorous | A. methodical
31. ______ | haphazard | B. remote
32. ______ | graceful | C. delicate
33. ______ | graphic | D. discord
34. ______ | hardy | E. vague
35. ______ | handy | F. sad
36. ______ | gay | G. tedious
37. ______ | glossy | H. unfriendly
38. ______ | harmonize | I. ungainly
39. ______ | genial | J. tarnished

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | gush | A. characteristic
41. ______ | hedge | B. elegance
42. ______ | hallmark | C. goad
43. ______ | glean | D. rush out
44. ______ | garb | E. give careful attention to
45. ______ | gentility | F. reap
46. ______ | haphazard | G. strong
47. ______ | heed | H. insurance
48. ______ | hardy | I. not planned
49. ______ | galvanize | J. outfit

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

genial | garb | glacial | graphic | hedge
haven | gush | gulp | genesis | hallmark

50. Bill Gates will always be closely associated with the ______ of personal computer software.

51. David gave a very ______ account of the fight. I feel as though I had been there myself.

52. Why is he wearing the ______ of a priest when he is really an atheist?

53. He was so thirsty that he drank the spoiled milk in one ______ before realizing what it really was.

54. Great customer service is the ______ of his company.

55. The ______ ice drifted in the cold sea.

56. They preferred to plant a ______ instead of building a fence around their property.

57. The ______ secretary always welcomed visitors with a smile.

58. An artery was severed and the blood ______ out.

59. The sturdy, little cabin was a safe ______ from the furious storm.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. gazette
7. gibed
8. gem
9. galvanized
10. gentility
11. gay
12. glossy
13. gourmet
14. girders
15. glamorous
16. gnaw
17. glean
18. gust
19. gush
20. handful
21. grafted
22. gulp
23. habitats
24. heavenly
25. heeded
26. harmonize
27. hearty
28. hardy
29. haven
30. G
31. A
32. I
33. E
34. C
35. B
36. F
37. J
38. D
39. H
40. D
41. H
42. A
43. F
44. J
45. B
46. I
47. E
48. G
49. C
50. genesis
51. graphic
52. garb
53. gulp
54. hallmark
55. glacial
56. hedge
57. genial
58. gushed
59. haven

Lesson 13

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. I don't think it is impartial for the professor to give me a failing grade on my chemistry test.

(A) unbiased
(B) compatible
(C) exonerative

2. During their heyday , showboats were popular and generally prosperous.

(A) golden age
(B) infancy
(C) summer voyages

3. The fragrant scent of the lilac（［植］丁香）heralds the beginning of spring.

(A) symbolizes
(B) hastens
(C) announces

4. Alice was humiliated by her friend's remarks.

(A) pleased
(B) embarrassed
(C) encouraged

5. The rain impeded the progress of the mountain climbers.

(A) destroyed
(B) improved
(C) interrupted

第一部分

helpless ［'helpləs ］

adj. 无助的，无依靠的〈同　unable, weak〉

例　Without his eye glasses or contacts, Kenny was as helples s as a blind man. 如果不戴眼镜或隐形眼镜，肯尼就像盲人一样无助。

hem ［hem ］

n. （衣服或裙子的）褶边，边缘〈同　border, edge〉

例　If the skirt is too long, the store can sew a hem . 如果裙子太长了，商店可以帮忙缝裙边。

联　ham n. 火腿

herald ［'herəld ］

vt. 宣布…的消息；预示…的来临〈同　announce, proclaim〉

例　The government heralded that the states are to comply with federal legislation. 政府通报称，各州必须遵守联邦法律。

herd ［hɜ:d ］

n. 兽群；人群〈同　flock, crowd〉

例　Herds of people came to take a picture of the celebrity. 成群的人前来给那位名人拍照。

vt. 把…赶在一起放牧；成群，群集

例　A woman was herding the goats on the mountainside. 一个女人正在山腰上放羊。

联　shepherd n. 牧羊人；herder n. 牧者，牧人

heredity ［hɪ'redəti ］

n. 遗传〈同　inheritance〉

例　The aging process is not entirely determined by heredity , but is influenced by different environmental and social circumstances as well. 老化的过程并非完全由遗传决定，而是也受到不同环境与社会条件的影响。

联　heir n. 继承人；heiress n. 女继承人；heritage n. 遗产；hereditary adj. 世袭的，遗传的

heroism ［'herəʊɪzəm ］

n. 英雄品质，英勇〈同　bravery, valor〉

例　In an act of heroism , he saved the woman from the burning building. 他以一种英雄的行为，把那个女人从着火的大楼中救了出来。

heterogeneous ［ˌhetərə'ʤi:nɪəs ］

adj. 异类的，不同的〈同　miscellaneous, different〉

例　People of all races made a heterogeneous group at the conference. 不同种族的人们在大会上形成了一个异质群体。

联　homogeneous adj. 同类的，均一的

heyday ［'heɪdeɪ ］

n. 全盛期〈同　golden age, climax〉

例　The film industry as a whole is now less than a third as big as it was in its heyday in the early 1990's. 目前整个电影行业的规模不足上世纪90年代初其全盛时期的三分之一。

记　组合词：hey（惊喜声）+day→惊喜的日子→全盛期

hibernate ［'haɪbəneɪt ］

vi. 冬眠〈同　be dormant〉

例　Bears usually hibernate during the winter. 熊通常在冬季冬眠。

记　hibern（冬天）+ate→冬眠

联　hibernal adj. 冬季的；寒冷的；hibernation n. 冬眠；hibernant adj. 冬眠的 n. 冬眠的动物

hike ［haɪk ］

vi. 远足，徒步旅行〈同　travel, walk〉

例　We're going to hike in the lake district next weekend. 下周末，我们将去湖区远足。

n. 徒步旅行〈同　walk, trip〉

例　People go on hikes for pleasure and for exercise. 人们进行徒步旅行，一方面是为了消遣，另一方面也是为了锻炼身体。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. There was lace around the ______ of her skirt.

7. Many sociobiologists study the relation between ______ and culture in evolution.

8. Though he was alone and ______, he managed to keep the boat from sinking until the help arrived.

9. During their ______, the Beatles（甲壳虫乐队）were the coolest rock band.

10. The soldier's ______ earned him the blue medal of bravery.

11. The campsite was invaded by a ______ of elephants.

第二部分

hilly ［'hɪli ］

adj. 多小山的，多坡的〈同　mountainous〉

例　Chongqing is a hilly city. 重庆是一个山城。

联　chilly adj. 寒冷的

hinterland ［'hɪntəlænd ］

n. 穷乡僻壤；内地，腹地

例　The city people could not get used to the remote nature of the hinterland . 城里人无法习惯穷乡僻壤的偏远落后。

记　hinter（=hinder 后面的）+land（土地）→腹地

联　tableland n. 高原，台地；garland n. 花环；fairyland n. 仙境；乐园

hoe ［həʊ ］

vt. 用锄耕地，锄〈同　weed〉

例　On weekends, I always hoe weeds in my garden. 在周末，我经常在我的花园里除草。

homely ［'həʊmli ］

adj. 家常的

例　The small hotel had a homely feeling to it that gave guests a casual and comfortable feeling. 这家小酒店有一种家的感觉，让顾客感觉休闲和舒适。

homemade ［ˌhəʊm'meɪd ］

adj. 自制的，家里做的〈同　made at home〉

例　After traveling on business for two months, it was nice to return home and eat homemade food. 出差两个月后，能回到家吃家里做的饭菜，真是太好了。

homespun ［'həʊmspʌn ］

adj. 朴素的；家里纺织的〈同　plain, simple〉

例　Jack's mother gave him a homespun sweater that she had spent two months on. 杰克的妈妈送给他一件自己花了两个月织成的手织毛衣。

homogenize ［hə'mɒʤənaɪz ］

vt. 使均匀〈同　equalize〉

例　A popular belief states that radio and television have homogenized the language of the whole nation. 一种普遍的观点认为，广播和电视正在同质化整个国家的语言。

联　homogeneous adj. 同类的；均匀的，同质的

hook ［hʊk ］

n. 钩；鱼钩

例　Rocky could not pull the hook out of the fish's mouth. 洛基无法把鱼钩从鱼嘴上拽下来。

v. 用钩子钩〈同　grapple〉

例　Please hook the door of the bird cage. 请钩住鸟笼的门。

horde ［hɔ:d ］

n. 一大群〈同　swarm, crowd〉

例　A horde of bees chased the dog that had knocked down their beehive. 一群蜜蜂在追逐那只撞翻了蜂巢的狗。

hub ［hʌb ］

n. ①轮轴〈同　core〉

例　The hub of my bicycle wheel has rusted. 我的自行车车轮的轮毂生锈了。

②（活动）中心〈同　heart, center〉

例　Dallas, Texas has become a national hub of banking, fashion, trade and transportation. 得克萨斯州的达拉斯市已经成为美国银行业、时尚业、贸易与交通的中心。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. When milk is ______, it becomes a homogeneous substance—that is, it's the same throughout or uniform.

13. Shanghai is the financial ______ of mainland China.

14. People who live in ______ cities do not ride bikes as much as people who live in flat cities.

15. Hang up your coat on the ______ behind the door.

16. The weeds had grown so thick that they had to ______ the garden all day.

17. My apartment is small, but it has a ______ feel that makes it cozy.

第三部分

huddle ［'hʌdəl ］

vi. 缩成一团；挤成一团〈同　crowd, gather〉

例　Cattle huddle up together for warmth. 牛蜷缩在一起取暖。

n. 杂乱的一堆，拥挤〈同　mass, heap〉

例　I could not get through the huddle of people at the McDonald's counter. 我无法从麦当劳柜台前拥挤的人群中穿过。

联　puddle n. 水坑；assemble v. 聚集；cluster v. （使）成群；congregate v. 聚集

hue ［hju: ］

n. 颜色，色彩〈同　color〉

例　The black-and-white TV only has two hues . 黑白电视只有两个颜色。

联　cue n. 暗示，提示

humiliate ［hju:'mɪlɪeɪt ］

vt. 羞辱，使丢脸〈同　embarrass〉

例　She was humiliated when she slipped on the banana peel. 她踩在香蕉皮上滑到了，这让她很没面子。

联　humility n. 谦卑

hump ［hʌmp ］

n. 驼背；峰，圆形隆起之物〈同　lump, hunch〉

例　How many humps does a camel normally have? 一头骆驼正常情况下有几个驼峰？

联　humpback n. 驼背；humpbacked adj. 驼背的；humper n. 保险杆

husk ［hʌsk ］

n. （果类或谷物的）外壳；皮〈同　shell〉

例　An ear of corn has a husk . 玉米穗有苞叶。

vt. 剥…的壳；削皮〈同　remove the husk from〉

例　Husk the corn before cooking it. 煮玉米之前要剥去玉米皮。

联　husky adj. 谷的，像谷的；（声音）沙哑的，嘶哑的

hustle ［'hʌsəl ］

n. 挤，推，拥挤喧嚷〈同　hurry, bustle〉

例　The hustle in the street is busiest after work when everyone is rushing home. 下班之后，大街上最是繁忙喧嚣，因为所有人都着急回家。

联　bustle vi. 匆匆忙忙地移动；bristle n. 刚毛，猪鬃；gristle n. 软骨；pestle n. 槌，杵

hygiene ［'haɪʤi:n ］

n. 卫生〈同　cleanliness, sanitation〉

例　The dentist instructed his patients on dental hygiene . 牙科医生就牙齿卫生问题对患者进行指导。

联　hygeian adj. 健康的，卫生的；hygienic adj. 卫生学的；卫生的；hygienics n. 卫生学；hydrate n. 氢氧化物

hypersensitive ［ˌhaɪpə'sensətɪv ］

adj. 高灵敏度的；感觉过敏的

例　He was hypersensitive to the slightest criticism. 他对哪怕最轻微的批评也非常敏感。

iceberg ［'aɪsbɜ:g ］

n. 冰山

例　Most of an iceberg is under water. 冰山的大部分都在水下。

联　ice cream cone 蛋卷冰激凌；ice sheet 冰层

icicle ［'aɪsɪkəl ］

n. 冰柱，冰垂

例　Icicles hung from the house's roof in the winter. 冬天，屋檐上挂满了冰柱。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The mother told her son he needed to brush his teeth and take a shower daily to have good ______.

19. An ______ is a pointed, hanging stick of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water.

20. We ______ in a shop doorway for shelter from the rain.

21. He got caught in the ______ and bustle of the crowds doing their shopping.

22. The Titanic crashed into an ______ before sinking into chilly waters.

23. He had a ______ reaction every time he ate seafood.

第四部分

icon ［'aɪkɒn ］

n. ①圣像，偶像〈同　idol〉

例　The icons on the walls of the church were painted in the 13th century. 教堂墙上的圣像绘于13世纪。

②图标〈同　symbol〉

例　The billboards on the highway displayed many familiar corporate icons . 公路上的户外广告牌展示了许多熟悉的企业标识。

联　iconographic adj. 图解的

idyllic ［ɪ'dɪlɪk ］

adj. 田园诗的〈同　pastoral, rural〉

例　Most of the village's inhabitants are retired city folk enjoying an idyllic life. 这个村子里的大部分居民都是城市里的退休人员，他们在这里享受田园生活。

联　idyll n. 田园诗；idle adj. 空闲的，游手好闲的；idol n. 偶像，崇拜物

igneous ［'ɪgnɪəs ］

adj. 【地】火的，火成的

例　The scientist discovered that the island was formed from the igneous rock that erupted from a volcano thousands of years ago. 科学家们发现，这座岛是由数千年前一座火山喷发出的火成岩形成的。

illegible ［ɪ'leʤəbəl ］

adj. 难以辨认的，（字迹）模糊的〈同　unreadable, unclear〉

例　Please write it again; your handwriting is too illegible . 请重写一遍；你的字迹太难辨认了。

记　il（不）+leg（读）+ible→不能读的→难以辨认的

联　illegibility n. 不清楚，模糊；illegal adj. 违法的；illegitimate adj. 非法的；私生的

illiterate ［ɪ'lɪtərət ］

adj. 文盲的；缺乏教育的〈同　uncultured, uneducated〉

例　John was illiterate and was unable to fill out his income tax forms. 约翰是文盲，他不会填所得税申报表。

记　il（不）+literate（识字的；liter［字］+ate）→不识字的→文盲的

联　illiteracy n. 文盲；literature n. 文学；iterate vt. 重述，重申；alliterate v. 押头韵；obliterate vt. 涂去，擦掉；transliterate vt. 音译

imagery ［'ɪmɪʤəri ］

n. （艺术、文学中的）肖像，形象；形象化的比喻〈同　image; figurative writing〉

例　The imagery in his writing is so detailed that the characters seem to be real people. 他作品中人物形象的描述太详细了，书中的人物就像真实存在的一般。

联　imaginary adj. 想象中的，虚构的

imbibe ［ɪm'baɪb ］

v. 饮；吸收〈同　drink, absorb〉

例　A student imbibes a great deal of information during a school term. 学生在一个学期内会吸收大量的信息。

联　imbed v. 埋藏，埋入

immobile ［ɪ'məʊbaɪl ; (US)ɪ'məʊbəl ］

adj. 固定的，不动的〈同　stationary, fixed〉

例　Nothing in nature is truly immobile ; even the mountains are in constant movement and change. 本质上而言，没有任何物体是绝对静止不动的；即便山脉也在持续地移动和变化。

联　immobilize vt. 使不动，使固定；demobilize vt. 复员

impartial ［ɪm'pɑ:∫əl ］

adj. 公正的，无偏见的〈同　unbiased, fair〉

例　A judge has the responsibility of being impartial if he is to give a fair decision on a case. 如果一名法官要对一个案件进行公平的判决，他便有责任做到公平公正。

记　im（不）+part（部分；偏见）+ial→无偏见的

联　impartiality n. 公正，公平；impart vt. 传授，告知

impede ［ɪm'pi:d ］

vt. 妨碍，阻碍〈同　hinder, hamper〉

例　The scheme was impeded by lack of funds. 由于缺乏资金，计划受到了阻碍。

记　im（进入）+pede（脚）→把脚放入→妨碍

联　impediment n. 妨碍，阻碍（物）；centipede n. 蜈蚣；biped adj. 两足的 n. 两足动物；impel vt. 推动，推进；impend vi. 逼近，即将发生；podiatry n. 足病学

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. One who cannot read is considered ______.

25. His lack of money ______ him from buying a new raincoat.

26. She had to be ______ when she decided which student would get the award.

27. McDonald's two golden arches is one of the most widely-recognized ______ in the world.

28. The ______ in the story about the dragon was so vivid that many children said it was their favorite book.

29. The accident left him ______ and he had to be put in a wheelchair.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | impartial | A. readable
31. ______ | heterogeneous | B. scatter
32. ______ | humiliate | C. mobile
33. ______ | illegible | D. pretty
34. ______ | impede | E. honor
35. ______ | immobile | F. homogeneous
36. ______ | homely | G. assist
37. ______ | huddle | H. educated
38. ______ | illiterate | I. biased

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

39. Queen Elizabeth I's coronation heralded an era of exploration in the New World.

(A) hailed
(B) preceded
(C) all of the above

40. The nuts of the filbert tree form compact clusters, with each nut encased in its own husk .

(A) shell
(B) flower
(C) root

41. How long an animal or plant can live is governed by heredity , environment, and chance.

(A) history
(B) genetics
(C) climate

42. The unusual hues found in the artwork of some ancient civilizations are attributed to plant dyes.

(A) substances
(B) colors
(C) secretions

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
43. ______ | heroism | A. portend
44. ______ | imbibe | B. image
45. ______ | icon | C. extremely sensitive
46. ______ | hook | D. courageousness
47. ______ | herald | E. outer covering
48. ______ | hike | F. bulge
49. ______ | hump | G. take in
40. ______ | hypersensitive | H. diverse
41. ______ | heterogeneous | I. secure
42. ______ | husk | J. walkabout

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

heterogeneous | horde | hibernate | illegible | humiliate
hike | idyllic | imagery | herald | imbibe

53. His dream was to become rich and buy a house in an ______ countryside.

54. The backpackers ______ to their next campsite.

55. The President ______ praise for the firefighters.

56. A rampant ______ of squealing（尖叫的）fans tore the jacket off the rock star.

57. America is the country with the most immigrants and is known for its ______ society.

58. Eric was ______ and cried when everyone laughed at his silly new haircut.

59. The ______ he used to describe the meal made me hungry.

60. Bears are one of the many species of animals that ______.

61. The dry soil ______ the rain quickly.

62. Doctors are known for their terrible handwriting. They often write ______ prescriptions.

参考答案

1. A
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. hem
7. heredity
8. helpless
9. heyday
10. heroism
11. herd
12. homogenized
13. hub
14. hilly
15. hook
16. hoe
17. homely
18. hygiene
19. icicle
20. huddled
21. hustle
22. iceberg
23. hypersensitive
24. illiterate
25. impeded
26. impartial
27. icons
28. imagery
29. immobile
30. I
31. F
32. E
33. A
34. G
35. C
36. D
37. B
38. H
39. C
40. A
41. B
42. B
43. D
44. G
45. B
46. I
47. A
48. J
49. F
50. C
51. H
52. E
53. idyllic
54. hiked
55. heralded
56. horde
57. heterogeneous
58. humiliated
59. imagery
60. hibernate
61. imbibed
62. illegible

Lesson 14

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. A number of his remarks were obviously improvised .

(A) thought up on the spot
(B) all out of proportion
(C) tongue in cheek

2. The feeling of impending disaster haunted them all the time.

(A) resolute
(B) approaching
(C) agile
(D) brutal

3. In Silent Spring , Rachel Carson forcefully decried the indiscriminate use of pesticides.

(A) haphazard
(B) unpleasant
(C) regional
(D) periodic

4. Ocean waves can cut imposing cliffs along coastlines.

(A) immobile
(B) impermeable
(C) impressive
(D) imaginative

5. The high-pitched noises from this building site were incessant .

(A) uncomfortable
(B) unpleasant
(C) unexpected
(D) unending

第一部分

impending ［ɪm'pendɪŋ ］

adj. 行将发生的，逼近的〈同　approaching, imminent〉

例　People out at sea had been warned of the impending storms. 海上的人们已经收到了暴风雨即将来临的警告。

记　im（进入）+pend（挂）+ing→挂到眼前→行将发生的

联　impend vi. 逼近，即将发生；pending adj. 悬而未决的；迫近的

impersonal ［ɪm'pɜ:sənəl ］

adj. 不受个人感情影响的，客观的，无私的〈同　objective; detached〉

例　He conceals his feelings behind a rather impersonal manner. 他用一种冷漠的态度掩盖自己的感情。

记　im（不）+personal（私人的）→无私的

联　personal adj. 个人的；personality n. 个性，人格

impersonate ［ɪm'pɜ:səneɪt ］

vt. 模仿，扮演〈同　mimic, imitate〉

例　My cousin impersonates many well-known film stars. 我堂弟能模仿许多著名的电影明星。

记　im（进入）+person（人，角色）+ate→进入角色→扮演

联　impersonation n. 扮演；impersonator n. 演员，模拟（名人等的）艺人；personable adj. 漂亮的；personnel n. 职员

implication ［ˌɪmplɪ'keɪ∫ən ］

n. ①暗示；含意（imply的名词形式）〈同　hint; meaning〉

例　She did not actually refuse, but the way that she frowned was an implication of her unwillingness. 她实际上并没有拒绝，但她皱眉头暗示了她的不情愿。

②牵连（implicate的名词形式）〈同　involvement〉

例　This guy is suspected of implication in a number of robberies. 那个家伙被怀疑参与了数起抢劫。

联　implicate vt. 使牵连（于罪行中）；暗指；implicit adj. 含蓄的，不言而喻的；plicate adj. 折成扇状的，有褶的；implacable adj. 不缓和的，不安静的

imposing ［ɪm'pəʊzɪŋ ］

adj. 气势雄伟的，威严的〈同　impressive, grand〉

例　The pyramids of Egypt are imposing structures. 埃及的金字塔是非常雄伟的建筑。

记　来自动词impose（强加；im［进］+pose［放］→放进去→强加）+ing→给人以压迫感→威严的

联　superimpose vt. 附加上；impossible adj. 不可能的；pose n. 姿势，姿态；impost n. 关税

imprint

［'ɪmprɪnt ］n. 印痕，痕迹；深刻的印象〈同　trace, impression〉

例　The grandeur of the Great Wall left an imprint upon me. 长城的宏伟令我印象深刻。

［ɪm'prɪnt ］vt. 压印；牢记〈同　impress, stamp〉

例　The accident imprinted the fear of death on his mind. 这次事故在他的心中留下了对死亡的恐惧。

记　im（进入）+print（印）→压印

联　imprison vt. 监禁，关押；impromptu adj. 即席的，即兴的

imprisonment ［ɪm'prɪzənmənt ］

n. 监禁〈同　confinement〉

例　She's been sentenced to five years' imprisonment . 她被判处五年监禁。

联　imprison vt. 监禁，关押

improbable ［ɪm'prɒbəbəl ］

adj. 不大可能的〈同　unlikely〉

例　After breaking her leg, it was improbable that she ran in the race. 摔断腿之后，她不太可能参加赛跑了。

improvise ［'ɪmprəvaɪz ］

vt. 即席创作，即兴表演〈同　extemporize〉

例　The actors improvised a scene based on an audience suggestion. 演员们根据观众的建议即兴设计了一个情景。

记　im（不）+pro（前）+vise（看）→没有预先看过→即席创作

联　improvisation n. 即席创作；improviser n. 即席演奏者；extemporize v. 即兴表演；impromptu adj. 即席的，即兴的；improvident adj. 无远见的；浪费的；provision n. 供应品

inanimate ［ɪn'ænɪmət ］

adj. 无生命的〈同　lifeless〉

例　A fable is usually a short tale featuring animals or inanimate objects that can talk and think like humans. 寓言通常是一则短小的故事，其中的主角是能够像人一样说话和思考的动物或没有生命的物体。

记　in（无）+anim（生命）+ate→无生命的

联　animate vt. 使有生气；激励；unanimous adj. 一致同意的；animus n. 敌意；inanition n. 空洞，浅薄；inanity n. 空虚，愚蠢；inane adj. 空洞的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ of the murderer put everyone at ease.

7. When the insect did not move, it looked like an ______ leaf.

8. The dog sensed ______ doom before the hurricane and barked.

9. He's very good at ______ many famous athletes.

10. New York has many ______ skyscrapers.

11. He seems very ______ when you first meet him, but he opens up once you get to know him better.

第二部分

incapacitate ［ˌɪnkə'pæsɪteɪt ］

vt. 使失去能力；使不胜任〈同　disable, disqualify〉

例　Poor eyesight has incapacitated him from serving in the army. 视力不佳使他失去了参军的机会。

incense ［'ɪnsens ］n. 熏香；焚香的烟

例　Incense was used in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, and has been used by Christians since the sixth century. 古埃及、古希腊和古罗马都使用过熏香，而且自六世纪以来，熏香也被基督教徒使用。

［ɪn'sens ］vt. 激怒〈同　anger, enrage〉

例　The waitress was incensed when her picky customer refused to tip her. 当那位挑剔的顾客拒绝付小费的时候，那名女服务员被激怒了。

记　in（进入）+cense（=cand 发光）→焚烧的香，引伸为“点燃怒气”→激怒

联　incendiary adj./n. 纵火的（人）；essence n. 本质；精华；香精；incentive n. 动机

incessant ［ɪn'sesənt ］

adj. 不停的，连续的〈同　unending, constant〉

例　The incessant phone calls made it impossible for me to even get a lunch break. 接连不断的电话让我连吃午饭的时间都没有。

记　in（不）+cess（停止）+ant→不停止→连续的

联　incessancy n. 持续不断，连续性；concession n. 让步；cessation n. 停止；necessity n. 必要性；inceptive adj. 起初的，开端的

incident ［'ɪnsɪdənt ］

n. 事件〈同　occurrence, event〉

例　A 23-year-old man was seriously injured in a shooting incident which occurred outside a pub. 在酒馆外发生的枪击事件中，有一名23岁的男子受了重伤。

联　incidental adj. 伴随的；偶然的；incidentally adv. 偶然地；incidence n. 发生率；coincidence n. 一致；同时发生或同时存在（尤指偶然）的事；coincident adj. 一致的，巧合的；accident n. 意外事件

incisive ［ɪn'saɪsɪv ］

adj. 深刻的，尖锐的〈同　sharp, penetrating〉

例　Julie's questions in class were so incisive that the teacher did not know how to answer them. 朱莉在课堂上提出的问题太过尖锐，老师不知道该如何回答。

联　incise vt. 切割

inclination ［ˌɪnklɪ'neɪ∫ən ］

n. 嗜好，倾向〈同　preference, tendency〉

例　I've no inclination to follow my mother into accountancy. 我不愿意接我妈妈的班，成为一名会计师。

incompatible ［ˌɪnkəm'pætəbəl ］

adj. 合不来的，相互不协调的；不兼容的〈同　conflicting, unsuited〉

例　Any new video system that is incompatible with existing ones has little chance of success. 对于任何与现有系统不兼容的新视频系统，其成功的机会都微乎其微。

记　in（不）+compatible（和谐的；com［一起］+pat［忍受］+ible→能一起忍受→和谐的）→相互不协调的

联　incompatibility n. 不协调，不相容；compatible adj. 协调的，一致的；兼容的；incomparable adj. 不能比较的；incompliant adj. 不顺从的；不能弯曲的

incongruous ［ɪn'kɒŋgrʊəs ］

adj. 不协调的，不一致的〈同　incompatible, discordant〉

例　The new computer looked incongruous in the dark book-filled library. 在满是书的昏暗的图书馆里，新计算机看起来非常不协调。

记　in（不）+congruous（适合的，一致的）→不一致的

联　incongruity n. 不协调，不一致

indent ［ɪn'dent ］

vt. 切割成锯齿状〈同　dent, notch〉

例　The mountains indent the horizon with their peaks. 群山的山峰让地平线凹凸不平。

记　in（进入）+dent（牙齿）→切割成锯齿状

联　indented adj. 锯齿状的，犬牙交错的；indentation n. 锯齿状，缺口；denture n. 一副假牙；dent n. 凹痕；indenture n. 契约

indigestion ［ˌɪndɪ'ʤestʃən ］

n. 消化不良〈同　dyspepsia〉

例　You'll give yourself indigestion if you swallow your dinner so quickly. 如果你晚饭吃得太快，会消化不良的。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. After hours of debate, Louis offered a few ______ comments that made it immediately clear to everyone how dumb the original idea had been.

13. I went to a Catholic funeral where the priest used sweet ______.

14. Her short dress was ______ with the attire at the conservative dinner party they attended.

15. Maybe you should go to see a doctor if your ______ has troubled you for over a week.

16. Her first kiss was an ______ that she would never forget.

17. The car accident ______ the man from walking again.

第三部分

indiscriminate ［ˌɪndɪ'skrɪmɪnət ］

adj. 不加选择的〈同　random, undistinguishing〉

例　He bought many useless things because of his indiscriminate shopping habits. 由于不加选择的购物习惯，他买了许多无用的东西。

联　indiscriminately adv. 随意地；不加区别地；discrimination n. 歧视

inextricably ［ɪn'ekstrɪkəbli ］

adv. 无法摆脱地〈同　inseparably, inevitably〉

例　Our fates were inextricably combined from the moment we married. 我们的命运自从我们结婚的那一刻起便已经牢牢地结合在了一起。

infertile ［ɪn'fɜ:taɪl ］

adj. 不肥沃的；不结果实的〈同　barren〉

例　The desert is particularly infertile of most kinds of vegetation. 大多数种类的植物都无法在沙漠里生长。

infest ［ɪn'fest ］

vt. 骚扰；大批滋生〈同　overrun, swarm〉

例　This house is infested with rats so we will need to buy some cats. 这栋房子里老鼠泛滥成灾，我们需要买几只猫。

记　in（进入）+fest（匆忙）→匆忙起来→骚扰

联　infestation n. （害虫、 盗贼等）群袭，横行；infect vt. 传染，感染；invest v. 投（资）；manifest v. 表明，显示

infiltrate ［'ɪnfɪltreɪt ］

vt. 使透过，渗透〈同　spread to, permeate〉

例　At night, they had managed to infiltrate the enemy ranks and blow up the bridge. 在晚上，他们成功地闯入敌军阵地，并炸毁了大桥。

inflate ［ɪn'fleɪt ］

vt. 使膨胀，使充气〈同　expand, fill with air or gas〉

例　He should inflate the tires of his bike before the long trip. 他在长途骑行之前，应该给自行车轮胎充气。

联　inflation n. 通货膨胀

inflexible ［ɪn'fleksəbəl ］

adj. 坚定的〈同　rigid, stiff〉

例　Jacky's parents were inflexible and would not allow her to go out the night before exams. 雅基的父母非常坚决，考试之前不允许她在晚上出去。

influential ［ˌɪnflʊ'en∫əl ］

adj. 有影响的；有权势的〈同　significant; powerful〉

例　She wanted to work for a bigger and more influential newspaper. 她希望能为一家规模更大、更具影响力的报社工作。

influenza ［ˌɪnflʊ'enzə ］

n. 流行性感冒

例　His case of influenza was very severe and he stayed in bed for three days. 他的流感非常严重，他在床上躺了三天。

influx ［'ɪnflʌks ］

n. 流入，汇集〈同　arrival, inward flow〉

例　The recent influx of immigrants caused a housing shortage in the small town. 最近的移民潮造成这个小镇的住房短缺。

记　in（向内）+flux（流）→流入

联　flux n. 涨潮；变迁；流通（量）；inflame v. （使）燃烧

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The politician was very ______ and convinced the President to pass the new law.

19. The clown（小丑）enjoyed ______ balloons and then popping（爆开）them.

20. Her mother would never take her shopping because of her ______ taste in shoes.

21. The historic city always had an ______ of tourists during the holidays.

22. The student union was gradually ______ by right-wing students.

23. The big muddy swamp is a complex ecosystem in which the fate of each species is ______ linked with the fate of many others.

第四部分

informal ［ɪn'fɔ:məl ］

adj. 不拘礼节的，随便的；非正式的〈同　casual; unofficial〉

例　Colloquialisms, expressions which are characteristic of informal spoken language, are often considered inappropriate for more formal written language. 口语，即以非正式的口头语言为特点的表达，通常被认为不适合用于更加正式的书面文字中。

informed ［ɪn'fɔ:md ］

adj. 受过教育的，见多识广的〈同　educated, knowledgeable〉

例　The student read professional magazines to stay informed of any recent discoveries in his field. 为了了解他所研究领域的最新发现，那名学生坚持阅读专业杂志。

联　be informed about 熟悉

infuse ［ɪn'fju:z ］

vt. 注入，灌输〈同　ingrain, instill〉

例　A good manager infuses energy into the workers. 一名好的管理者会给下属注入能量。

记　in（进入）+fuse（流）→流进去→灌输

联　infusion n. 注入；infest vt. 大批滋生；incise vt. 切开

innate ［ɪ'neɪt ］

adj. 先天的，天生的〈同　inborn, congenital〉

例　His innate cunning allowed him to see through the spy's subterfuge. 他天生狡猾，这让他能够看穿那个间谍的诡计。

记　in（内生）+nate（出生）→出生时带来的→天生的

联　inn n. 旅馆，客栈；innocent adj. 清白的；天真的；innocuous adj. 无害的，无毒的

innermost ［'ɪnəməʊst ］

adj. 最里面的；内心的，秘密的〈同　most personal〉

例　Jasper told his best friend his innermost secrets. 贾斯珀把内心深处的秘密告诉了他最好的朋友。

instructive ［ɪn'strʌktɪv ］

adj. 有益的；教育性的〈同　didactic, enlightening〉

例　The book about management was very instructive for beginners. 那本关于管理的书对于初学者来说非常有益。

联　instruct vt. 教；命令；instruction n. 命令，指示；教学

insurmountable ［ˌɪnsə'maʊntəbəl ］

adj. 不能克服的，不能超越的〈同　insuperable, overwhelming〉

例　The champion never thought anything was insurmountable . 那名冠军认为没有事情是不能克服的。

intelligent ［ɪn'telɪʤənt ］

adj. 聪明的，有才智的〈同　ingenious, bright〉

例　He was usually intelligent , but when inebriated he became slowwitted. 他通常情况下都非常聪明，但在喝醉的时候就会变得迟钝。

记　intel（在中间）+lig（选择）+ent→从中选出好的→聪明的

联　intelligence n. 智力，聪明；intellectual n. 知识分子；intelligible adj. 可理解的；diligent adj. 勤奋的

intentionally ［ɪn'ten∫ənəli ］

adv. 有意地，特意地〈同　deliberately, consciously〉

例　She intentionally lied to her parents so they would not know the truth. 她故意对父母撒谎，这样他们就不会知道真相了。

联　intention n. 意图，目的

interlocking ［ˌɪntə'lɒkɪŋ ］

adj. 连锁的，关联的

例　The simplest and strongest framework is a system of interlocking triangles, similar to those we see supporting bridges and the roofs of houses. 最简单而又最牢固的框架，是用互相咬合的三角形组成的系统，类似于我们见过的支护桥梁和屋顶的结构。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. She has an ______ video for those who want to learn cooking.

25. The speaker had an ______ style that kept everybody at ease.

26. The chain was made from ______ circles.

27. The amount of work seemed ______ and they gave up.

28. The mechanic ______ his son with knowledge about car repairs.

29. The figure skater had an ______ talent for the sport.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | inflexible | A. acquired
31. ______ | incompatible | B. likely
32. ______ | inflate | C. deflate
33. ______ | improbable | D. dull
34. ______ | incessant | E. intermittent
35. ______ | imposing | F. powerless
36. ______ | incisive | G. modest
37. ______ | influential | H. leaving
38. ______ | innate | I. pliable
39. ______ | impending | J. consistent

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. The Dial , edited by Margaret Fuller, was among the first influential magazines published in the United States.

(A) illustrated
(B) profitable
(C) important

41. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was intentionally founded on the one hundredth anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth.

(A) typically
(B) deliberately
(C) historically

42. Surrealism（超现实主义）has infiltrated realistic painting by increasing artists' awareness of how commonplace subjects can take on mysterious suggestions.

(A) conditioned
(B) spread to
(C) denied

43. A goal of modern dance often is to express the dancer's innermost feelings and emotions.

(A) slightest
(B) rarest
(C) most personal

44. The League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan organization that promotes informed active public participation in government.

(A) amateur
(B) organized
(C) educated

45. It is believed that arthritis incapacitates more people than does any other chronic disorder.

(A) threatens
(B) disables
(C) changes

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
46. ______ | incense | A. brilliant
47. ______ | indigestion | B. disinterested
48. ______ | intelligent | C. inculcate
49. ______ | infiltrate | D. infuriate
50. ______ | incompatible | E. blow up
51. ______ | impersonal | F. penetrate
52. ______ | inanimate | G. bent
53. ______ | inclination | H. difficulty in digesting
54. ______ | inflate | I. unmoving
55. ______ | infuse | J. incongruous

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

intelligent | implication | inflexible | incessant | infest
inclination | improvise | informed | imprint | indent

56. He keeps in touch with the people in power and is therefore well ______ about politics.

57. Years of illness had left their ______ on his face.

58. The old wooden house was ______ with termites（白蚁）.

59. His ______ in the scandal has affected his whole family.

60. In this matter you should follow your own ______ and not listen to other people.

61. She ______ the knife when she tried to cut the metal.

62. The teacher did not prepare for class and had to ______ the whole time.

63. Once he has decided on a course of action, he becomes totally ______ and nothing you say will make him change his mind.

64. The noise from the city street was ______; there always seemed to be a fire engine or a police car screaming by.

65. The ______ monkey learned to unlock his cage and escaped.

参考答案

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. imprisonment
7. inanimate
8. impending
9. impersonating
10. imposing
11. impersonal
12. incisive
13. incense
14. incongruous
15. indigestion
16. incident
17. incapacitated
18. influential
19. inflating
20. indiscriminate
21. influx
22. infiltrated
23. inextricably
24. instructive
25. informal
26. interlocking
27. insurmountable
28. infused
29. innate
30. I
31. J
32. C
33. B
34. E
35. G
36. D
37. F
38. A
39. H
40. C
41. B
42. B
43. C
44. C
45. B
46. D
47. H
48. A
49. F
50. J
51. B
52. I
53. G
54. E
55. C
56. informed
57. imprint
58. infested
59. implication
60. inclinations
61. indented
62. improvise
63. inflexible
64. incessant
65. intelligent

Lesson 15

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. It is irritating to be forced to listen to such silly conversation.

(A) chilly
(B) annoying
(C) accessor

2. Many artists in the early 1800's painted lavish landscapes that glorified American lakes, rivers and forests.

(A) golden
(B) costly
(C) magnificent

3. The guests were in a jubilant mood as the wedding began.

(A) exultant
(B) conciliatory
(C) reveren

4. The old car jolted along the bumpy road.

(A) rode
(B) dawdled
(C) bounced

5. In the past, the cotton fields of Louisiana were inundated annually with water from the Mississippi River.

(A) flooded
(B) eroded
(C) fertilized

第一部分

interpersonal ［ˌɪntə'pɜ:sənəl ］

adj. 人与人之间的；关于人与人之间关系的

例　Her interpersonal skills were so good that she was promoted to public relations manager. 她的人际交往能力非常出色，因此她很快就被提拔为公关经理。

intersect ［ˌɪntə'sekt ］

vi. 相交〈同　cross, meet〉

例　The two famous streets were intentionally designed to intersect at the national monument. 这两条著名的街道被有意设计成在国家纪念碑前交汇。

联　intersection n. 十字路口，交叉点

intoxication ［ɪnˌtɒksɪ'keɪ∫ən ］

n. 陶醉；醉酒〈同　inebriation; drunkenness〉

例　A driver in a state of intoxication is not allowed to drive. 司机在醉酒状态下是不允许开车的。

记　来自名词toxication（中毒；toxic［有毒］+ation→中毒）

联　intoxicate v. （使）醉；（使）陶醉；intoxicant adj. 醉人的；toxic adj. 有毒的；toxicant n. 有毒物，毒药

intrepid ［ɪn'trepɪd ］

adj. 勇敢的〈同　courageous, brave〉

例　This new biography provides a fascinating account of the adventures of one of our most intrepid explorers. 这本新的传记讲述了我们中的一位最勇敢的探险家精彩的冒险经历。

记　in（不）+trep（害怕的）+id→不害怕的→勇敢的

联　intrepidity n. 无畏；trepidation n. 惊恐，恐慌；tepid adj. 微温的；fearless adj. 大胆的，勇敢的；courageous adj. 勇敢的，英勇的

introspective ［ˌɪntrəʊ'spektɪv ］

adj. 自省的，反省的〈同　self-examining, introverted〉

例　We all have our introspective moments during which we examine our souls. 我们都会有反省的时刻，在那时候，我们会检视自己的灵魂。

intrusion ［ɪn'tru:ʒən ］

n. 侵扰，干扰〈同　encroachment, infringement〉

例　They complained about excessive government intrusion into their private activities. 他们抱怨政府过多地干预他们的私人活动。

联　intruder n. 入侵者，闯入者；intrusive adj. 打扰的；插入的

inundate ［'ɪnʌndeɪt ］

vt. 淹没〈同　flood, overflow〉

例　The dam will release water that will inundate the city. 大坝将进行泄洪，而洪水将淹没那座城市。

记　in（进入）+unda（波浪）+(a)te→进入波浪→淹没

联　inundant adj. 泛滥的，势不可挡的

invertebrate ［ɪn'vɜ:tɪbrət ; -breɪt ］

n./adj. 无脊椎动物（的）

例　Worms and flies are examples of invertebrates . 蠕虫和苍蝇都是典型的无脊椎动物。

联　vertebrate n./adj. 脊椎动物（的）

inviting ［ɪn'vaɪtɪŋ ］

adj. 诱人的，引人动心的〈同　attractive, tempting〉

例　The freshly baked chocolate cake sitting on the table looked very inviting to the hungry boys. 桌子上那个新鲜烘培的巧克力蛋糕对饥饿的男孩们来说，非常具有吸引力。

involuntary ［ɪn'vɒləntəri ］

adj. 不知不觉的，无意识的〈同　automatic, unintentional〉

例　When the doctor hit her knee with a hammer, her leg responded with an involuntary jerk. 当医生用锤子敲击她的膝盖时，她的腿会做出下意识的膝跳反应。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The sudden ______ of the police into the criminal's house caused everyone to run and hide.

7. An ______ scream escaped her mouth, surprising everyone.

8. The countryside was ______ with worms after the heavy rains.

9. Make a left turn where the highway ______ Main Street.

10. The smell coming from the kitchen was deliciously ______.

11. The soldier received the Silver Star for his ______ deeds in the combat.

第二部分

irrelevant ［ɪ'reləvənt ］

adj. 离题的；无关的〈同　extraneous, impertinent〉

例　His comments were irrelevant to the issues, so the leader asked him to stop talking. 他的意见与问题无关，所以领导让他停止讲话。

记　in（不）+relevant（有关的；re［再］+lev［举起］+ant→再举起→有关的）→无关的

联　irrelevance n. 不相关；irrelative adj. 无关系的；irrelated adj. 不相关的

irreparable ［ɪ'repərəbəl ］

adj. 不能挽回的〈同　irreversible〉

例　The married couple's relationship was irreparable , so they decided to get divorced. 那对已婚夫妇的关系无法修补，因此两人决定离婚。

irresistible ［ˌɪrɪ'zɪstəbəl ］

adj. 无法抗拒的，无法抵抗的；诱人的〈同　overwhelming; tempting〉

例　This cake is so irresistible that I can't stop eating it! 这个蛋糕太诱人了，我忍不住吃个不停！

记　ir（不）+resist（对抗；re［反］+sist［站］→反着站→对抗）+ible→无法抵抗的

联　resistant adj. 抵抗的，有抵抗力的；tempting adj. 诱惑人的；enchanting adj. 迷人的，妩媚的；seductive adj. 诱人的

irreversible ［ˌɪrɪ'vɜ:səbəl ］

adj. 不可更改的；不可撤销的〈同　irrevocable, final〉

例　My decision to work in California is irreversible because I've already signed a contract. 我去加利福尼亚工作的决定不可能更改，因为我已经签了合同。

记　ir（不）+re（反）+vers（e）（转）+ible→不能颠倒的→不可更改的

联　reverse v. 颠倒 adj. 相反的；颠倒的；inverse adj. 相反的，反转的

irritating ［'ɪrɪteɪtɪŋ ］

adj. 刺激的；使人愤怒的，气人的〈同　hurtful; annoying〉

例　Because of its irritating effects on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 由于对人有刺激性作用，因此石碳酸已经基本上被停止用作一般抗菌剂了。

itinerary ［ɪ'tɪnərəri ; (US)-reri ］

n. 路线〈同　route, course〉

例　The travel agent gave them their itinerary for their vacation in Hawaii. 旅行社为他们提供了去夏威夷度假旅行的线路。

联　itinerant adj. 巡回的

Jewish ［'ʤu:ɪ∫ ］

adj. 犹太人的，犹太族的

例　The ancestors of Jewish people came from Israel. 犹太人的祖先来自以色列。

jolly ［'ʤɒli ］

adj. 愉快的〈同　merry; full of fun〉

例　When the jolly laughter subsided, the pirates began the serious business of dividing the gold. 愉快的笑声渐渐平息之后，海盗们开始了瓜分黄金的正经事。

联　jollify v. （使）快乐，（使）高兴

jolt ［ʤəʊlt ］

n. 震动，颠簸〈同　shake〉

例　As the plane touched the ground, there was a massive jolt and we were thrown forwards. 飞机一接触地面，便出现了一阵剧烈的颠簸，我们的身体都向前冲去。

vt. 使颠簸；猛击〈同　bounce, shake〉

例　We were all jolted by the news of our friend's death. 我们都被朋友去世的消息震惊了。

记　该词原先写作jot，为拟声词

联　jolty adj. 摇动的，颠簸的；jolting adj. 令人震惊的

journal ［'ʤɜ:nəl ］

n. ①定期刊物，杂志〈同　magazine, periodical〉

例　Her article on ecology was published in a scientific journal . 她关于生态学的文章发表在一本科学期刊上。

②（航海）日记；分类账〈同　log, diary〉

例　He kept a journal of his daily adventures. 他坚持记录每天的冒险活动。

联　journalism n. 新闻业；报章杂志；journalist n. 新闻记者，从事新闻业的人

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He kept a daily ______ while he was in the army.

13. The car's ______ made him spill the coffee on his lap.

14. Harold thought his little brother was ______ and asked him to leave his room.

15. Willy found the book ______ and could only put it down when he had finished reading it.

16. The Grand Canyon is one of the many destinations on our ______.

17. The research information that was ______ was discarded so it would not confuse anybody.

第三部分

jubilant ［'ʤu:bɪlənt ］

adj. 欢腾的，喜气洋洋的〈同　exultant, happy, merry〉

例　The guests were in a jubilant mood as the wedding began. 婚礼开始后，客人们都喜气洋洋。

记　jubli（大叫）+ant→高兴得大叫的→欢腾的

联　jubilate vi. 欢呼；jubilance n. 欢呼，喜气洋洋；jubilation n. 欢呼，庆祝；rejoicing n. 高兴，喜悦；exultant adj. 非常高兴的，欢跃的；exhilarated adj. 高兴的，愉快的

judicious ［ʤu:'dɪ∫əs ］

adj. 明智的；有判断力的〈同　wise, prudent〉

例　By careful planning and judicious investments, he increased greatly the fortune his parents had left him. 通过仔细谋划和审慎投资，他大幅增加了父母留给他的财产。

记　judic（判断）+ious→有判断力的

联　judicial adj. 司法的，公正的

jumble ［'ʤʌmbəl ］

vt. 使混乱，混杂〈同　mix, mix up〉

例　The magician jumbled the cards to distract the audience. 魔术师洗牌以分散观众的注意力。

n. 混乱；杂乱的一堆〈同　mixture; chaos〉

例　Most sunken ships break up on the way down, hit the bottom at about 100 miles per hour, and become a chaotic jumble . 大多数沉船都是在下沉过程中断裂，以每小时100英里左右的速度触到海底，然后就变成杂乱的一堆。

联　jumdo n. 庞然大物；numb adj. 麻木的

jurisdiction ［ˌʤʊərɪs'dɪk∫ən ］

n. 权限；管辖范围〈同　authority, purview〉

例　Deciding who is eligible for school athletic teams is not within the jurisdiction of the Student Council. 谁有资格进入学校运动队，这个决定权不归学生会所有。

记　juris（=jury 陪审团）+diction（措辞）→陪审团有权说话→权限

联　juris n. 法学博士；jurisdictional adj. 司法的；司法权的；juror n. 陪审员；jury n. 陪审团；injury n. 伤害，侮辱；judgement n. 判决；verdict n. 判决；sentence n./vt. 宣判

juvenile ［'ʤu:vənaɪl ］

n./adj. 青少年（的）〈同　youth, adolescent〉

例　Juveniles are not entitled to vote. 青少年无权参加选举。

juxtapose ［'ʤʌkstəpəʊz ］

vt. 并排，并置

例　The scientist juxtaposed the two specimens so he could compare and analyze them at the same time. 那名科学家将两个样本并列放置，以便同时对它们进行对比和分析。

联　juxtaposition n. 毗邻，并置，并列；posit vt. 安置

ken ［ken ］

n. 视野，知识领域〈同　understanding, knowledge〉

例　I cannot answer your question since this matter is beyond my ken . 我无法回答你的问题，因为这件事已经超出了我的知识范围。

联　kennel n. 狗舍，狗窝

kernel ［'kɜ:nəl ］

n. 仁，核心；（去壳的）麦粒，谷粒〈同　nut, core〉

例　Corn kernels are used to make popcorn. 玉米粒被用来做爆米花。

联　kerosene n. 煤油

kinetic ［kɪ'netɪk ］

adj. 运动的；动力学的〈同　dynamic〉

例　The behavior of gases is explained by what scientists call the kinetic theory. 气体的行为可以通过科学家所谓的分子运动理论进行解释。

记　kinet（动）+ic→运动的

联　kinematics n. 运动学；kineticist n. 动力学家；kinescope n. 显像管

laborious ［lə'bɔ:riəs ］

adj. 费力的，艰难的〈同　arduous, painstaking〉

例　The laborious work was very tiring and he soon quit. 辛苦的工作非常令人疲惫，因此他很快就放弃了。

联　labor n. 劳动；劳力；laborer n. 劳动者（尤指体力劳动者）；labor movement 劳工运动；labor union 工会

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The Los Angeles policeman did not have ______ in Las Vegas.

19. The imagination of inventors keeps pushing the limits of our ______.

20. Compiling dictionaries is a ______ task, requiring much time and effort.

21. The ______ decision is to go home before it gets dark.

22. Comparison will be easier if you ______ the two objects.

23. Your report is just a ______ of unrelated facts.

第四部分

labyrinth ［'læbərɪnθ ］

n. 迷宫；错综复杂之事件〈同　maze, intricacy〉

例　After wandering through the labyrinth for five hours, the young man finally reached the exit. 在迷宫里转了五个小时之后，那个年轻人终于找到了出口。

记　labyr（=labor 劳动）+inth→在里面努力→迷宫

联　labyrinthian adj. 错综复杂的；labyrinthic adj. 迷宫（似）的，曲折的；maze n. 曲径，迷宫

lament ［lə'ment ］

vt. 为…悲痛，痛惜〈同　deplore, bemoan〉

例　The widow lamented the death of her husdand. 那个寡妇为丈夫的死而悲伤。

联　lamentable adj. 可悲的；lemon n. 柠檬；lame adj. 跛的

landlord ［'lændlɔ:d ］

n. 房东，地主〈同　landholder, proprietor〉

例　Byron paid rent to his landlord every month. 拜伦每个月向房东支付房租。

landslide ［'lændslaɪd ］

n. 【地】山崩

例　Three climbers were killed last week in a landslide . 有三名登山者在上周的山崩中遇难。

lark ［lɑ:k ］

n. 鸣禽；云雀，百灵鸟

例　The larks sing so beautifully in the morning that we set up a bird house next to our breakfast room. 清晨，云雀的鸣叫声如此优美，因此我们在早餐室旁边安装了一个鸟屋。

vi. 嬉戏，嬉耍

例　If you are going to lark around, you'd better go outside! 你如果想嬉闹玩耍，最好去外面！

lash ［læ∫ ］

n. 鞭子〈同　whip〉

例　The leather lash cut the side of the horse. 皮鞭把马的身体一侧抽开了一道口子。

v. 抽打，鞭打〈同　strike, hit〉

例　The rider lashes the horse to make it go faster. 骑手用皮鞭抽打马，好让它跑得更快。

联　splash v. 溅，泼；flash n./vi. 闪光；闪现

lateral ［'lætərəl ］

adj. 侧面的，旁边的

例　In order to get good plant growth, the gardener must pinch off all lateral shoots. 为了让植物更好地生长，园艺师必须修剪掉所有侧枝。

联　bilateral adj. 有两面的，双边的；equilateral triangle 等边三角形；quadrilateral n. 四边形

laurels ［'lɒrəlz ］

n. 桂冠，荣誉〈同　honor, credit〉

例　Don't rest on your laurels : follow up your success and start looking for new markets now. 不要不思进取：借着成功的东风，马上开始寻找新市场。

联　laureation n. 授以荣誉；桂冠；laureate adj. 金色的，灿烂的

lava ［'lɑ:və ］

n. 熔岩，岩浆

例　The lava flowed down the volcano and burned many houses down. 岩浆流下火山，烧毁了许多房屋。

联　volcano n. 火山

lavish ［'lævɪ∫ ］

adj. 过分丰富的；浪费的〈同　generous; extravagant〉

例　She gives lavish parties with wonderful food, flowers, and music. 她经常举办奢华的聚会，聚会上有精美的食物、鲜花和音乐。

联　ravish vt. 强夺；slavish adj. 卑屈的；盲从的

自我检测　第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The cruel boy ______ the animal with his belt.

25. Each of the fifty floors in the office building was a ______ of dark corridors and narrow passageways.

26. The volcano heaves ______ from beneath the Earth's surface.

27. She ______ because she did not prepare enough for the exam.

28. The ______ covered many cars with mud.

29. A ______ move in a career is one in which you switch jobs without ascending or descending the corporate hierarchy.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | judicious | A. related
31. ______ | involuntary | B. order
32. ______ | juvenile | C. meager
33. ______ | jubilant | D. mature
34. ______ | lavish | E. timid
35. ______ | intrepid | F. despondent
36. ______ | jumble | G. resistible
37. ______ | irresistible | H. intentional
38. ______ | irrelevant | I. imprudent

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
39. ______ | irritating | A. violation
40. ______ | judicious | B. exasperating
41. ______ | lament | C. unchangeable
42. ______ | laurels | D. place side by side
43. ______ | intrusion | E. sagacious
44. ______ | irreversible | F. contemplative
45. ______ | laborious | G. fame
46. ______ | introspective | H. deluge
47. ______ | inundate | I. bewail
48. ______ | juxtapose | J. strenuous

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

lavish | juvenile | kinetic | jubilant | irreversible
kernel | landlord | jolly | ken | jurisdiction

49. The girl was a ______ criminal at the age of 14.

50. My decision not to meet him today is ______; there is absolutely nothing you could say or do to make me change my mind.

51. Saying that it was beyond his ______, the judge refused to rule on the case.

52. Santa Claus is a ______ old man that lives at the North Pole.

53. He smashed the hard shells of the nuts to eat the ______.

54. Tom was ______ when he heard he had a new baby boy.

55. A speeding bullet has a lot of ______ energy.

56. The teacher gave ______ praise to her student who earned a perfect score on the test.

57. Amanda did not pay the rent on her apartment for several months, and her ______ was threatening to evict her.

58. With modern technology, scientists can probe many physical processes, such as combustion, once beyond our ______.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. intrusion
7. involuntary
8. inundated
9. intersects
10. inviting
11. intrepid
12. journal
13. jolt
14. irritating
15. irresistible
16. itinerary
17. irrelevant
18. jurisdiction
19. ken
20. laborious
21. judicious
22. juxtapose
23. jumble
24. lashed
25. labyrinth
26. lava
27. lamented
28. landslide
29. lateral
30. I
31. H
32. D
33. F
34. C
35. E
36. B
37. G
38. A
39. B
40. E
41. I
42. G
43. A
44. C
45. J
46. F
47. H
48. D
49. juvenile
50. irreversible
51. jurisdiction
52. jolly
53. kernels
54. jubilant
55. kinetic
56. lavish
57. landlord
58. ken

Lesson 16

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The Connecticut shore is a popular summer resort area, and, with its protected portion of the Long Island Sound, lures boating enthusiasts.

(A) attracts
(B) astounds
(C) shelters

2. Because the crocodile is accustomed to a tropical climate, it becomes lethargic at temperatures below 60°F.

(A) sluggish
(B) chilly
(C) snappish

3. The awards added luster to the author's reputation.

(A) expression
(B) distinction
(C) passion

4. For some animals, locomotion is accomplished by changing its body shape.

(A) evolution
(B) movement
(C) survival

5. Croquet is a popular lawn game in which players use wooden mallets to hit wooden balls through wire arches.

(A) weapons
(B) hammers
(C) branches

第一部分

lawsuit ［'lɔ:sju:t ］

n. 诉讼〈同　litigation, case〉

例　The attorney was representing clients in five lawsuits this week. 本周，这位律师代理了五起诉讼的委托人。

ledge ［leʤ ］

n. 建筑物或岩石的突出部分〈同　edge, projection〉

例　A swallow built a nest on the ledge outside my dormitory's window. 一只燕子在我宿舍窗户外的壁架上筑巢。

联　a window ledge 窗台；edge n. 刀口；边缘；ledger n. 【会计】分类账；hedge n. 树篱；障碍物；pledge n. 誓言 vt. 保证

legacy ［'legəsi ］

n. 遗产，遗物〈同　inheritance, bequest〉

例　The farm is a legacy from my grandfather. 这座农场是我祖父留下的遗产。

记　来自动词legate（把…遗赠给；leg［选择］+ate→选出接受［遗产］的人→把…遗赠给）+cy→遗产

联　legatee n. 遗产受赠人；donation n. 捐赠品，捐款

legendary ［'leʤəndəri ］

adj. 传奇的〈同　mythical, fabled〉

例　The legendary deeds of Sherlock Holmes are so well-known that many people think he really lived. 夏洛克·福尔摩斯的传奇故事可谓无人不知，以至于许多人都认为他是真实存在的。

联　legend n. 传说；传奇文学

legible ［'leʤəbəl ］

adj. （指印刷或字迹）清楚的，易读的〈同　readable, distinct〉

例　Her handwriting is so bad that it is barely legible . 她的书法太糟糕了，几乎无法辨认。

记　leg（读）+ible→易读的

联　illegible adj. 难辨认的，字迹模糊的；eligible adj. 符合条件的，合格的；negligible adj. 可以忽略的，不予重视的

legume ［'legju:m ］

n. 豆类，豆荚

例　He kept the seeds from the legume and planted them in his garden. 他保存了豆荚里的种子，并把它们种在他的花园里。

lethal ［'li:θəl ］

adj. 致命的〈同　fatal, mortal〉

例　It is unwise to leave lethal weapons where children may find them. 把致命的武器放在孩子可能找得到的地方是不明智的。

lethargic ［le'θɑ:ʤɪk ; lɪ'- ］

adj. 昏睡的；懒洋洋的，萎靡不振的〈同　sluggish, languid〉

例　People usually feel lethargic after a heavy meal. 人们在饱餐一顿之后，通常会感觉昏昏欲睡。

记　leth（遗忘，来自希腊神话中的“忘川”）+argic→老是遗忘的→萎靡不振的

联　lethargy n. 昏睡；无生气

lettuce ［'letɪs ］

n. 莴苣，生菜

例　She cut the lettuce to make the salad. 她把生菜切碎，来制作沙拉。

libel ［'laɪbəl ］

n. 以文字损害名誉，诽谤〈同　slander, defamation〉

例　Lawyers are employed to represent newspaper publishers when they are sued for libel . 报纸出版商在被控诽谤后，便聘请了多位代理律师。

记　lib（文字）+el→以文字损害名誉

联　libellous adj. 诽谤的，用言语中伤他人的；slander n./v. （口头）诽谤；denigrate vt. 抹黑，毁誉；liberality n. 宽大，磊落；libertine n. 浪荡子；libido n. 性欲；libretto n. 剧本

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The only way to cross the cliff was using a two-foot-wide ______.

7. The document was no longer ______ after it got soaking wet in the rain.

8. The shop owner accused his competitor of ______ for telling customers that his shop sold fake goods.

9. One drop from this ______ poison could kill a horse.

10. The defense lawyer in the ______ postponed the case for six months.

11. Robin Hood's adventures became ______ after he died.

第二部分

limestone ［'laɪmstəʊn ］

n. 石灰石

例　Limestone is used to manufacture lime, carbon dioxide, and cement. 石灰石被用于生产石灰、二氧化碳和水泥。

lineage ［'lɪnɪɪʤ ］

n. 血统，世系〈同　ancestry, family〉

例　He traced his lineage back to the Song Dynasty. 他的家族血统可以追溯到宋代。

linguistic ［lɪŋ'gwɪstɪk ］

adj. 语言上的，语言学上的

例　The modern tourist will encounter very little linguistic difficulty as English has become an almost universal language. 现代的旅行者在语言上会遇到很少的困难，因为英语几乎已经成为一种全球性的语言。

联　linguistics n. 语言学

literate ［'lɪtərət ］

adj. 有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的〈同　educated, schooled〉

例　Her parents wanted her to become literate so they sent her to school to read and write. 她父母希望她能读书识字，因此他们把她送到学校学习读写。

记　liter（文字）+ate→识字的→有文化的

联　illiterate adj. 不识字的，文盲的；literacy n. 有读写识字能力；semiliterate n. 半文盲，有初等文化者；literator n. 作家，文人；literati n. 文人学士；alliterate v. 押头韵；obliterate vt. 涂去，擦掉；transliterate vt. 音译；iterate vt. 重述，重申

literature ［'lɪtərɪtʃə(r) ］

n. 文学

例　The literature from Shakespeare's time is written in Old English. 莎士比亚时代的文学作品都是用古英语书写的。

livelihood ［'laɪvlɪhʊd ］

n. 生计，谋生〈同　subsistense〉

例　What do you do for your livelihood ? 你以什么为生？

记　live（生活）+li+hood→生计

联　live adj. 活的；实况转播的；lively adj. 活泼的；liveliness n. 活泼；enliven vt. 使活跃

livestock ［'laɪvstɒk ］

n. 家畜，牲畜

例　The livestock on the farm included pigs, cows, and chickens. 农场里的牲畜包括猪、牛、鸡。

记　live（活的）+stock（一群种畜；家畜）→家畜

loaf ［ləʊf ］

v. 游荡，虚度光阴〈同　loiter, wander〉

例　During the summer vacation, she loafed around the house watching TV and eating snacks. 在暑假期间，她在家里无所事事，除了看电视就是吃零食。

loathsome ［'ləʊðsəm ］

adj. 令人讨厌的，令人作呕的〈同　repulsive, disgusting〉

例　His tennis shoes gave a loathsome smell when he took them off. 他一脱下网球鞋，就散发出一股令人恶心的味道。

记　loath（憎恨，厌恶）+some→令人讨厌的

联　loathe vt. 厌恶；detestable adj. 嫌恶的，可憎的；abominable adj. 讨厌的，令人憎恶的；repulsive adj. 排斥的，令人厌恶的；revolting adj. 令人厌恶的

lobby ［'lɒbi ］

n. 大厅，休息厅〈同　hall, room〉

例　The hotel guests registered at the hotel lobby. 酒店的客人在酒店大堂登记。

vi. 游说（议员）〈同　influence, persuade〉

例　The conservative group lobbied to outlaw the use of certain drugs. 保守团体通过游说议员宣布使用某些药物不合法。

联　lobbyist n. （受雇游说官员的）说客

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. His elegant style of writing was attributed to his solid education background in ______.

13. He had already studied English and Japanese before continuing his ______ studies with Chinese.

14. After his graduation from the college, he ______ around for two months before getting a job.

15. We waited in the ______ for our doctor's appointment.

16. She earns her ______ by working as an editor for a newspaper.

17. The wall around the house was made out of ______.

第三部分

lobster ［'lɒbstə(r) ］

n. 龙虾

例　The restaurant served delicious lobster for dinner tonight. 这家餐厅今天的晚餐供应美味的龙虾。

locomotion ［ˌləʊkə'məʊ∫ən ］

n. 运动，移动〈同　movement, motion〉

例　Many old trains depend on coal for their locomotion . 许多老式火车靠烧煤来行驶。

记　loco（地方）+mot（动）+ion→从一个地方动到另一个地方→运动，移动

联　locomotive n. 机车；火车头；motion n. 运动，动作；motivate vt. 激励

longevity ［lɒn'ʤevəti ］

n. 长寿〈同　long life〉

例　He came from a family noted for its longevity , and all four of his grandparents lived to the age of 90. 他来自一个以长寿著称的家族，他的四位祖父母辈都活到了90岁高龄。

记　long（长）+ev（时间）+ity→活得时间长→长寿

联　longevous adj. 长寿的；longitudinal adj. 经度的；纵向的；levity n. 轻率，轻浮

loom ［lu:m ］

n. 织布机

例　She spends her days weaving silk carpets on her loom . 她每天都在织布机上织真丝地毯。

vi. 隐约闪现；逼近〈同　come into view; emerge〉

例　After the economic crisis, signs of a recession loom in the distance. 经济危机之后，衰退的迹象逐渐显现。

联　loomage n. 织物；loop n. 圈，环；loot n. 掠夺物，战利品；boom n. 隆隆声 v. （使）兴旺；doom n. 厄运 vt. 注定；gloom n. 阴暗；阴沉；bloom v. （使）开花，（使）繁盛 n. 花

lore ［lɔ:(r) ］

n. 口头传说；学问，知识〈同　legend; knowledge〉

例　The lore of the town says that the house on the hill is haunted by ghosts. 根据小镇的传说，山上的房子闹鬼。

lucrative ［'lu:krətɪv ］

adj. 赚钱的，有利可图的〈同　profitable, remunerative〉

例　Real estate is a highly lucrative business as long as the developer can obtain loans from the banks. 房地产业是高利润的行业，只要开发商能从银行获得贷款就行。

记　lucr（钱财）+ative→赚钱的

联　lucre n. 收益，钱财；curative adj. 治疗的，有疗效的；profitable adj. 有利可图的；gainful adj. 有收益的，有报酬的

lull ［lʌl ］

vt. 使平静；使安静〈同　appease, calm〉

例　She managed to lull her boss's anger after he found out about her mistake. 她在老板发现她的错误之后，成功地平息了老板的怒气。

lure ［lʊə(r) ］

vt. 引诱，诱惑〈同　attract, entice〉

例　The prospect of fame lures actors to Hollywood. 走红的前景诱惑演员们前往好莱坞。

n. 饵；诱惑〈同　bait; charm〉

例　He used a live lure to catch fish. 他用活的诱饵来捕鱼。

联　allure v. 引诱；attract v. 吸引；entice vt. 引诱；seduce vt. 引诱；tempt vt. 诱惑

luster ［'lʌstə(r) ］

n. 光彩，光泽；声望〈同　brightness, shine; prestige〉

例　The soft luster of the silk in the dim light was pleasing. 在微弱的灯光下，丝绸柔和的光泽令人心生愉悦。

联　lustrous adj. 有光泽的；光辉的

lyric ［'lɪrɪk ］

n. 抒情诗；歌词

例　The song's lyrics were about love and peace. 这首歌的歌词是关于爱与和平的。

联　lyricist n. 抒情诗人；lyrically adv. 抒情地

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Mark chose to become a doctor because it is a ______ career.

19. The ______ of Jenn's car is powered by electricity.

20. The musician composed ______ for his rock band every day.

21. Worms and minnows are popular live ______ for fishing in this lake.

22. I blew 50 dollars on the ______ dinner.

23. A hurricane ______ over the Florida coast.

第四部分

maid ［meɪd ］

n. 少女；女仆

例　The maid washed the dishes and swept the floor. 女佣刷碗并清洁地板。

maize ［meɪz ］

n. 玉米

例　The maize was harvested and sold to the company to make popcorn. 玉米收获之后，卖给那家公司做成爆米花。

联　corn n. 玉米；谷类；popcorn n. 爆米花；cornet n. 短号

makeup ［'meɪkʌp ］

n. ①化妆品

例　The actress put on heavy makeup for the movie. 那名演员为了出演那部电影化了很浓的妆。

②组成，结构〈同　composition, structure〉

例　The makeup of the university's students is half men and half women. 大学生的结构是一半男生、一半女生。

联　makeshift n. 权宜之计；makeup girl 化妆师

malfunction ［ˌmæl'fʌŋk∫ən ］

n. 故障，失灵〈同　failure, breakdown〉

例　Since the elevator had a malfunction , we had to take the stairs. 由于电梯出现故障，我们不得不走楼梯。

记　mal（坏）+function（功能）→功能坏了→故障

联　functionary n. 职员；官员 adj. 机能的，职务的；defunct adj. 死亡的；失效的；perfunctory adj. 草率的，马马虎虎的；malcontent adj. 不满的；malapropism n. 词语误用，荒唐的用词错误

mallet ［'mælɪt ］

n. 槌棒〈同　hammer〉

例　Tommy bought a new mallet for his drum kit. 汤米为他的架子鼓买了一根新鼓槌。

malnutrition ［ˌmælnju:'trɪ∫ən ; (US)-nu:- ］

n. 营养不良

例　The neglected orphan suffered from malnutrition . 那名未受到良好照料的孤儿营养不良。

记　mal（坏）+nutrition（营养）→营养不良

联　undernourishment n. 营养不良；supernutrition n. 营养过剩

mammal ［'mæməl ］

n. 哺乳动物

例　The dolphin is a mammal , not a fish. 海豚是哺乳动物，不是鱼类。

mammoth ［'mæməθ ］

adj. 巨大的〈同　gigantic, huge〉

例　The mammoth statue known as the Statue of Liberty is located in New York. 巨大的自由女神像坐落在纽约。

mandatory ［'mændətəri ］

adj. 命令的，强制的〈同　compulsory, required〉

例　These instructions are mandatory ; any violation will be severely punished. 这些指令是强制性的；任何违反指令的行为均将受到严厉处罚。

联　mandate n. 命令，要求

mania ［'meɪnɪə ］

n. 狂热〈同　craze, madness〉

例　His mania for drinking caused his own destruction. 他饮酒的嗜好毁了他自己。

记　man（疯狂）+ia（病）→狂热

联　maniac n. 疯子；入迷的人 adj. 发狂的，疯狂的；kleptomania n. 盗窃狂；bibliomania n. 爱书癖

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The 2002 World Cup brought soccer ______ to Japan and South Korea.

25. The doctor tested the patient's reflex by tapping his knee with a ______ .

26. They needed help from a ______ to clean up the house after the party.

27. Humans are the most intelligent ______ on this planet.

28. The strict professor told the students that class attendance was ______ for anyone who wanted to pass the course.

29. ______ is a grain that has a large head covered with round yellow seeds.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | legendary | A. minuscule
31. ______ | lucrative | B. optional
32. ______ | lethal | C. inertia
33. ______ | mammoth | D. harmless
34. ______ | loathsome | E. unreadable
35. ______ | mandatory | F. unprofitable
36. ______ | legible | G. dullness
37. ______ | locomotion | H. factual
38. ______ | luster | I. repel
39. ______ | lure | J. loveable

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | lore | A. descent
41. ______ | loom | B. idle
42. ______ | legacy | C. wisdom
43. ______ | lineage | D. learned
44. ______ | malfunction | E. passion
45. ______ | mania | F. appear
46. ______ | loathsome | G. listless
47. ______ | lethargic | H. heritage
48. ______ | literate | I. abominable
49. ______ | loaf | J. glitch

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

lull | luster | lethargic | malnutrition | mammoth
loathsome | lineage | lore | legacy | literate

50. The meteorite left a ______ hole in the ground.

51. The ______ that the millionnaire left his family was a fortune.

52. Ancient ______ was not written in books but recited over campfires.

53. The mother would ______ her baby to sleep every night.

54. After eating, the ______ dog would sit in the shade.

55. Anyone with a private library that large must be quite ______.

56. The ______ of the children kept them from growing taller than five feet.

57. Although she is an American, her ______ comes from Germany.

58. When they came back from their month-long trip, the food in the refrigerator that they forgot to throw away was ______.

59. Without regular cleaning, the trophy soon lost its ______.

参考答案

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. ledge
7. legible
8. libel
9. lethal
10. lawsuit
11. legendary
12. literature
13. linguistic
14. loafed
15. lobby
16. livelihood
17. limestone
18. lucrative
19. locomotion
20. lyrics
21. lures
22. lobster
23. loomed
24. mania
25. mallet
26. maid
27. mammals
28. mandatory
29. Maize
30. H
31. F
32. D
33. A
34. J
35. B
36. E
37. C
38. G
39. I
40. C
41. F
42. H
43. A
44. J
45. E
46. I
47. G
48. D
49. B
50. mammoth
51. legacy
52. lore
53. lull
54. lethargic
55. literate
56. malnutrition
57. lineage
58. loathsome
59. luster

Lesson 17

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Wet clays can be easily molded into a form that they retain.

(A) compressed
(B) combined
(C) shaped

2. The meal he served was rather meager .

(A) scanty
(B) dull
(C) dingy

3. Millennia have passed since the pyramids were built.

(A) Hundreds of years
(B) Several centuries
(C) Thousands of years

4. Molten iron is transported to the factory immediately.

(A) Precious
(B) Melted
(C) Unrefined

5. Contemporary hearing aids can be so minuscule that they fit within the frame of a pair of eyeglasses.

(A) tiny
(B) light
(C) decorative

第一部分

manly ［'mænli ］

adj. 男子气概的，雄赳赳的〈同　masculine, strong〉

例　Policemen and firefighters are sometimes considered to be manly . 警察和消防员有时被认为富有男子气概。

mannerism ［'mænərɪzəm ］

n. 特殊习惯，怪癖〈同　habit, peculiarity〉

例　She's a very nice person but she has the funniest mannerisms , like she holds her nose when she's thinking! 她是个好人，不过她也有一些非常有意思的怪癖，比如她在思考的时候会抓着自己的鼻子！

记　manner（方式）+ism→个人方式→怪癖

联　mannerist n. 矫揉造作者；mannerless adj. 无礼貌的

mansion ［'mæn∫ən ］

n. 大厦；公寓〈同　edifice, estate〉

例　The street is lined with enormous mansions where the rich and famous live. 街道两旁是巨大的豪宅，里面住的都是富人和名人。

mantle ［'mæntəl ］

n. 地幔；覆盖物〈同　covering〉

例　After the blizzard, a mantle of snow covered the fields. 暴风雪过后，大地盖上了一层雪。

联　manteau n. 披风，斗篷；mantic adj. 预言的，预言性的；mantis n. 【昆】螳螂；manual adj. 手的；手工的；covering n. 遮盖物

manure ［mə'njʊə(r) ］

n. 肥料〈同　fertilizer〉

例　The manure was spread on the soil before the seeds were planted. 播种之前在地里撒上了肥料。

maritime ［'mærɪtaɪm ］

adj. 海上的，海事的〈同　marine, oceanic〉

例　The fishermen lived in a maritime village. 渔民们住在一个海边的村子里。

记　mari（海洋）+time→海上的

联　marine adj. 海的；航海的；mariner n. 水手；marital adj. 婚姻的

mason ［'meɪsən ］

n. 泥瓦匠〈同　bricklayer〉

例　The number of masons who once worked on the Great Wall was countless. 曾经在长城上干活的泥瓦匠数不胜数。

联　masonry n. 石工术；石匠职业；stonemason n. 石工，石匠

materialism ［mə'tɪərɪəlɪzəm ］

n. 实利主义，物质主义；唯物主义

例　Materialism had become such a part of her life that she was always talking about what she was planning to buy next. 物质主义已经成为她生活的一部分，她总是谈论自己接下来计划买什么。

记　来自名词material（物质）+ism→物质主义

联　materialist n. 唯物主义者；materialistic adj. 唯物论的；idealism n. 理想主义

maverick ［'mævərɪk ］

adj. 独行的；不遵守传统的〈同　independent〉

例　The maverick pilot would not obey orders and was expelled from the Air Force. 那名特立独行的飞行员不遵守命令，被开除出空军。

n. 持异议者，自行其是者〈同　nonconformist〉

例　That scientist is a maverick who doesn't care about what others think. 那名科学家是个自行其是的人，根本不关心别人怎么想。

记　来自人名Maverick，19世纪得克萨斯州大牧场主，其牲畜皆不烙印

meager ［'mi:gə(r) ］

adj. 缺乏的，不足的〈同　scanty, poor〉

例　Without a job, he could only afford meager dinners. 没有工作，他只能负担得起寒酸的晚餐。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The divers on the ship set out for their ______ exploration.

7. His salary as a teacher was ______ compared to his salary as a bank executive.

8. The ______ built a brick wall around his property.

9. Dogs resemble wolves in their appearance and ______.

10. His muscles made him feel ______.

11. The rich girl's boyfriend always asked her for money. His love was based on ______, not affection.

第二部分

meaningful ［'mi:nɪŋfʊl ］

adj. 意味深长的〈同　significant, important〉

例　His hours of study before the exam were meaningful and he got a high score. 他在考试之前几个小时的学习非常有意义，他考试得到了高分。

melodious ［mɪ'ləʊdɪəs ］

adj. 旋律优美的，悦耳的〈同　harmonious, euphonic〉

例　I sang a melodious lullaby to my baby. 我给宝宝唱了一首旋律优美的摇篮曲。

记　来自名词melody（旋律；mel［甜］+ody［唱］→演唱的甜美曲调→旋律）+ous→旋律优美的

联　melody n. 旋律，悦耳的音调；melodic adj. 旋律的；音调美妙的；mellifluous adj. 如蜜般的；流畅的；dulcet adj. 美妙的，悦耳的

melodrama ［'melədrɑ:mə ］

n. 音乐剧；情节剧

例　Their house is like a melodrama ; there is always an interesting crisis happening. 他们的房子就像一出情节剧一样；经常会发生有趣的危机。

membrane ［'membreɪn ］

n. 膜，薄膜

例　Our body's vital organs are covered and protected by special membranes . 人身体中的重要器官有特殊的膜覆盖和保护。

mesmerize ［'mezməraɪz ］

vt. 施催眠术；使入迷，迷住〈同　hypnotize; fascinate〉

例　The exciting move mesmerized everyone in the theater. 这一激动人心的举动令剧院内的所有人陶醉。

联　mesmeric adj. 催眠的；迷人的；mesmerism n. 催眠术；mesmerist n. 催眠师；bewitch v. 施魔法于，蛊惑

metabolism ［me'tæbəlɪzəm ］

n. 新陈代谢

例　He had such a high metabolism that he would eat and eat but not gain any weight. 他有极高的新陈代谢能力，因此他可以不停地吃，却不会增重。

联　metabolic adj. 新陈代谢的

metaphor ［'metəfə(r) ］

n. 隐喻，暗喻〈同　parable〉

例　“He soared like an eagle”is an example of a simile;“He is an eagle in flight”is a metaphor .“他像鹰一样翱翔”是明喻的例子；“他是一只翱翔的雄鹰”则是暗喻。

meteor ［'mi:tɪə(r) ］

n. 流星

例　Most meteors burn up when they enter the Earth's atmosphere. 大多数流星在进入地球大气层后都会被燃烧殆尽。

联　meteorite n. 陨星，陨石；meteorology n. 气象学；meteorologist n. 气象学者

methodology ［ˌmeθə'dɒləʤi ］

n. 方法论，方法学

例　The scientist was well-known for his creative methodology in laboratory experiments. 这位科学家以其在实验室实验方面的创造性方法而闻名．

联　methodically adv. 有条理地；井然地

meticulous ［mə'tɪkjʊləs ］

adj. 一丝不苟的，过细的〈同　scrupulous, factidious〉

例　She was meticulous when she cleaned her room and left nothing dirty. 她在打扫自己房间的时候非常细致，不留下任何脏东西。

记　metic（害怕的）+ulous（多…的）→过多害怕的→过细的

联　ridiculous adj. 可笑的；荒谬的；credulous adj. 轻信的；sedulous adj. 勤勉的；pendulous adj. 下垂的；tremulous adj. 震颤的，颤抖的；bibulous adj. 饮酒的，嗜酒的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. ______ is the system of methods for doing something.

13. In science, osmosis is the diffusion of a fluid through a ______.

14. Similes and ______ are commonly used in poetry.

15. Her clothes were always perfectly ironed, as she was ______ about her appearance.

16. Everyone enjoyed the ______ concert that the national orchestra played last night.

17. The teachers like the story because it had a ______ message for children.

第三部分

microbe ［'maɪkrəʊb ］

n. 细菌，微生物〈同　germ, bacteria〉

例　The disease is attributed to a microbe . 这种疾病归因于一种细菌。

联　microcosm n. 微观世界；microorganism n. 微生物

mighty ［'maɪti ］

adj. 强大的，巨大的〈同　powerful, great〉

例　The hero in the book was mighty and he fought dragons and tigers. 书中的主人公非常强大，他能斗蛟龙、战猛虎。

migrant ［'maɪgrənt ］

n. 候鸟；移民

例　The migrant traveled from city to city to find jobs. 那名移居者从一个城市到另一个城市来寻找工作。

记　migr（移动）+ant→移动的人或物→移民

联　immigrant n. 移民（移入）；emigrant n. 移民（移出）；migrate v. 移居；（鸟类的）迁徒；migration n. 定期迁移；迁居

milestone ［'maɪlstəʊn ］

n. 里程碑；划时代的事件〈同　significant development, landmark〉

例　Man's first step on the Moon was a milestone in science. 人类在月球上迈出的第一步，是科学领域的里程碑。

milieu ［'mi:ljə: ; (US)mi:'ljə: ］

n. 环境；背景〈同　environment, surroundings〉

例　It is incongruous to find an abstemious person in a milieu of affluence. 一个节俭的人处在一个富裕的社会环境里，是非常不协调的。

联　militia n. 民兵；medium n. 媒体，媒介

millennia ［mɪ'lenɪə ］

n. 一千年，千禧年〈同　a thousand years〉

例　Many millennia have passed since China's history began to be recorded. 自中国历史有记载以来，已经过去了数千年。

millionaire ［ˌmɪljə'neə(r) ］

n. 百万富翁

例　The businessman dreamed of becoming a millionaire . 那名商人梦想着成为百万富翁。

mime ［maɪm ］

vt. 模拟，模仿〈同　mimic, imitate〉

例　Some insects will mime a twig when in danger. 有一些昆虫在遇到危险的情况下会模仿树枝。

记　mim（动作）+e→做同样的动作→模仿

联　mimetic adj. 模仿的；（生物）拟态的；pantomime n. 哑剧；mimic v. 模仿；戏弄；mine n. 矿，矿山

mimicry ［'mɪmɪkri ］

n. 【生物】拟态；模仿

例　Mimicry is a biological phenomenon characterized by the superficial resemblance of two or more organisms that are not closely related. 拟态是一种生物学现象，其特点是没有密切关系的两个或多个生物体外表相似。

minuscule ［'mɪnəskju:l ］

adj. 极小的〈同　tiny, very small〉

例　The students used a microscope to look at a minuscule organism. 学生们用显微镜来观察微小的有机体。

联　minute adj. 微小的；minutiae n. 细节

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. After graduation, the college students took a vacation in a relaxing ______.

19. The student ______ the teacher and made his classmates burst out laughing.

20. His stomachache must have been caused by some ______ in the food he ate.

21. The lottery winner became a ______ overnight.

22. Since the difference between the two teams was ______, luck would determine which team would win.

23. The ______ hurricane flooded the town and carried houses away.

第四部分

mirage ［'mɪrɑ:ʒ ］

n. 海市蜃楼，幻景〈同　illusion, delusion〉

例　Thirsty people walking in the desert are likely to see a mirage of a pond. 口渴的人在沙漠里行走，很可能会看到池塘的海市蜃楼。

记　mir（惊奇）+age→使人惊奇之物→海市蜃楼

联　miraculous adj. 神奇的；mirror n. 镜子；rage n. 愤怒，狂暴

mischief ［'mɪstʃɪf ］

n. 恶作剧，淘气

例　The dog's mischief made a mess of the house when the owners were gone. 当主人不在家的时候，顽皮的狗把整个屋子弄得一团糟。

联　mischievous adj. 恶作剧的，淘气的

mistrust ［mɪs'trʌst ］

vt. 不信任，不相信，怀疑〈同　distrust, suspect〉

例　She mistrusted her husband's excuse for coming home late and asked him repeatedly what he had been doing. 她不相信丈夫所说的回家晚的理由，因此一遍遍地问他都做了什么。

联　mistrustful of 不相信，怀疑

mitigate ［'mɪtɪgeɪt ］

vt. 使减轻，使缓和〈同　alleviate, relieve〉

例　A bouquet of roses should mitigate your wife's anger. 一束玫瑰花应该能缓和您妻子的怒气。

记　miti（小，轻）+gate（=ag 做）→弄轻→使减轻

联　mitigable adj. 可缓和的，可减轻的；mitigation n. 减轻；castigate vt. 严惩；申斥；instigate vt. 怂恿；irrigate v. 灌溉；使潮湿

moan ［məʊn ］

n. 呻吟〈同　groan, sob〉

例　I could hear the moans of the patient in the next room. 我能听到隔壁房间那名患者的呻吟声。

v. 发出呻吟声；抱怨〈同　lament〉

例　She moaned all night when her pet fish died. 她的宠物鱼死后，她哀叹了一整夜。

moat ［məʊt ］

n. 护城河，壕沟〈同　trench〉

例　The moat around the castle was ten feet deep. 城堡周围的护城河有十英尺深。

mold ［məʊld ］

vt. 塑造〈同　shape, model〉

例　The sculptor molded the clay into a flowerpot. 雕刻家用模子把黏土做成花盆。

n. ①模子；铸型〈同　die, frame〉

例　She makes candles by pouring wax into copper molds . 她通过把蜡倒入铜模具中来制作蜡烛。

②霉菌〈同　fungus〉

例　I threw out the bread because of the mold spotting its surface. 我把那块面包扔了，因为面包表面都长霉菌了。

molten ［'məʊltən ］

adj. 熔融的，熔化的〈同　melted, fused〉

例　The city of Pompeii was destroyed by volcanic ash rather than by molten lava flowing from Mount Vesuvius. 摧毁庞贝古城的是火山灰，而不是维苏威火山喷出的熔岩。

momentary ［'məʊməntəri ］

adj. 暂时的，瞬间的〈同　instantaneous〉

例　The sight of the shooting star was only momentary . 看到流星只是一瞬间的事。

monarch ［'mɒnək ］

n. 君主，帝王〈同　king, ruler〉

例　Prince William may become the next English monarch . 威廉王子或许将成为下一任英国国王。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The two friends got into a lot of ______ when they were children, but as they got older, they became more mature and conservative.

25. She ______ to her friends about how her boyfriend had broken up with her.

26. The criminal explained that the crime was caused by his ______ lapse of reason.

27. I ______ you after you told me that lie.

28. A ______ is an optical illusion founded on waves of heat.

29. The ______ of ancient Rome considered themselves descendants of the gods.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | mitigate | A. huge
31. ______ | melodious | B. careless
32. ______ | meticulous | C. plentiful
33. ______ | meager | D. weak
34. ______ | mistrust | E. effeminate
35. ______ | mighty | F. believe in
36. ______ | maverick | G. meaningless
37. ______ | minuscule | H. aggravate
38. ______ | meaningful | I. follower
39. ______ | manly | J. discordant

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | maritime | A. lessen
41. ______ | meticulous | B. analogy
42. ______ | mitigate | C. form
43. ______ | mime | D. nautical
44. ______ | metaphor | E. palace
45. ______ | maverick | F. careful
46. ______ | milieu | G. smelted
47. ______ | molten | H. dissenter
48. ______ | mansion | I. setting
49. ______ | mold | J. impersonate

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

mimicry | meteor | migrant | mesmerize | mitigate
mansion | maverick | mold | molten | millennia

50. Chidren enjoy ______ sand into castles on the beach.

51. She worked and traveled around the world as a ______.

52. The businessman was rich enough to buy two ______ in the countryside.

53. The magician ______ the audience with his tricks.

54. The parrot's（鹦鹉）______ confused the dog, which thought its master was at home.

55. Her ______ attitude was apparent when she refused to wear the same uniform as the other students.

56. The few ______ that humans have walked the Earth is tiny compared to the age of the planet.

57. The soldiers used the ______ metal to make swords.

58. The ______ crashed into the planet and destroyed a house.

59. The medicine the doctor gave him ______ his pain.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. maritime
7. meager
8. mason
9. mannerisms
10. manly
11. materialism
12. Methodology
13. membrane
14. metaphors
15. meticulous
16. melodious
17. meaningful
18. milieu
19. mimed
20. microbe
21. millionaire
22. minuscule
23. mighty
24. mischief
25. moaned
26. momentary
27. mistrusted
28. mirage
29. monarchs
30. H
31. J
32. B
33. C
34. F
35. D
36. I
37. A
38. G
39. E
40. D
41. F
42. A
43. J
44. B
45. H
46. I
47. G
48. E
49. C
50. molding
51. migrant
52. mansions
53. mesmerized
54. mimicry
55. maverick
56. millennia
57. molten
58. meteor
59. mitigated

Lesson 18

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. I feel obligated to give my opinion on the subject.

(A) required
(B) forbidden
(C) determined

2. In her compositions for musical theater, Agnes De Mille used many specifically American motifs .

(A) steps
(B) themes
(C) instruments

3. During the game, the morale of the athletes is extremely important.

(A) strategy
(B) luck
(C) confidence

4. Although best known for his political writing, reformer W. E. B. DuBois also produced noteworthy fiction and poetry.

(A) musical
(B) unnoticed
(C) significant

5. The number of nocturnal predators makes the forest very dangerous at night for unsuspecting prey.

(A) nighttime
(B) hungry
(C) sleepy

第一部分

monetary ［'mʌnɪtri ］

adj. 货币的，金钱的〈同　fiscal, pecuniary〉

例　In response to the bad economy, the President will announce a national policy for monetary reforms. 为了应对糟糕的经济状况，总统将宣布一项货币改革的国家政策。

monochromatic ［ˌmɒnəʊkrə'mætɪk ］

adj. 单色的，一色的

例　The painting of the cloudless sky was in monochromatic blue. 画万里无云的天空时，使用的是单一的蓝色。

monopolize ［mə'nɒpəlaɪz ］

vt. 独占，垄断〈同　dominate, occupy〉

例　The three leading companies entered into a secret agreement in order to monopolize the entire industry. 为了垄断整个行业，三家领先的公司达成了一项秘密协议。

联　monopoly n. 垄断；垄断者；专利权

monotonous ［mə'nɒtənəs ］

adj. 单调乏味的；无变化的〈同　boring; repetitive〉

例　My professor's monotonous voice puts me to sleep. 我的教授单调的嗓音让我昏昏欲睡。

记　mono（单个）+ton（声音）+ous→一个声音的→单调乏味的

联　monotone n. 单调；monologue n. 独白，独角戏；monograph n. 专著，专论；monolith n. 独块巨石

morale ［mə'rɑ:l ; (US)'mɜ:ræl ］

n. 士气〈同　confidence, spirit〉

例　With no food or water, the soldiers' morale waned. 由于没有食物和水，士兵们士气低落。

联　amoral adj. 与道德无关的，超道德的；immoral adj. 不道德的；moralist n. 卫道士，道德说教者

morphology ［mɔ:'fɒləʤi ］

n. 形态学，形态论

例　The biology class on morphology used a dead cat as a lab specimen. 讲授形态学的生物课用一只死猫作为实验样品。

联　mythology n. 神话

mortar ［'mɔ:tə(r) ］

n. 灰泥；臼，研钵

例　The mason used a mortar of cement when building a brick house. 泥瓦匠在盖砖房的时候，使用了混有水泥的砂浆。

联　mud mortar 灰泥浆

mosaic ［mə'zeɪɪk ］

n./adj. 镶嵌图案（的）

例　She made a mosaic out of broken glass from different colored bottles. 她用把不同颜色的瓶子打碎后的玻璃做了一个镶嵌画。

motif ［məʊ'ti:f ］

n. （作品的）主题，主旨〈同　theme, subject〉

例　Seeing how animals lived was a motif that the children enjoyed. 亲眼见证动物们如何生活是孩子们喜欢的一个主题。

联　motion n. 运动，动作；motley adj. 杂色的，五颜六色的

mulberry ［'mʌlbəri ; (US)'mʌlberi ］

n. 桑树

例　The larva silkworm feeds on mulberry leaves. 蚕的幼虫以桑叶为食。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. His work ______ him, and his wife complained that he didn't spend enough time with his family.

7. ______ are used in the floors, walls, or ceilings of some fine buildings.

8. Since the boy only had a red marker, he drew a ______ red picture.

9. Andrew's new apartment's okay-looking, but it would be more impressive if owls weren't the main decorative ______.

10. The ______ unit in the United States is the dollar.

11. After living in a lively city, he couldn't get accustomed to the ______ country life.

第二部分

multicellular ［ˌmʌltɪ'seljʊlə(r) ］

adj. 多细胞的

例　Humans are multicellular organisms. 人是多细胞生物。

multifaceted ［ˌmʌltɪ'fæsɪtɪd ］

adj. 多方面的；多才多艺的〈同　complex; versatile〉

例　It's a multifaceted business, offering a range of services. 这是一家综合性公司，可以提供各种服务。

mundane ［'mʌndeɪn ］

adj. ①平常的，普通的〈同　ordinary, everyday〉

例　Sally was tired of her mundane homework and wanted something more challenging. 萨莉厌倦了单调的家庭作业，希望来一些更具挑战性的东西。

②世俗的，平凡的〈同　worldly, earthly〉

例　He devoted himself to the spiritual needs of his followers, and left to his aides such mundane tasks as providing food and shelter. 他毕生致力于满足其追随者的精神需求，而把一些世俗的任务留给了他的助手，比如提供食物和住所等。

联　mandate n./vt. 授权，委任

mural ［'mjʊərəl ］

n. 壁画，壁饰〈同　wall painting〉

例　The museum painted murals on the hallway to the main exhibit. 博物馆在通往主展厅的走廊上绘制了壁画。

记　mur（墙）+al→墙上的画→壁画

联　muralist n. 壁画家；demur vi. 反对，提出异议；immure vt. 监禁

myriad ［'mɪrɪəd ］

n. 许多，无数

例　A country sky on a clear night is filled with a myriad of stars. 在晴朗的夜晚，乡村的夜空中缀满了无数的星辰。

adj. 无数的〈同　many, countless〉

例　The geese flew south in a myriad flock. 无数群大雁向南飞。

记　myria（许多）+d→许多

namely ［'neɪmli ］

adv. 即，也就是

例　I like science subjects at school, namely mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. 在学校里，我喜欢理科科目，也就是数学、物理、化学和生物。

naturalist ［'nætʃərəlɪst ］

n. 自然主义者；博物学家

例　Many of the people who work at the zoo are naturalists . 许多在动物园工作的人都是自然主义者。

联　naturalistic adj. 自然（主义）的；naturally adv. 自然地

naughty ［'nɔ:ti ］

adj. 顽皮的，淘气的〈同　disobedient, mischievous〉

例　The boy was very nanghty and would not listen to his mother. 那个男孩非常调皮，根本不听他妈妈的话。

记　naught（否定）+y→不听话的→顽皮的

联　naught n. 零；haughty adj. 傲慢的，自大的；draughty adj. 通风的；mischievous adj. 恶作剧的，淘气的；juicy adj. 多汁的；（淫秽描写）有刺激性的

naval ［'neɪvəl ］

adj. 海军的；军舰的〈同　maritime〉

例　England was well-known for its naval power. 英格兰以其海军力量而闻名。

neat ［ni:t ］

adj. 整洁的；整齐的〈同　tidy, clean〉

例　His mom cleaned his room and left it looking neat . 他妈妈给他打扫了房间，让房间看起来非常整洁。

联　neatly adv. 整洁地；underneath prep. 在…的下面；beneath adv./prep. 在…之下

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Evolution theorizes that ______ organisms evolved from unicellular organisms.

13. There were so many ______ children in the class that the teacher could not control them all.

14. The students painted a ______ on the wall of the school.

15. He had his hair cut and shaved his face to look ______ for the picture.

16. ______ stars filled the night sky.

17. Lonnie is a ______ performer; she can tell jokes, sing songs and dance.

第三部分

needy ［'ni:di ］

adj. 贫穷的，生活艰苦的〈同　poor, indigent〉

例　The money from the charity event will go to the needy . 慈善活动募集的钱将捐给贫困者。

neutralize ［'nju:trəlaɪz ; (US)'nu:- ］

vt. 抵消，中和〈同　offset, counterbalance〉

例　I neutralized the acid in my stomach by taking an antacid. 我吃了一片抗酸剂，来中和胃酸。

记　来自形容词neuter（中性的，无性的）+alize→中和

联　neutrality n. 中立；中性；neutron n. 中子；counteract vt. 抵消，中和

niche ［ni:∫ ; nɪtʃ ］

n. ①壁龛〈同　alcove, recess〉

例　The status stood in a niche . 雕像立在壁龛中。

②适当的位置；称心的职务

例　After trying several career paths, he finally found his niche in engineering. 尝试过多种职业之后，他最终在工程学行业找到了适合自己的位置。

联　nickel n. 镍，镍币

nicotine ［'nɪkəti:n ］

n. 尼古丁

例　The smoker had yellow nicotine stains on his teeth and fingers. 吸烟者的牙齿和手指上会有黄色的尼古丁污渍。

nocturnal ［nɒk'tɜ:nəl ］

adj. 夜的；夜曲的〈同　nightly〉

例　A nocturnal animal is one that is active primarily during the night. 夜行动物是主要在夜间活动的动物。

记　noct（夜）+urnal→夜的

联　nocturne n. 夜曲；夜景；diurnal adj. 白天的

nomadic ［nəʊ'mædɪk ］

adj. 游牧的，流浪的〈同　wandering, itinerant〉

例　Many Native Americans were nomadic people who lived in portable homes called teepees. 许多美洲印第安人都是游牧民族，住在一种可移动的锥形帐篷里。

nonconformist ［ˌnɒnkən'fɔ:mɪst ］

adj./n. 不遵照传统生活的（人）〈同　unconventional; rebel〉

例　Nonconformists do not easily follow the crowd or take orders. 不墨守成规的人不会轻易从众或接受命令。

nonprofessional ［ˌnɔnprə'fe∫ənəl ］

adj. 非专业的；无专长的〈同　amateur〉

例　The Olympics only allowed nonprofessional athletes to compete in the games. 奥运会只允许非职业运动员参加比赛。

nonsense ［'nɒnsəns ; (US)-sens ］

n. 胡说，废话〈同　silliness, rubbish〉

例　The city's newspapers proclaimed that the referee's decision was nonsense and their team should have won. 这座城市的报纸宣布，裁判的判决是荒谬的，他们的队伍应该赢得比赛。

nontraditional ［ˌnɒntrə'dɪ∫ənəl ］

adj. 不遵照传统生活的〈同　liberal〉

例　Nontraditional thinking most always meets initial resistence from the public and takes time to become accepted. 打破传统的思维开始通常都会遇到来自公众的阻力，需要花时间才能被接受。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The team's strong defense ______ their opponent's offense.

19. His ______ travels took him around the world.

20. Her mother cannot get accustomed to the ______ style of clothes her daughter wears.

21. ______ animals have special eyes that allow them to see well in the dark.

22. The woman volunteered her time and money to help the ______.

23. The college student was a ______ and decided to create his own major.

第四部分

nostalgia ［nɒs'tælʤɪə ］

n. 思家病，怀旧〈同　homesickness, reminiscence〉

例　After living far away from his hometown for almost twenty years, a feeling of nostalgia often came over him. 在远离家乡生活了近二十年之后，他心中经常涌起一股乡愁。

记　nost（家）+alg（痛）+ia→思家病

联　nostomania n. 怀乡病；nostalgic adj. 乡愁的，怀旧的；nostology n. 老年医学；nostrum n. 秘方

notch ［nɒtʃ ］

n. 刻痕

例　Scores of games used to be counted by notches on sticks. 过去经常是在木棍上刻出印痕来计算比赛的分数。

noteworthy ［'nəʊtwɜ:ði ］

adj. 值得注目的，显著的〈同　notable, remarkable〉

例　The first flight across the Atlantic was a noteworthy achievement. 穿越大西洋的第一次飞行是非常显著的成就。

novice ［'nɒvɪs ］

n. 生手，新手〈同　tyro, beginner〉

例　My boss assigned me the onerous job of training the novice who is slow to learn. 老板给我分配了一项繁重的任务，对那名学习迟钝的新人进行培训。

联　neophyte n. 新入教者；rookie n. 新手；apprentice n. 学徒

noxious ［'nɒk∫əs ］

adj. 有害的，有毒的〈同　harmful, injurious〉

例　It is dangerous to work with noxious chemicals. 操作有毒化学品非常危险。

nuclear ［'nju:klɪə(r) ; 'nu:- ］

adj. 【核】核子的；核的，原子能的〈同　atomic〉

例　A nuclear war would be catastrophic to mankind. 核战争将是整个人类的灾难。

联　nucleus n. 核子；核心；nuclei n. （nucleus 的复数形式）

null ［nʌl ］

adj. 无效的；空的〈同　invalid, void〉

例　After the contract expired, it became null and void. 合同期满后，便会失效。

nursery ［'nɜ:səri ］

n. ①托儿所

例　Families in which both parents work usually send their children to nurseries during the daytime. 双职工家庭通常会在白天把孩子送到托儿所。

②苗圃〈同　greenhouse〉

例　The nursery had many species of plants. 苗圃中有许多种植物。

nutrient ［'nju:trɪənt ; (US)'nu:- ］

n. 营养物〈同　nourishment〉

例　During the convalescent period, the patient must be provided with nutrients . 在康复期，必须为患者提供营养。

obligated ［'ɒblɪgeɪtɪd ］

adj. 有义务的，有责任的（to）〈同　required, responsible〉

例　The teacher was obligated to report the incident of the students cheating to the school administration. 老师有责任向学校管理部门报告学生的作弊事件。

联　obligation n. 义务；职责；obligatory adj. 强制性的，义务的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. After the coupon expired, it was ______ and couldn't be used anymore.

25. The ______ bite from the snake had to be treated immediately or he would have died.

26. He measured his height on the wooden door and cut a ______ into it every year.

27. She was ______ to bring a gift to her best friend's birthday party.

28. The possession of ______ arms by unjust people has made this planet very dangerous.

29. Looking at his childhood pictures put him in a state of ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | monopolize | A. disorderly
31. ______ | mundane | B. valid
32. ______ | null | C. follower
33. ______ | nonsense | D. rich
34. ______ | monotonous | E. share
35. ______ | neat | F. insignificant
36. ______ | nonconformist | G. exciting
37. ______ | noteworthy | H. extraordinary
38. ______ | needy | I. safe
39. ______ | noxious | J. wisdom

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | nostalgia | A. numberless
41. ______ | neutralize | B. day care center
42. ______ | monetary | C. negate
43. ______ | nomadic | D. mood
44. ______ | myriad | E. of money
45. ______ | motif | F. notch
46. ______ | niche | G. sentimentality
47. ______ | nursery | H. beginner
48. ______ | novice | I. migratory
49. ______ | morale | J. concept

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

namely | nutrient | naval | mortar | nonsense
niche | nursery | noteworthy | nicotine | mundane

50. He was concerned only with ______ matters, especially the daily stock market quotations.

51. Scientific training may not teach everything, but it suppresses the urge to explain the inexplicable with superstitious（迷信的）______.

52. They are decorating a ______ for the new baby.

53. The Model Student Award has been given to an outstanding student in the class, ______ Billie Bob.

54. They built the house out of wood and didn't use any ______.

55. The professor saw the student's ability as ______ and recommended him to a lab for work.

56. People easily get addicted to the ______ in cigarettes.

57. Milk is the main source of ______ for newborn babies.

58. The two boats in the ______ battle shot at each other and both sank to the bottom of the ocean.

59. Jane created her own ______ at the marketing firm.

参考答案

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. monopolized
7. Mosaics
8. monochromatic
9. motif
10. monetary
11. monotonous
12. multicellular
13. naughty
14. mural
15. neat
16. Myriad
17. multifaceted
18. neutralized
19. nomadic
20. nontraditional
21. Nocturnal
22. needy
23. nonconformist
24. null
25. noxious
26. notch
27. obligated
28. nuclear
29. nostalgia
30. E
31. H
32. B
33. J
34. G
35. A
36. C
37. F
38. D
39. I
40. G
41. C
42. E
43. I
44. A
45. J
46. F
47. B
48. H
49. D
50. mundane
51. nonsense
52. nursery
53. namely
54. mortar
55. noteworthy
56. nicotine
56. nutrients
58. naval
59. niche

Lesson 19

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. One out of five bridges in the United States is outmoded .

(A) narrow
(B) obsolete
(C) illegal

2. The boy was obstinate and would not listen to his father.

(A) restless
(B) feral
(C) stubborn

3. Regional planning deals with proposals concerning outlying communities and highways as well as with urban affairs.

(A) poor
(B) exclusive
(C) remote

4. The onset of sleep is determined by many factors.

(A) quality
(B) beginning
(C) style

5. The optimal temperature range for growing mushrooms is from 55 to 72.

(A) most advantageous
(B) most convenient
(C) most flexible

第一部分

oblige ［ə'blaɪʤ ］

vt. 迫使，责成〈同　force, compel〉

例　The law obliges companies to pay decent wages to their employees. 法律强制公司向其员工支付合理的工资。

联　obliging adj. 亲切的，有礼貌的；oblique adj. 倾斜的；不坦率的

obliterate ［ə'blɪtəreɪt ］

vt. 涂掉，擦掉〈同　delete, erase〉

例　I am willing to forgive you, but I can never obliterate from my mind the memory of your dishonesty. 我愿意原谅你，但我永远无法从脑海中抹去关于你不诚实的记忆。

记　ob（去掉）+liter（文字）+ate→擦掉

联　oblivious adj. 遗忘的，健忘的；iterate vt. 反复说，重申；illiterate n. 文盲 adj. 不识字的；没受教育的；adulterate adj. 掺假的；通奸的

obsession ［əb'se∫ən ］

n. 入迷；固执的念头〈同　fascination, mania〉

例　Fear of falling victim to some dreadful disease can become such an obsession that it actually drives a person into a nervous breakdown. 对于染上某些严重疾病的担忧可能成为一种强迫症，实际上会让一个人精神崩溃。

联　obsessed adj. 心神不宁的

obstinate ［'ɒbstɪnət ］

adj. 倔强的，顽固的〈同　stubborn, headstrong〉

例　The negotiations were useless because of the obstinate thinking between the countries' two leaders. 由于两国领导人固执的想法，谈判没有任何用处。

记　ob+stin（=stand 站立）+ate→坚决站着的→顽固的

联　obstinacy n. 固执；obstacle n. 障碍；procrastinate v. 延迟，耽搁；headstrong adj. 固执的，任性的

occasional ［ə'keɪʒənəl ］

adj. 偶然的；临时的〈同　incidental; random〉

例　Except for an occasional hiker, this wilderness is unpopulated. 除了偶尔会有徒步旅行者外，这片荒地人烟稀少。

联　occasionally adv. 偶尔

occupation ［ˌɒkjʊ'peɪ∫ən ］

n. 职业〈同　job, vocation〉

例　His occupation as a dentist earned him a decent living. 牙科医生的职业让他过上了体面的生活。

offshore ［'ɒf∫ɔ:(r) ; (US)'ɔ:f- ］

adj. 离岸的，海面上的

例　The offshore boats were told about the coming storm and advised to return to shore. 离岸船只被告知暴风雨即将来临，并收到建议返回岸边。

olfactory ［ɒl'fæktəri ］

adj. 嗅觉的

例　The human olfactory organ is the nose. 人类的嗅觉器官是鼻子。

记　ol（=smell 味）+fact（做）+ory→做出味道来让人能够闻到→嗅觉的

联　olfaction n. 嗅觉；tactile adj. 触觉的；aural adj. 听觉的

ongoing ［'ɒngəʊɪŋ ］

adj. 正在进行的〈同　continuous, existing〉

例　The development of this drug has been an ongoing project which is expected to be complete at the end of next year. 开发这种药物的项目一直都在进行，预计将在明年年底结束。

onset ［'ɒnset ］

n. ①（病）发作〈同　attack〉

例　The onset of arthritis stopped the old lady from using the stairs. 关节炎发作，那名老太太无法爬楼梯。

②开始〈同　beginning, start〉

例　The onset of this disease is gradual. 这种病是逐渐发作的。

记　on+set（放）→放在…上→发作

联　onshore adj. 向着海岸的，陆上的；onstage adj. 台上的，台上演出的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Travis could not persuade his ______ parents to let him do anything but study in his room.

7. The police use dogs to catch criminals because of their strong ______ sense.

8. Paul preferred ______ fishing to inland fishing.

9. The corporate executives ______ any evidence of their mismanagement of the company's money.

10. The inventor would write down his ______ ideas before he would forget them.

11. He has an ______ for antique cars, so he bought seven.

第二部分

onslaught ［'ɒnslɔ:t ］

n. 冲击；猛攻〈同　assault, attack〉

例　The barbarians continued their onslaught of innocent townspeople for weeks. 野蛮人数周以来持续攻击无辜的市民。

ooze ［u:z ］

n. 【地】软泥〈同　mud, mire〉

例　A driver was stuck in the ooze and could not drive any further. 一名司机（的车）陷在软泥当中，无法继续前进。

v. 渗出，泄漏〈同　seep, flow〉

例　Sweat oozed from the athlete's forehead and trickled down his cheeks. 汗水从运动员的前额渗出，并顺着他的脸颊往下流。

联　oozy adj. 软泥的；seep vt. 渗出；oolong n. 乌龙茶

opponent ［ə'pəʊnənt ］

n. 对手，反对者〈同　competitor, adversary〉

例　The team beat their opponents in today's game. 在今天的比赛中，这支队伍击败了他们的对手。

adj. 敌对的，反对的〈同　adverse, hostile〉

例　The opponent army attacked our castle from two sides. 敌方军队从两侧攻击了我们的城堡。

opposite ［'ɒpəzɪt ］

n. 相反的事物

例　Night is the opposite of day. 与黑夜相对的是白天。

prep. 在…的对面

例　I live in the house opposite the museum entrance. 我住在博物馆入口对面的那栋房子里。

optimal ［'ɒptɪməl ］

adj. 最佳的，最理想的〈同　optimum, ideal〉

例　A mixture of selected funds is an optimal choice for future security and return on investment. 精选基金组合是获得未来保障和投资回报的最佳选择。

联　optimum adj. 最适宜的；optimist n. 乐观者；optimistic adj. 乐观的

orchard ［'ɔ:tʃəd ］

n. 果园〈同　garden〉

例　My grandfather has a large vegetable garden and an apple orchard behind his house. 我爷爷在房子后面有一大片菜园和一个苹果园。

orchid ［'ɔ:kɪd ］

n. 兰花

例　His favorite flower was the orchid . 他最喜欢的花是兰花。

ordeal ［ɔ:'di:l ］

n. 严峻考验，痛苦的经历〈同　trying experience, hardship〉

例　The hostages' ordeal came to an end when soldiers stormed the building. 士兵们突袭大楼之后，人质们的痛苦经历终于结束了。

ordinance ［'ɔ:dɪnəns ］

n. 法令，条例〈同　law, decree〉

例　Passing a red light is a violation of a city's ordinance . 闯红灯是违反城市法令的行为。

记　ordin（命令）+ance→法令

联　regulation n. 规则，规章；decree n. 法令，政令；ordinary adj. 平常的，普通的

originality ［əˌrɪʤə'næləti ］

n. 创意，新奇〈同　novelty, creativity〉

例　Playing the trumpet with dazzling originality , Louis Armstrong dominated jazz for 20 years. 路易斯·阿姆斯特朗以令人眼花缭乱的创意演奏小号，在爵士乐坛独领风骚20年。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Because of violence at night, the city enforced a curfew（宵禁令）as an ______ for its residents.

13. Let's go to the ______ and pick some apples.

14. It is customary that the two ______ in a tennis match shake hands at the end of the game.

15. His painting of pigs flying to the moon won first prize for ______.

16. Studying for the national exam is an ______ for high school students.

17. It is unlikely that his forces could withstand an allied ______ for very long.

第三部分

oust ［aʊst ］

vt. 驱逐；赶走〈同　eject, expel〉

例　The police moved with alacrity to oust the disorderly mobs. 警察迅速赶来驱逐骚乱的暴民。

记　out 本身就表示“出来”→把“s”从“out”中“驱逐，放逐”→驱逐

outcry ［'aʊtkraɪ ］

n. 大声疾呼；强烈抗议〈同　protest, shout〉

例　An outcry for more practical instruction arose among the students and educators. 学生和教育工作者发出了要求更多实践教学的强烈呼声。

联　outcome n. 结果，成果；outdated adj. 过时的，不流行的；clamor n. 喧闹，叫嚷；outcast n. 被驱逐者

outdated ［ˌaʊt'deɪtɪd ］

adj. 过时的〈同　old, outmoded〉

例　Technology has moved so fast that new software tends to get outdated in only a couple of years. 技术变化得如此迅速，仅仅几年时间，新软件就会过时。

outermost ［'aʊtəməʊst ］

adj. 最外边的，离中心最远的〈同　farmost, utmost〉

例　The outermost part of this fruit is hard but once you take it off, the fruit is soft and sweet. 这种水果最外面的部分很硬，但剥去外面的部分后，里面的果肉软糯香甜。

outfit ［'aʊtfɪt ］

n. 服装〈同　costume, clothes〉

例　The model was wearing a cute outfit . 那名模特穿着一套非常可爱的服装。

vt. 配备，装备〈同　equip, furnish〉

例　He outfitted his jeep with rooflights. 他为自己的吉普车配备了车厢顶灯。

联　garment n. 衣服；apparel n. 服装；garb n. 服装 vt. 装扮

outgoing ［'aʊtgəʊɪŋ ］

adj. 好交际的，外向的〈同　sociable, extroverted〉

例　Sales representatives need to be outgoing and dynamic. 销售代表需要外向而有活力。

记　out（出）+go（走）+ing→走出去和别人交往→外向的

联　outgo vt. 走得比…远或快；优于；incoming adj. 即将开始的；新任的

outgrow ［ˌaʊt'grəʊ ］

vt. 生长速度超过，长得比…快〈同　grow beyond〉

例　By age 16, John had outgrown his elder brother. 约翰在16岁的时候，身高就超过了他哥哥。

联　outgrowth n. 自然的结果；派生物；surpass vt. 超越，胜过；outstrip vt. 超过；outlive vt. 比…长命；outweigh vt. 重于，比…重

outlast ［ˌaʊt'lɑ:st ; (US)-'læst ］

vt. 比…长久，比…活得长〈同　outlive〉

例　Our company outlasted many others through the economic crisis. 我们公司平安渡过了经济危机，比其他公司存在的时间都要长。

outlying ［'aʊtlaɪɪŋ ］

adj. 边远的，偏僻的〈同　remote〉

例　The underground railway does not reach some of the city's outlying areas. 地铁尚未延伸到城市的部分偏远区域。

outmoded ［ˌaʊt'məʊdɪd ］

adj. 不再流行的，过时的〈同　obsolete, outdated〉

例　He dressed in an outmoded fashion. 他穿着一套过时的服装。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. His ______ personality made it easy for him to meet people.

19. Writing letters has become ______ by the telephone and e-mail.

20. The horse-drawn carriage became ______ with the advent of the automobile.

21. The prince tried to ______ his father from the throne and become king.

22. He began to eat so much junk food that he ______ his pants.

23. There was a large public ______ against the new taxes.

第四部分

outrage ［'aʊtreɪʤ ］

n. 暴行〈同　atrocity, barbarity〉

例　The tyrant was guilty of many outrages . 那个暴君犯有许多桩暴行。

vt. 激怒，引起…义愤〈同　enrage, offense〉

例　The king was outraged by the man's insult and ordered that his head be cut off. 国王被那个人的辱骂激怒，于是下令砍掉他的脑袋。

outright ［'aʊtraɪt ］

adv. 立刻地，全部地〈同　altogether; entirely〉

例　A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright ; thus more people are able to enjoy owning a house. 抵押贷款使一个人无需支付全款便可购买房产；因此，越来越多的人可以拥有一套房子。

记　out（过度）+right（正确地，完全地）→全部地

联　outride vt. 骑得比…快；upright adj. 垂直的，直立的；copyright n. 版权，著作权；outfight vt. 胜过，赛过

outskirts ［'aʊtskɜ:ts ］

n. 市郊

例　He could only afford living in the outskirts where rent was cheap. 他只能租得起租金便宜的郊区的房子。

outspoken ［aʊt'spəʊkən ］

adj. 坦率直言的〈同　blunt, candid〉

例　I know I shall get the truth when I ask Alice because she is very outspoken . 我知道如果我问艾丽斯，我就能得知真相，因为她总是直言不讳。

outweigh ［ˌaʊt'weɪ ］

vt. 比…重；比…更重要〈同　surpass; dominate〉

例　We know these chemicals are dangerous, but their benefits far outweigh any risk to the environment. 我们知道这些化学品非常危险，但它们的好处远远超过了对环境造成的风险。

overburden ［ˌəʊvə'bɜ:dən ］

vt. 使装载过多；使负担过多〈同　overcharge〉

例　The gambler was overburdened with debts. 那个赌徒负债累累。

overcast ［'əʊvəkɑ:st ; (US)-kæst ］

adj. 阴天的，阴暗的〈同　cloudy, gloomy〉

例　The weatherman predicts tomorrow will be an overcast day with a chance of rain. 气象预报员预测，明天将是阴天，可能有雨。

overcharge ［ˌəʊvə'tʃɑ:ʤ ］

v. （对…）索价过高〈同　overprice〉

例　Be careful not to get overcharged when you go shopping. 去购物的时候小心一点，别花了冤枉钱。

overdue ［ˌəʊvə'dju: ; (US)-'du: ］

adj. 迟到的；逾期的〈同　late〉

例　The books need to be returned to the library before they are overdue . 这些书在到期之前必须还回图书馆。

overhaul ［'əʊvəhɔ:l ］

vt. 彻底检查，大修〈同　restore, repair〉

例　You have to overhaul your paper until it becomes really clear to the reader. 你必须对你的论文进行彻底检查，直到读者能够完全读懂为止。

记　over（全部）+haul（拉，拖）→全部拖出来修理→大修

联　haul v. 拖，拉；overhear v. 无意中听到，偷听到；overhang v. 悬于…之上，悬垂

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Typing on the computer has made the use of handwriting ______ unnecessary.

25. The ______ student did not mind expressing his opinion even at the risk of embarrassing someone.

26. The unjust shop owner ______ the unknowing tourist and gave him a price that was double what it should have been.

27. He was ______ with work and spent his weekend in the office.

28. Once a year the mechanic planned to ______ the old motor to keep it working properly.

29. The teacher was ______ by the student sleeping in class.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | obstinate | A. create
31. ______ | opponent | B. reticent
32. ______ | outspoken | C. celebration
33. ______ | occasional | D. pacify
34. ______ | outrage | E. habitual
35. ______ | overcast | F. invite
36. ______ | obliterate | G. sunny
37. ______ | ordeal | H. modern
38. ______ | outmoded | I. ally
39. ______ | oust | J. tractable

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Alice Hamilton was one of the first doctors to study the relation between one's health and one's occupation .

(A) heredity
(B) job
(C) happiness

41. It has been said that the essayist Henry David Thoreau was outspoken and usually put forth little effort to please others.

(A) talkative
(B) annoying
(C) blunt

42. Less successful artists are often obliged to turn to engraving, stonecutting, sign painting, and other artisans' tasks to earn a living.

(A) inspired
(B) asked
(C) forced

43. George Pullman, who invented the railroad sleeping car, designed a town for his factory employees in the outskirts of Chicago.

(A) surrounding regions
(B) stock yards
(C) back streets

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | outright | A. exceed
45. ______ | overhaul | B. passion
46. ______ | obsession | C. order
47. ______ | onset | D. invasion
48. ______ | originality | E. completely
49. ______ | outweigh | F. favorable
50. ______ | outgoing | G. inventiveness
51. ______ | ordinance | H. fix
52. ______ | optimal | I. extroverted
53. ______ | onslaught | J. assault

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

optimal | oblige | outfit | outweigh | occupation
outlying | overdue | overcast | opposite | ooze

54. I rapidly lost my thirst as I watched the water ______ from the tap in a viscous, brownish stream.

55. He had committed 30 years of his life to his ______ as a traveling salesman, and he didn't know how to do anything else.

56. The law ______ parents to send their children to school.

57. Scientists cannot agree as to what is the ______ number of hours of sleep a human body needs to function effectively.

58. On the weekend, people enjoy traveling to ______ islands for rest and relaxation.

59. They are exact ______; she is polite and intelligent, while he is crass（粗鲁的）and dumb.

60. Since the disadvantages ______ the advantages, it is clear that we should reject this proposal.

61. You will need to pay ______ charges if you return the VCDs late.

62. The cowboy ______ for the costume party suited him perfectly.

63. The ______ skies made everything look depressing.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. obstinate
7. olfactory
8. offshore
9. obliterated
10. occasional
11. obsession
12. ordinance
13. orchard
14. opponents
15. originality
16. ordeal
17. onslaught
18. outgoing
19. outmoded
20. outdated
21. oust
22. outgrew
23. outcry
24. outright
25. outspoken
26. overcharged
27. overburdened
28. overhaul
29. outraged
30. J
31. I
32. B
33. E
34. D
35. G
36. A
37. C
38. H
39. F
40. B
41. C
42. C
43. A
44. E
45. H
46. B
47. J
48. G
49. A
50. I
51. C
52. F
53. D
54. ooze
55. occupation
56. obliges
57. optimal
58. outlying
59. opposites
60. outweigh
61. overdue
62. outfit
63. overcast

Lesson 20

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Most physicians believe that a reasonable amount of physical exertion throughout life is one of the keys to longevity.

(A) doctors
(B) physicists
(C) athletes

2. The United States Supreme Court has the power to overturn the decisions of lower courts.

(A) criticize
(B) reverse
(C) delay

3. By 1929, two years after the start of the“talkies”, motion picture theaters in the United States were attracting 100 million patrons every week.

(A) owners
(B) actors
(C) customers

4. Pure formic acid is a clear, fuming liquid that has a penetrating odor.

(A) an ambrosial
(B) a musty
(C) a pungent

5. The anhinga is a black water bird that frequents the perimeters of the everglades（湿地，沼泽地）.

(A) waters
(B) swamps
(C) edges

第一部分

overload ［ˌəʊvə'ləʊd ］

vt. 使超载，使超过负荷

例　The text book was overloaded with useless information. 教科书里满是无用的信息。

oversee ［ˌəuvə'si: ］

vt. 监督，管理〈同　supervise, manage〉

例　The general manager is responsible for overseeing all the factory's operations. 总经理负责监督工厂的所有运营情况。

oversight ［'əʊvəsaɪt ］

n. 勘漏，失察，疏忽〈同　omission, error〉

例　Due to an oversight by my bank, there was less money in my account than there should have been. 由于我的银行的疏忽，我账户中的钱比实际少了许多。

overturn ［ˌəuvə'tɜ:n ］

n./vt. 推翻；翻倒；倾覆〈同　reverse, overthrow〉

例　The judge overturned his decision with the introduction of new evidence. 由于出现了新证据，法官推翻了他的判决。

联　overawe vt. 威慑；overact v. （将…进行）夸张表演；overbearing adj. 傲慢的，专横的；overbid v. 出价（比…）高

oxygen ［'ɒksɪʤən ］

n. 氧气

例　Oxygen and nitrogen constitute the main part of the air. 氧气和氮气是空气的主要组成部分。

pacific ［pə'sɪfɪk ］

adj. 爱好和平的；安静的，平静的〈同　peaceful; calm〉

例　It was safe and easy to swim in the pacific water of the lake. 在平静的湖水里游泳，安全又惬意。

联　pacify vt. 使平静；安慰，抚慰

painstaking ［'peɪnzteɪkɪŋ ］

adj. 辛苦的，辛勤的〈同　arduous, diligent〉

例　This TOEFL book is the result of our painstaking research staff. 这本托福书是我们的研究人员潜心研究的成果。

painting ［'peɪntɪŋ ］

n. 绘画，油画〈同　drawing〉

例　The famous painting called the Mona Lisa is closely guarded in the museum. 这幅名为《蒙娜丽莎》的名画被博物馆严密保护着。

palatable ［'pælətəbəl ］

adj. 美味的〈同　edible〉

例　Food in the college cafeteria is palatable , but not fancy. 大学餐厅的食物很可口，但不够别致。

记　来自名词palat(e)（上腭；爱好）+able→好吃的→美味的

联　unpalatable adj. 味道差的，不好吃的；palate n. 上腭；味觉；palatial adj. 宏伟的，壮丽的

paramount ［'pærəmaʊnt ］

adj. 最重要的；至高无上的〈同　most important, predominant〉

例　Television plays a paramount role in molding public opinion. 电视在左右公众舆论方面具有决定性作用。

记　par（超过）+amount（数量）→在数量上超过别的→最重要的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The color of human blood turns from blue to red when it makes contact with ______.

7. The elevator was ______ with people and someone needed to step out before it would move again.

8. The ______ in the exhibit was sold for 10,000 dollars in last night's art auction.

9. It is of ______ importance that you understand the principles of safe driving before going out on the freeways.

10. The crying baby became ______ when she was fed.

11. Since the food he served was ______, his guests praised him for his cooking, unaware that he actually had it delivered from the local resturant.

第二部分

paraphrase ［'pærəfreɪz ］

vt. 将…释义，改写〈同　restate, reword〉

例　This article is much too long; please paraphrase it in 250 words or less. 这篇文章太长了；请用不超过250字改写一下。

n. 释义，意译〈同　explanation, interpretation〉

例　The newspaper's paraphrase of the senator's speech was misleading. 这份报纸中关于议员演讲的解读具有误导性。

记　para（旁边）+phrase（措辞）→旁边的措辞→释义，意译

联　phrase n. 短语；惯用语；metaphrase n./vt. 直译

parasite ［'pærəsaɪt ］

n. 寄生虫

例　The tapeworm is an example of the kind of parasite that may infest the human body. 绦虫是寄生在人体内的寄生虫中的一种。

联　parasitic adj. 寄生的

pastel ［'pæstəl ; (US)pæ'stel ］

adj. 柔和的〈同　bland, soft〉

例　The pastel colors of the painting were very relaxing to look at. 这幅画柔和的颜色看起来令人非常放松。

patriarch ［'peɪtrɪɑ:k ; (US)'pæt- ］

n. 家长，族长〈同　master, chief〉

例　In many primitive tribes, the leaders and lawmakers were the patriarchs . 在许多远古部落中，首领和立法者都是德高望重的族长。

联　patriarchal adj. 家长的，族长的；patrician n. 贵族 adj. 贵族的；patriotic adj. 爱国的

patron ［'peɪtrən ］

n. ①（对艺术等的）赞助人，资助人〈同　benefactor, helper〉

例　The munificent patron gave the museum a large donation. 那位慷慨的赞助人给博物馆提供了一大笔捐款。

②顾客〈同　customer, client〉

例　The restaurant's patrons enjoyed the food and atmosphere so much that they recommended it to their friends. 这家餐厅的顾客非常喜欢这里的食物和氛围，因此他们把它推荐给了朋友。

联　patronage n. 赞助；惠顾；patronize vt. 资助；patronizing adj. 摆出恩赐态度的，要人领情的

paucity ［'pɔ:səti ］

n. 小量，缺乏〈同　insufficiency, scarcity〉

例　They closed the restaurant because the paucity of customers made it financially unfeasible to operate. 他们关闭了那家餐厅，因为缺少顾客使其在财务上无法继续运营。

记　pauc（少）+ity→少的状态→缺乏

pauper ［'pɔ:pə(r) ］

n. 贫民，乞丐〈同　beggar〉

例　The richest man is a pauper if he has no friends. 如果没有朋友，最富有的人也是乞丐。

联　pauperize vt. 使贫穷；beggar n. 乞丐

pebble ［'pebəl ］

n. 小鹅卵石；石子，细砾

例　Steve used the hammer to smash the stone into pebbles . 史蒂夫用锤子把石头砸成石子。

peck ［pek ］

v. 啄，啄食〈同　pick〉

例　Woodpeckers pecked wood looking for the pest. 啄木鸟啄木头来寻找害虫。

peculiarity ［pɪˌkju:lɪ'ærəti ］

n. 特性，怪癖〈同　eccentricity, oddness〉

例　She could not handle his peculiarity of touching his nose in public. 她解决不了他在公众面前摸鼻子的怪癖。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The ______ on the beach are sharp, so be sure to wear a pair of shoes when you go down there.

13. The writer ______ his story so it would be more appropriate for magazine readers.

14. The professional ______ had mastered how to play off people's sympathy to get money.

15. Singing in the shower is one of his ______.

16. The drought this year has caused a ______ of fresh water.

17. The ______ of the family was respected for his wisdom.

第三部分

pedagogy ［'pedəgɒʤi ］

n. 教育学，教学法〈同　education, teaching〉

例　The university evaluated the quality of its pedagogy and curriculum every year. 这所大学每年都会评估其教学法和课程安排的质量。

联　pedagogic adj. 教育学的；pedagogical adj. 教育学的，教学法的

peep ［pi:p ］

n./vi. 窥视，偷看〈同　peek〉

例　She peeped behind the curtain to get a glimpse of the famous singer. 为了一睹那名著名歌星的风采，她从窗帘后面偷偷窥视。

n. （小鸟、小鸡等的）唧唧叫〈同　chirp〉

例　The baby chickens gave a peep when their mother returned with feed. 当鸡妈妈带着食物回来时，小鸡崽们会唧唧叫。

联　peephole n. 窥视孔；peel v. 剥，剥落；peek vi. 偷看；peer n. 同等的人；seep vi. 渗出，渗漏

penchant ［'pɑ:n∫ɑ:n ; (US)'pentʃənt ］

n. 爱好，嗜好〈同　liking, inclination〉

例　I have a penchant for old science fiction movies. 我对老科幻电影有所偏好。

记　pench（=pend 挂）+ant→对…挂着一颗心→爱好

联　bent n. 倾向；爱好；inclination n. 倾向；爱好；predilection n. 爱好；偏袒

pendant ［'pendənt ］

n. 垂饰；下垂物〈同　hanging〉

例　The heart-shaped pendant he gave her for her birthday had a picture of them inside. 在他当生日礼物送给她的心形吊坠里，有一张两人的照片。

penetrating ［'penətreɪtɪŋ ］

adj. ①思想敏锐的，有洞察力的

例　His question was so penetrating that the teacher did not know how to answer it. 他的问题太尖锐了，老师不知道该如何回答。

②（指声音）响亮的，尖锐的〈同　sharp; pungent〉

例　The piccolo possesses a penetrating sound that enables it to be easily heard above the other instruments in the orchestra. 短笛有一种穿透性的声音，在交响乐队的其他乐器当中，很容易便能听出它的声音。

记　来自动词penetrat(e)（刺穿；pen［全部］+etr［=enter 进入］+ate→全部进入→刺穿）+ing→尖锐的

联　penetration n. 渗透；penetrative adj. 有穿透力的；敏锐的；penetrable adj. 可穿透的；perspicuous adj. 聪颖的，敏锐的

pensive ［'pensɪv ］

adj. 沉思的〈同　meditative, contemplative〉

例　Mary sat quietly in the corner of the room with a pensive look on her face. 玛丽安静地坐在房间的角落里，脸上一副若有所思的样子。

记　pens（挂）+ive→挂在心上→沉思的

联　pension n. 养老金，退休金；expensive adj. 昂贵的

percussion ［pə'kʌ∫ən ］

n. 打击乐器

例　The drum is a percussion instrument. 鼓是一种打击乐器。

perennial ［pə'renɪəl ］

adj. 四季不断的，终年的；（植物）多年生的〈同　continuous, perpetual〉

例　The gardener preferred to plant perennial flowers rather than annuals. 那名园艺师喜欢种多年生花卉，不喜欢种一年生花卉。

联　perennially adv. 永久地，终年地

perimeter ［pə'rɪmɪtə(r) ］

n. 边缘，周边地带〈同　edge, periphery〉

例　The perimeter of the castle is protected by a moat. 城堡周围有一条护城河保护。

periphery ［pə'rɪfəfi ］

n. 外围〈同　circumference, boundary〉

例　Jack never got involved in any of our activities; he was always at the periphery . 杰克从来不参加我们的任何活动；他总是游离在外。

记　peri（周围）+pher（带）+y→带到周围→外围

联　peripheral adj. 周边的，外围的；peripatetic adj. 漫游的；（因工作而）流动的；periscope n. 潜望镜

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Places like the Antarctic have one ______ winter season.

19. Now that we finished painting the rooms inside, the ______ of the house needs to be painted as well.

20. She chose ______ as her profession because she believes education is the backbone of society.

21. Dogs have a ______ for chasing cats.

22. Viewing the old photographs left her in a ______ mood.

23. He ______ through the window of the bar to see whom his girlfriend was kissing.

第四部分

perpendicular ［ˌpɜ:pən'dɪkjʊlə(r) ］

adj. 垂直的，直立的〈同　vertical, upright〉

例　The road that runs north to south is perpendicular to the road that runs east to west. 从南向北的那条路与从东向西的那条路垂直。

记　per（全部的）+pend（挂）+icular→全部是挂的状态→垂直的

联　pendant n. 垂饰；pending adj. 未决的；待定的；pendulum n. 钟摆；append vt. 附加，增补；appendage n. 附加物

perpetuate ［pə'petjʊeɪt ］

vt. 使…延续，使永存〈同　eternalize〉

例　Every kind of plant has its own way to perpetuate itself. 每一种植物都有自我繁衍的方式。

记　per（全部）+pet（追求）+uate→永远追求→使永存

联　perpetual adj. 永久的；perpetrate vt. 犯（罪），做（坏事）；perplex vt. 使困惑

persecute ［'pɜ:sɪkju:t ］

vt. 迫害〈同　oppress, victimize〉

例　It is wrong to persecute someone because of his or her religious beliefs. 因为他人的宗教信仰而迫害他人是错误的。

记　per（全部）+secu（跟随）+te→从头到尾跟随→迫害

联　persecution n. 迫害；prosecute v. 控告；afflict vt. 使痛苦，折磨；harm vt. 伤害

persevere ［ˌpɜ:sɪ'vɪə(r) ］

vi. 坚持不懈，不屈不挠〈同　endure, persist〉

例　In spite of all the difficulties getting into medical school, I intend to persevere in my plans to become a doctor. 虽然进入医学院要面临重重困难，我仍打算坚持成为一名医生的计划。

记　per（全部）+severe（严惩的）→在严惩的情况下始终坚持→坚持不懈

联　persevering adj. 坚忍的，不屈不挠的；perseverance n. 坚定不移；perverse adj. 倔强的

personnel ［ˌpɜ:sə'nel ］

n. 人员，职员〈同　staff, employees〉

例　The office personnel worked overtime during the busy season. 在旺季，办公人员要加班工作。

perspiration ［ˌpɜ:spə'reɪ∫ən ］

n. 汗水，出汗〈同　sweat〉

例　After working in the hot sun for an hour, the laborers were covered with perspiration . 在炎热的太阳下工作一个小时之后，工人们身上满是汗水。

记　per（全部）+spir（呼吸）+ation→全身都呼吸→出汗

联　perspire v. 出汗，流汗；perspiratory adj. 汗（水）的，引起出汗的；perspicuous adj. 明白的，明确的

philology ［fɪ'lɒləʤi ］

n. 语言学，文献学〈同　linguistics, literature〉

例　My final essay in the philology course was on the origin of the Romance languages. 我语言学课的期末论文是关于罗曼语的起源的。

记　phil（爱）+ology（学科）→表达爱的学科语→语言学

联　pathology n. 病理学；philosophy n. 哲学；原理，人生观

phonetics ［fə'netɪks ］

n. 语音学；语音体系

例　Chinese and English have different phonetics . 汉语和英语有不同的语音体系。

physician ［fɪ'zɪ∫ən ］

n. 内科医生〈同　doctor〉

例　It is a good idea to see a physician regularly to check your health. 定期去找医生检查身体，是个好主意。

联　physics n. 物理学；physicist n. 物理学家

picturesque ［ˌpɪktʃə'resk ］

adj. 似画的，美丽的〈同　scenic, beautiful〉

例　I grew up in a picturesque village like the ones you see in postcards. 我在一个风景秀丽的村庄里长大，那里的风光就像你在明信片上见到的那样。

记　来自名词picture（画）+sque（如…的）→似画的

联　pictorialadj. 图示的；arabesque n. 阿拉伯式图饰，蔓藤花纹；grotesque adj. 奇形怪状的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. ______ is a mechanism the body uses to cool down from excessive heat.

25. The chief ______ of the hospital interviewed students from the local medical school for intern（实习医师）positions.

26. Although the doctor said she would never be able to play tennis again because of her knee injury, she ______ and recovered to become a tennis champion.

27. If two lines are ______ they create at least two right angles.

28. The professor of ______ advocated the use of Esperanto（世界语）as an international language.

29. The statue ______ the memory of the dead President.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | picturesque | A. secondary
31. ______ | painstaking | B. temporary
32. ______ | paramount | C. negligent
33. ______ | pacific | D. repugnant
34. ______ | persevere | E. aggressive
35. ______ | perennial | F. center
36. ______ | palatable | G. dull
37. ______ | pensive | H. uphold
38. ______ | persecute | I. stop
39. ______ | periphery | J. carefree

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | perimeter | A. characteristic
41. ______ | oversee | B. predilection
42. ______ | patriarch | C. dearth
43. ______ | peculiarity | D. administer
44. ______ | penchant | E. quiet
45. ______ | oversight | F. border
46. ______ | paucity | G. superior
47. ______ | pauper | H. a very poor person
48. ______ | paramount | I. ruler
49. ______ | pacific | J. mistake

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

persecute | perennial | painstaking | perimeter | oversee
peck | oversight | overturn | personnel | paucity

50. There was a ______ of fresh vegetables at the supermarket, so we had to buy frozen vegetables.

51. The hens were ______ the grain.

52. The city's Department of Sanitation ______ garbage removal.

53. Christians were ______ in ancient Rome.

54. A guard patrolled the ______ of the property.

55. The fishermen fell into the water when the boat ______.

56. I got my job as a result of a fortuitous meeting with the director of ______.

57. Their marriage was blessed with ______ happiness.

58. It was a huge ______ when Bill gave the beggar a hundred dollar bill instead of the one dollar bill he intended to give.

59. It took the artists five years of ______ work before he finished the famous painting.

参考答案

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. oxygen
7. overloaded
8. painting
9. paramount
10. pacific
11. palatable
12. pebbles
13. paraphrased
14. pauper
15. peculiarities
16. paucity
17. patriarch
18. perennial
19. periphery
20. pedagogy
21. penchant
22. pensive
23. peeped
24. Perspiration
25. physician
26. persevered
27. perpendicular
28. philology
29. perpetuated
30. G
31. C
32. A
33. E
34. I
35. B
36. D
37. J
38. H
39. F
40. F
41. D
42. I
43. A
44. B
45. J
46. C
47. H
48. G
49. E
50. paucity
51. pecking
52. oversees
53. persecuted
54. perimeter
55. overturned
56. personnel
57. perennial
58. oversight
59. painstaking

Lesson 21

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. A woman's pocketbook is often one of her favorite possessions.

(A) charm bracelet
(B) wedding ring
(C) purse

2. The American antelope possesses remarkable powers of sight and can pinpoint potential danger at tremendous distances.

(A) spot
(B) relay
(C) attach

3. The firm of Bonnin and Morris in Philadelphia was probably the first American company to manufacture porcelain .

(A) silverware
(B) crystal
(C) china

4. The optical properties of a diamond give it the beauty that makes it pleasing as a gem.

(A) popular
(B) valuable
(C) attractive

5. Julia Margaret Cameron was among the pioneers in a new kind of portrait photography.

(A) originators of
(B) champions of
(C) experts in

第一部分

pigment ［'pɪgmənt ］

n. 色素，颜料〈同　coloring, dye〉

例　She used a red pigment to dye her hair for the costume party. 为了参加化装舞会，她用一种红色染料染了头发。

pinpoint ［'pɪnpɔɪnt ］

vt. 准确地确定；用针标出…的精确位置〈同　locate, spot〉

例　Can you pinpoint the position of the enemy on this map? 你能在这张地图上精确地标出敌人的位置吗？

pioneer ［ˌpaɪə'nɪə(r) ］

n. 开拓者〈同　originator, explorer〉

例　Many American pioneers settled down and raised families in the western half of the country. 许多美国拓荒者在西部定居，并组建了家庭。

vt. 开辟，倡导〈同　lead, explore〉

例　Her chemistry research pioneered the way for the discovery of the new medicinal drug. 她的化学研究开创了新药物的发现方式。

联　pioneering adj. 开创性的；harbinger n. 先驱；预兆；forerunner n. 先驱（者）；传令官；预兆；precursor n. 先驱

pique ［pi:k ］

vt. ①激起，引起（好奇等）〈同　arouse〉

例　The talk of money piqued the businessman's interest. 关于钱的话题引起了那位商人的兴趣。

②激怒〈同　provoke〉

例　It piqued her that we had a secret she did not share. 我们竟然有个秘密没有与她分享，这让她非常不满。

联　piquant adj. 开胃的，辛辣的；clique n. 私党，小圈子，派系；oblique adj. 倾斜的；间接的，不坦率的

pirate ［'paɪrət ］

n. 海盗〈同　hijacker〉

例　The pirate raided the ship and stole the money and jewelry of the people on board. 海盗突袭了轮船，抢走了船上乘客的钱和珠宝。

pitch ［pɪtʃ ］

n. （音乐的）音调高低

例　The pitch in his voice was too high and he sounded like a girl. 他说话的音调太高了，这让他听起来像个女孩。

v. 投掷〈同　throw, hurl〉

例　He pitched a curve ball and the baseball player could not hit it. 他投出一记弧线球，那个棒球运动员没有击中。

pivot ［'pɪvət ］

n. 枢轴；中心点，重点〈同　axis; focus〉

例　He worked so long for the company that he became the pivot of its daily operations. 他为公司工作了那么长时间，已经成为那家公司运营的中心人物。

联　pivotal adj. 枢轴的，关键的

plagiarism ［'pleɪʤɪərɪzəm ］

n. 剽窃，抄袭〈同　copying, imitation〉

例　Plagiarism is the act of identically copying the written work of someone else and taking credit for it. 剽窃是照搬他人的书面作品，并将其据为己有的行为。

记　plagiar（斜的）+ism→走歪门斜道→抄袭

联　plagiarize v. 剽窃，抄袭

plain ［pleɪn ］

n. 平原，草原〈同　plateau, prairie〉

例　The American plains were once full of buffalo and wildlife. 美洲平原上曾经遍布野牛和野生动植物。

adj. 简单的，朴素的〈同　unadorned, simple〉

例　We lived in a comfortable but plain cottage. 我们住在一栋舒适但非常简朴的农舍里。

联　plainly adv. 平坦地；明白地；plainspoken adj. 直言不讳的；floodplain n. 泛滥平原，漫滩

plank ［plæŋk ］

n. 厚木板〈同　board, lumber〉

例　The pirates asked Pete to walk the plank . He took one look at their swords and then acquiesced. 海盗们让皮特走跳板。他看了一眼他们的剑，然后默默地顺从了海盗的命令。

联　chunk n. 大块；矮胖的人或物

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Early ______ opened the American West for further development.

7. With a quick ______ he threw the ball to his teammate.

8. The ______ over the brook sagged when we were walking on it.

9. The ______ plundered the cargo ship in an isolated part of the sea.

10. The satellite ______ the lost ship's exact position.

11. They blended various ______ together to get indigo blue（靛蓝）.

第二部分

plantation ［plɑ:n'teɪ∫ən ］

n. 种植园，大农场〈同　farm〉

例　The plantation produced rice and wheat. 大农场生产大米和小麦。

platitude ［'plætɪtju:d ; (US)-tu:d ］

n. 陈词滥调〈同　trite saying, cliche〉

例　“Believe in yourself”is a platitude many Chinese students are fond of quoting.“相信自己”是许多中国学生喜欢引用的一句陈词滥调。

记　plat（平坦）+itude（状态）→（语言）平淡→陈词滥调

联　platitudinous adj. 平凡的，陈腐的；cliche n. 陈词滥调；triteness n. 平凡，陈腐；banality n. 陈腐的表达

playwright ［'pleɪraɪt ］

n. 剧作家〈同　dramatist〉

例　Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights ever. 莎士比亚是历史上最伟大的剧作家之一。

pleasing ［'pli:zɪŋ ］

adj. 令人高兴的；合意的〈同　comfortable〉

例　Because the meal was so pleasing , I left a large tip for the waiter. 因为饭菜太可口了，我给服务员留了一大笔小费。

联　pleasure n. 快乐

pliable ［'plaɪəbəl ］

adj. ①易弯的，柔软的〈同　malleable, lithe〉

例　The sheet of plastic becomes very pliable when it is warmed. 这块塑料加热后变得非常柔韧。

②易受影响的；柔顺的〈同　easily influenced; yielding〉

例　He is too pliable to be a good leader. 他太软弱了，很难成为一名优秀的领导者。

记　pli（=ply 弯，折）+able→易弯的

联　pliant adj. 易弯的；顺从的；liable adj. 有责任的；易于…的；friable adj. 易碎的，脆的；flexible adj. 柔韧的；灵活的

plight ［plaɪt ］

n. （恶劣的）情势，困境〈同　misfortune, difficulty〉

例　I cried when I heard of the refugees' plight . 听说了难民们的困境，我哭了。

联　blight n. 枯萎病；不良影响，打击；predicament n. 困境；impasse n. 僵局；dilemma n. 进退两难的局面

plow ［plaʊ ］

n. 犁

例　He bought a small plow so he could break up the soil in his garden before planting the seeds. 他买了一个小型犁，这样他在播种之前可以先把花园里的泥土打散。

vt. 耕作〈同　cultivate, farm〉

例　Farmer Jones plowed his field last week. 农夫琼斯上周犁了田。

plumage ［'plu:mɪʤ ］

n. 鸟类羽毛〈同　feathers〉

例　The male peacock has gorgeous plumage . 雄性孔雀有华丽的羽毛。

记　plum（羽毛）+age→鸟类羽毛

联　plume n. 羽毛

plumb ［plʌm ］

adj. 垂直的〈同　perpendicular, vertical〉

例　The monument consists of two plumb pillars supporting a horizontal slab. 纪念碑是两个垂直立柱支撑着一块水平石板。

联　plumber n. 水管工人；plump adj. 圆胖的，丰满的；plum n. 李子

plump ［plʌmp ］

adj. 胖嘟嘟的，丰满的〈同　chubby, fat〉

例　Overeating has made him quite plump . 暴饮暴食让他变得很胖。

联　pump n. 泵，抽水机；lump n. 块，肿块；土块 v. （使）成块；slump n./v. 暴跌，跌落

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Male birds usually have more colorful ______ than female birds.

13. He was ______ as a child but lost all of his baby fat when he matured.

14. The ______ was proud to see the play he had written be staged by many theatrical groups.

15. During early American history, many African slaves were forced to work on ______.

16. The ______ she suffered as an orphan built in her a strong character.

17. The Tower of Pisa in Italy is a famous building that is not ______, but has never fallen.

第三部分

pneumonia ［nju:'məʊnjə ］

n. 肺炎

例　Pneumonia is a disease that attacks the lungs. 肺炎是侵害肺部的疾病。

pocketbook ［'pɒkɪtbʊk ］

n. 钱袋，皮夹〈同　purse, wallet〉

例　She put her pocketbook onto the table. 她把钱包放在了桌子上。

politics ［'pɒlətɪks ］

n. 政治；政见；政治学

例　Her political science teacher encouraged her to seek a career in politics . 她的政治学老师鼓励她进入政界。

联　political adj. 政治的，行政上的；politician n. 政治家，政客

pollinate ［'pɒləneɪt ］

vt. 对…授粉〈同　fertilize〉

例　The tree produces fruit once its flowers are pollinated . 树的花朵被授粉之后便会结出果实。

联　pollination n. 授粉；pollinator n. 传粉媒介，传粉昆虫；pollen n. 花粉

pollute ［pə'lu:t ］

vt. 污染；玷污〈同　contaminate; defile〉

例　Many lakes and rivers have been polluted by industrial waste. 许多河流湖泊都被工业废水污染了。

联　pollution n. 污染，玷污；pollutant n. 污染物质

polygon ［'pɒlɪgən ; (US)-gɒn ］

n. 多边形

例　A square, a triangle, and a hexagon are all polygons . 正方形、三角形和六边形都是多边形。

联　polygonal adj. 多角形的，多边形的

ponderous ［'pɒndərəs ］

adj. 沉重的，笨重的〈同　heavy, weighty〉

例　The ponderous elephant could not fit in the elevator. 笨重的大象没法进入升降梯。

populous ［'pɒpjʊləs ］

adj. 人口稠密的，人口多的〈同　crowded, populated〉

例　The nuclear bomb threatens equally the populous areas and the sparsely settled hinterland. 核弹对人口稠密地区和人口稀少的偏僻地区都有威胁。

联　population n. 人口

porcelain ［'pɔ:səlɪn ］

n. 瓷器，瓷〈同　china〉

例　Many people like to collect porcelain dishes. 许多人喜欢收藏瓷盘。

portend ［pɔ:'tend ］

vt. 预兆，预示〈同　herald, foreshadow〉

例　The black clouds portend a storm. 乌云预示着一场暴风雨即将来临。

记　por（=pro 在前面）+tend（倾向）→预兆，预示

联　intend v. 打算；distend v. （使）扩张；contend v. 竞争；bode v. 预示；augur v. 占卜，预言；portentous adj. 预示性的；porter n. 行李搬运工

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Pulling the junked car out of the lake proved a ______ task.

19. His diligent studies ______ his good grades.

20. Without proper medication and medical attention, people can die from ______.

21. A ______ can have an infinite number of sides as long as it does not become a circle.

22. Bees use flowers to make honey, and flowers use bees to ______.

23. The people did not realize how serious the factory smoke ______ the air they breathed.

第四部分

posthumous ［'pɒstjʊməs ; (US)'pɒstʃəməs ］

adj. 死后的，身后的

例　Charles' reputation as a humanitarian suffered a posthumous blow when his widow revealed that he had beaten her every day of their marriage. 查尔斯作为人道主义者所积累的声誉，在其死后却遭到抨击，因为他的遗孀揭露，自从他们结婚之后，他每天都打她。

记　post（后）+hum（土）+ous→入土以后→死后的

联　postwar adj. 战后的；postpone v. 推迟，（使）延期；posterior adj. 后面的，较晚的；posterity n. 子孙，后裔； postscript n. 附言，后记

pot ［pɒt ］

n. 罐，壶，锅

例　His mother served him soup from the pot . 他妈妈从罐里给他盛汤。

联　pottery n. 陶器；陶器场；potter n. 陶工，制陶工人；potted adj. 盆栽的；瓶或罐装的；coffeepot n. 咖啡壶；teapot n. 茶壶

potent ［'pəʊtənt ］

adj. 强有力的；有效的〈同　powerful; effective〉

例　The senator is a potent force in her political party. 在她所在的政党中，这位议员有很强的势力。

联　potential adj. 潜在的，可能的

poultry ［'pəʊltri ］

n. 家禽

例　She went to the grocery store to buy poultry , like chicken and turkey. 她去食品杂货店买一些禽肉，比如鸡肉和火鸡肉。

pound ［paʊnd ］

n. 磅；英镑

例　He bought 10 pounds of steak for the barbeque. 他为烤肉野餐买了10磅牛排。

v. 强烈打击〈同　hit, strike〉

例　She pounded on the door till someone finally heard. 她用力敲门，直到终于有人听到敲门声。

prairie ［'preəri ］

n. 大草原〈同　grassland, plain〉

例　The horse is galloping on the prairie . 骏马在大草原上驰骋。

联　pasture n. 牧场；grassland n. 牧草地，草原

precarious ［prɪ'keərɪəs ］

adj. 不稳定的；危险的〈同　unstable; dangerous〉

例　I think this stock is a precarious investment and I advise against its purchase. 我认为这支股票是不稳定的投资，我建议不要买。

记　pre（前）+car（=care 小心）+ious→要预先小心的→危险的

联　precautious adj. 有防备的

precursor ［pri:'kɜ:sə(r) ］

n. 先驱，先行者；先兆〈同　forerunner; harbinger〉

例　Thunder is often the precursor of a rainstorm. 打雷往往是暴风雨的前兆。

记　pre（前面）+curs（跑）+or→跑在前面的人→先驱

联　precursory adj. 先驱的；predecessor n. 前辈，前任

predatory ［'predətəri ; (US)'predətɔ:ri ］

adj. 掠夺的，食肉的〈同　carnivorous〉

例　The hawk is a predatory bird. 鹰是肉食性鸟类。

联　predator n. 食肉动物

predominantly ［prɪ'dɒmɪnəntli ］

adj. 占主导地位的

例　The students at the state school were predominantly state residents. 公立学校的学生们大部分都是本州居民。

联　predominate vi. 占主导地位，占优势

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The ______ lion hid in the grass until the deer was close enough to attack.

25. The ______ nature of the stock market makes it very risky to buy stocks now.

26. The work of many famous painters went unnoticed during their lifetimes, only to get ______ recognition as priceless masterpieces.

27. There is no prettier sight than wildflowers（野花）growing in profusion on the ______.

28. The teachers at the girl's school are ______ women.

29. A ______ may hold food and drink, or contain earth for flowers to grow in.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | pliable | A. purify
31. ______ | pollute | B. slender
32. ______ | populous | C. rigid
33. ______ | plain | D. sparse
34. ______ | plump | E. safe
35. ______ | precarious | F. ostentatious

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
36. ______ | pioneer | A. effective
37. ______ | pique | B. stimulate
38. ______ | platitude | C. predicament
39. ______ | potent | D. center
40. ______ | pliable | E. predecessor
41. ______ | pitch | F. cumbersome
42. ______ | plight | G. banality
43. ______ | pollute | H. make dirty
44. ______ | ponderous | I. cast
45. ______ | pivot | J. tractable

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

politics | plow | plagiarism | pleasing | potent
pliable | platitude | plain | precursor | pound

46. The apartment was ______ when we moved in and we spent the whole week decorating it.

47. Superman made the strongest steel look very ______.

48. The famous author was accused of ______ by a book reviewer.

49. His English study was a ______ to his future studies in an American university.

50. They ______ the fields before laying down the fertilizer.

51. The politician spewed（喷涌）forth the usual ______ we had all heard before.

52. She rang the doorbell and ______ on the door to see if anyone was home.

53. The university students enjoyed arguing about ______ over dinner.

54. The new furniture was very ______ since it was both comfortable and elegant.

55. The medicine will not taste good but it is very ______.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. pioneers
7. pivot
8. plank
9. pirates
10. pinpointed
11. pigments
12. plumage
13. plump
14. playwright
15. plantations
16. plight
17. plumb
18. ponderous
19. portended
20. pneumonia
21. polygon
22. pollinate
23. polluted
24. predatory
25. precarious
26. posthumous
27. prairie
28. predominantly
29. pot
30. C
31. A
32. D
33. F
34. B
35. E
36. E
37. B
38. G
39. A
40. J
41. I
42. C
43. H
44. F
45. D
46. plain
47. pliable
48. plagiarism
49. precursor
50. plowed
51. platitudes
52. pounded
53. politics
54. pleasing
55. potent

Lesson 22

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Before the arrival of farmers and ranchers, the rolling plains of Texas were pristine prairies.

(A) prismatic
(B) unbounded
(C) unspoiled

2. Fertile soil deposited by prehistoric glaciers is found in all parts of Ohio except the southeast.

(A) ancient
(B) disappearing
(C) rich

3. The most surprising feature is that she was such a prolific writer even at an early age.

(A) traumatic
(B) saturated
(C) productive

4. The bulb of the garlic plant has a very pungent flavor and can be used to season foods.

(A) strong
(B) bitter
(C) strange

5. Some cells, such as epithelia, proliferate more rapidly when the body is asleep than when it is awake.

(A) cluster
(B) multiply
(C) adapt

第一部分

predominate ［prɪ'dɒmɪneɪt ］

vt. 统治，成为主流〈同　control, rule〉

例　Scientists believe dinosaurs predominated the world before humans. 科学家们相信，在人类出现之前，恐龙主宰着这个世界。

preeminent ［pri:'emɪnənt ］

adj. 卓越的，出类拔萃的〈同　distinguished, notable〉

例　The king traveled to Boston because he wanted a preeminent surgeon to perform his operation. 国王前往波士顿，因为他希望由一位杰出的外科医生为他动手术。

记　pre（前面）+eminent（著名的）→在著名的人前面→出类拔萃的

联　eminent adj. 显赫的，杰出的

prefabricated ［ˌpri:'fæbrɪkɪtɪd ］

adj. 预制的（指装配前已生产好的）

例　The prefabricated car parts were used to assemble cars at the factory. 预制汽车配件被用来在工厂组装汽车。

preferable ［'prefərəbəl ］

adj. 更可取的，更好的〈同　favored, better〉

例　A preferable option is to store the food in a refrigerator rather than throw it away. 更可取的选择是把食物存放在冰箱里，而不是扔掉。

联　preference n. 偏爱；优先；优先权；preferred adj. 首选的；preferential adj. 优先的

prehistoric ［ˌpri:hɪ'stɒrɪk ］

adj. 史前的〈同　ancient, primitive〉

例　Modern turtles evolved from a very large, prehistoric species of turtle. 现代的乌龟是从一种非常庞大的史前龟类进化而来的。

记　pre（…前的）+historic（历史的）→史前的

联　prehistory n. 史前；preclude vt. 排除；预先阻止；preschool adj. 入学前的；prefix n. 前缀

preoccupation ［prɪˌɒkjʊ'peɪ∫ən ］

n. 主要考虑因素；全神贯注，抢先占据〈同　concern, involvement〉

例　His wife complained about his preoccupation with work and his neglect of family life. 他妻子抱怨他过于专注于工作，忽视了家庭生活。

preponderance ［prɪ'pɒndərəns ］

n. （数量或力量上的）优势

例　The preponderance of evidence led to the jury's guilty verdict. 证据优势让陪审团做出了有罪判决。

记　pre（前面）+ponder（重量）+ance→重量超过别人→优势

联　preponderant adj. 占优势的；preponderate v. （在重量、数量、力量等上）胜过，超过；ponder v. 考虑，沉思；ponderous adj. 沉重的，笨重的；pond n. 池塘

prerequisite ［ˌpri:'rekwəzɪt ］

n. 先决条件〈同　requirement, necessity〉

例　Passing the final test is a prerequisite for graduating. 通过最终测试是毕业的先决条件。

adj. 首要必备的〈同　imperative, mandatory〉

例　This semester I have five prerequisite courses, and two elective courses. 本学期，我共有五门必修课以及两门选修课。

记　pre（预先）+requisite（要求）→预先要求→先决条件

联　prequisite n. 额外补贴；exquisite adj. 优美的，高雅的

presidency ［'prezɪdənsi ］

n. 总统职位；总统任期

例　The US presidency has a maximum of two terms for each President. 美国总统的任期是每位总统最多任两届。

联　presidential election 总统选举

pretension ［prɪ'ten∫ən ］

n. 要求；自命；自称〈同　claim; assertion〉

例　His pretension that he was innocent did not fool any one. 他自称自己是无辜的，但这骗不了任何人。

联　pretence n. 虚伪，伪装；pretentious adj. 做作的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ bone that the archeologist found represented a newly-discovered species of dinosaurs.

7. Nobody believed his ______ that the doctoral degree he received was valid.

8. It is ______ for both environmental and health reasons to take a bike to work instead of driving a car.

9. Bill Clinton accomplished many new initiatives during his ______.

10. The truck dropped off ______ sections of houses at the construction site.

11. The ______ politician always attracted a large crowd at his public speeches.

第二部分

prevailing ［prɪ'veɪlɪŋ ］

adj. 流行的，盛行的〈同　widespread, predominant〉

例　One of the most prevailing problems facing our generation is environmental protection. 我们这一代所面临的最普遍的问题之一是环境保护。

记　来自动词prevail（战胜，盛行；pre［前面］+vail［力量］→力量在别人面前→战胜）+ing→盛行的

联　prevail vi. 盛行，居主导地位；prevalent adj. 普遍的；流行的；prevalence n. 流行；prevaricate vi. 支吾，搪塞

primal ［'praɪməl ］

adj. ①原始的，最初的〈同　primeval; initial〉

例　As animals, humans still have primal urges. 作为动物，人类依然有原始的冲动。

②最重要的

例　We've just had the primal necessities of life. 我们只有一些最基本的生活必需品。

primate ［'praɪmeɪt ］

n. 灵长目动物

例　Primates have a relatively larger brain than other animals. 灵长类动物有比其他动物相对更大的大脑。

primordial ［praɪ'mɔ:dɪəl ］

adj. 原始的，最初的〈同　primeval, primitive〉

例　All of us are interested in the primordial era before the appearance of life on Earth. 我们对于地球上出现生命之前的原始时期都非常感兴趣。

pristine ［'prɪsti:n ; 'prɪstaɪn ］

adj. 原始的，未被破坏的〈同　unspoiled, pure〉

例　The pristine mountains of Alaska should be preserved forever. 阿拉斯加的天然山脉应该被永远保护起来。

记　prist（=prim 最早的）+ine→原始的

联　prissy adj. 谨小慎微的

prod ［prɒd ］

vt. ①戳，刺〈同　poke〉

例　He prodded the cattle and made them go into a pen. 他戳了戳牛，把它们赶进牛圈。

②刺激，激励〈同　stimulate; urge〉

例　Their boss prodded them to work harder. 他们的老板刺激他们更努力地工作。

联　prodigal adj. 浪费的 n. 挥霍者；prodigy n. 奇观；奇才；thrust v. 刺；goad vt. 刺激；stimulate v. 激励

prodigious ［prə'dɪʤəs ］

adj. 巨大的，惊人的〈同　huge, amazing〉

例　The hi-tech project costs a prodigious amount of money. 这个高科技项目耗费了一笔巨额资金。

记　prodig（巨大，浪费）+ious→巨大的

联　prodigy n. 天才；奇迹；prodigal adj. 挥霍的，浪费的；tremendous adj. 极大的，巨大的；gigantic adj. 巨大的

progressive ［prə'gresɪv ］

adj. 前进的；先进的〈同　advanced, cutting-edge〉

例　The progressive group of students wanted to start a revolution. 学生中的进步团体希望发动一场革命。

proliferate ［prə'lɪfəreɪt ; (US)prəʊ- ］

vi. 激增；繁殖〈同　multiply; propagate〉

例　We had seen only a couple insects, but after a week, the sight of hundreds of insects made it clear that they proliferated at an unbelievable rate. 我们只看到了一两只昆虫，但一周之后，数百只虫子的出现则明确说明，它们在以令人难以置信的速度进行繁殖。

记　pro（向前）+lifer（后代）+ate→后代增加→繁殖

联　proliferation n. 增殖；繁殖；prolix adj. 冗长的

prolific ［prə'lɪfɪk ］

adj. 多产的，多结果的〈同　productive, fruitful〉

例　That prolific author has written more than a hundred books. 那位多产的作家已经写了100多本书。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Both humans and chimpanzees are ______.

13. Because of her ______ donation, the university named the new academic building after her.

14. The old man had been extraordinarily ______; he had thirty children and more than one hundred grandchildren.

15. A good education for the children was the ______ concern of the family.

16. The dance instructor ______ her students to practice daily.

17. A ______ theory is the one most widely held at the time.

第三部分

pronounced ［prə'naʊnst ］

adj. 显著的，明确的〈同　clear, distinct〉

例　The buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere appears to be causing pronounced climatic changes all over the world. 大气中二氧化碳的积累似乎正在给全世界造成显著的气候变化。

记　来自动词pronounce（宣称，发音）+d→被宣称的→显著的

联　announce v. 宣布，通告；denounce vt. 公开指责，谴责；renounce v. 声明放弃，抛弃；pronoun n. 代词

propensity ［prə'pensəti ］

n. 倾向，癖好〈同　inclination, tendency〉

例　Your propensity for spending more than you can afford will lead to only one result: bankruptcy! 你的开支总是超出自己能承担的范围，这个习惯只会带来一种后果：破产！

记　pro（向前）+pens（挂）+ity→喜欢预先挂好→癖好

联　property n. 财产；特性

proponent ［prə'pəʊnənt ］

n. 支持者，拥护者〈同　advocate, supporter〉

例　When I learned how the air and water were being polluted, I became a strong proponent of ecological reforms. 在得知空气和水是如何被污染的之后，我变成了一个坚定的生态革命支持者。

联　opponent n. 对手，敌手

proprietor ［prə'praɪətə(r) ］

n. 所有者，业主〈同　owner〉

例　The proprietor was also the manager of the store. 业主同时也是店铺的经理。

联　propriety n. 适当

propulsion ［prə'pʌl∫ən ］

n. 推进，推进力〈同　push, thrust〉

例　A glider is a type of aircraft resembling an airplane but often having no means of propulsion at all. 滑翔机是与飞机类似的一种飞行器，但通常没有任何驱动方式。

prosecute ［'prɒsɪkju:t ］

vt. 对…起诉；告发〈同　sue, indict〉

例　The district attorney refused to prosecute the case because of a lack of evidence. 由于缺乏证据，地方检察官拒绝审理这个案子。

记　pro（前面）+secu（跟随）+te→跟随前面的人发现他犯了罪→告发

联　prosecutor n. 起诉人；persecute vt. 迫害；cute adj. 可爱的，伶俐的；acute adj. 灵敏的；急性的

protagonist ［prəʊ'tægənɪst ］

n. （戏剧、故事、小说中的）主角

例　The protagonist of the story was a man called Hercules. 故事的主角是一个名为赫拉克勒斯的男人。

prudent ［'pru:dənt ］

adj. 审慎的，深谋远虑的〈同　wary, cautious〉

例　It would be prudent to think carefully before you choose which stocks to buy. 在选择买进哪支股票之前进行周密思考，这才是明智的做法。

记　prud（小心）+ent→审慎的

联　prudence n. 审慎；imprudent adj. 鲁莽的；impudent adj. 厚颜无耻的；prude n. 过分正经、 谨慎的人

publicize ［'pʌblɪsaɪz ］

vt. （公开）宣传，宣扬〈同　broadcast, announce〉

例　The newspaper publicized the sports event on the front page. 报纸在头版报道了体育赛事。

联　publicity n. 公开，宣传

puddle ［'pʌdəl ］

n. 小水洼

例　The car accidentally drove through the puddle and splashed dirty water on the pedestrian. 那辆车意外地开进了水坑，把脏水溅到了行人身上。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. She _____ her upcoming wedding in our staff meeting today.

19. The democratic and republican ______ argued against each other in the Senate.

20. The district attorney plans to ______ her for burglary.

21. The businesswoman made a ______ decision to sell all her stocks before the stock market crash.

22. The difference between a horse and a donkey（驴子）is ______.

23. The ______ of the old-style boat was based on steam.

第四部分

pueblo ［pʊ'ebləʊ ］

n. 印第安人村庄

例　The tourists went to visit the pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona. 游客们前往新墨西哥和亚利桑那参观印第安人村庄。

pulp ［pʌlp ］

n. 果肉〈同　fruit flesh〉

例　He liked to drink freshly-squeezed orange juice with the pulp . 他喜欢喝用果肉新鲜榨取的橙汁。

pulse ［pʌls ］

n. 脉搏，脉冲

例　The doctor determined his blood pressure by feeling his pulse . 医生通过把脉确定了他的血压。

联　impulse n. 推动，刺激；冲动

punch ［pʌntʃ ］

vt. ①重击〈同　blow, knock〉

例　Plains Indians punched their drums while dancing. 大草原印第安人一边敲鼓，一边跳舞。

②打孔〈同　perforate〉

例　Workers have to punch holes in the mountain to get the road through. 为了贯通公路，工人们不得不在山上打洞。

联　puncture n. 小孔 v. 刺破；poke v. 戳，刺；perforate v. 打孔

puncture ［'pʌŋktʃə(r) ］

vt. 刺穿，戳破〈同　prick〉

例　The front tire was punctured on the road covered with sharp-edged stones. 路上满是锋利的石头，结果汽车前轮胎被扎破了。

记　punct（点）+ure→点穿→刺穿

联　punctual adj. 严守时刻的，准时的；punctuation n. 标点；acupuncture n. 针刺疗法 vt. 施行针刺疗法

pungent ［'pʌnʤənt ］

adj. （指气味、 味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的〈同　sharp, acrid, harsh〉

例　Both the meal and the conversation were pungent . 不论是饭菜还是谈话都非常刺激。

quail ［kweɪl ］

n. 鹌鹑

例　They went hunting quail with dogs and shotguns. 他们牵着狗，拿着猎枪，去猎鹌鹑。

vi. 畏惧，颤抖〈同　wince, quiver〉

例　He was afraid that he would quail in the face of danger. 他担心自己面临危险时会退缩。

联　quaff v. 痛饮

quaint ［kweɪnt ］

adj. 奇怪的，离奇有趣的〈同　strange, unusual〉

例　That mountain village is known for its quaint shops and boutiques. 那个山村以其古朴的商店和专卖流行衣服的小商店而出名。

联　acquaint vt. 使熟知，通知；acquaintance n. 相识，熟人；acquainted adj. 有知识的，知晓的

quarry ［'kwɒri ; (US)'kwɔ:ri ］

n. 采石场，露天矿厂

例　Magnificent marble is excavated from underground quarries . 华丽的大理石是从地下采石场开采出来的。

联　quarrel vi. 争吵；quash vt. 镇压，废止；quarantine n./v. 检疫，隔离

quiescent ［kwaɪ'esənt ］

adj. 静止的，寂静的〈同　motionless, tranquil〉

例　The doctor had no trouble injecting the quiescent baby. 医生给这个安静的孩子打针毫不费力。

记　qui（=quiet 安静的）+escent（状态）→静止的

联　acquiescent adj. 默许的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. People normally check whether others are alive or dead by searching for a ______ near their throat.

25. There was no wind; all the trees and bushes lay ______ under the winter snow.

26. She had a ______ laugh that everyone could recognize.

27. She strained the ______ from the orange juice before she gave the juice to the baby.

28. The ______ smoke of the cigarette made me cough.

29. Charlie ______ at the sound of his mother's angry voice.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | quiescent | A. inferior
31. ______ | progressive | B. bland
32. ______ | pristine | C. usual
33. ______ | proliferate | D. unproductive
34. ______ | pungent | E. spoiled
35. ______ | preeminent | F. agitated
36. ______ | quaint | G. modern
37. ______ | prudent | H. dwindle
38. ______ | prolific | I. reactionary
39. ______ | prehistoric | J. reckless

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | prevailing | A. obligatory
41. ______ | quail | B. mushroom
42. ______ | propensity | C. dominant
43. ______ | prerequisite | D. silent
44. ______ | prodigious | E. penchant
45. ______ | prosecute | F. pierce
46. ______ | punch | G. charge
47. ______ | proliferate | H. cower
48. ______ | puncture | I. strike
49. ______ | quiescent | J. enormous

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

preponderance | protagonist | puncture | pristine | preoccupation
prerequisite | primordial | progressive | proprietor | punch

50. It was no surprise that the ______ company was the innovative leader in the market.

51. A piece of glass ______ the skin of his hand when he was cleaning up the broken glass.

52. They were dissuaded from buying the house because of the ______ of insects inside.

53. The ______ decided to sell his house to his friends.

54. This area has been preserved in all its ______ wildness.

55. Many American universities have language ______ like TOEFL scores, for international applicants.

56. The ______ of a story almost always wins in the end.

57. She ______ him in the jaw as a form of self-defense when he began to harass her.

58. Dinosaurs are ______ creatures that live on in our fantasies.

59. One of Willa Cather's major ______ in her writing was the need for artists to free themselves from inhibiting influences.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. prehistoric
7. pretension
8. preferable
9. presidency
10. prefabricated
11. preeminent
12. primates
13. prodigious
14. prolific
15. primal
16. prodded
17. prevailing
18. publicized
19. proponents
20. prosecute
21. prudent
22. pronounced
23. propulsion
24. pulse
25. quiescent
26. quaint
27. pulp
28. pungent
29. quailed
30. F
31. I
32. E
33. H
34. B
35. A
36. C
37. J
38. D
39. G
40. C
41. H
42. E
43. A
44. J
45. G
46. I
47. B
48. F
49. D
50. progressive
51. punctured
52. preponderance
53. proprietor
54. pristine
55. prerequisites
56. protagonist
57. punched
58. primordial
59. preoccupations

Lesson 23

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Before an amendment can be added to the Constitution, it must be ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures.

(A) discussed
(B) proposed
(C) endorsed

2. Ponce de Leon searched for magic waters to rejuvenate the elderly, called the“Fountain of Youth”.

(A) make young again
(B) clean again
(C) reject again

3. The old buildings in this area will be razed to make room for new development.

(A) demolished
(B) erected
(C) slanted

4. There was not enough food, so the people had to be on short rations .

(A) sects
(B) allotments
(C) cults

5. I have no recollection of that incident.

(A) memory
(B) need
(C) idea

第一部分

quilt ［kwɪlt ］

n. 棉被

例　Since her home had no heating, she used two quilts to keep warm in her bed. 由于她家里没有暖气，所以她在床上盖了两床被子给自己保暖。

vt. 制成棉被

例　Her grandmother quilted the fabric as a gift for her wedding. 她奶奶用那块布缝了被子，作为她的结婚礼物。

联　quilter n. 缝被子的人；quail n. 鹌鹑

quota ［'kwəʊtə ］

n. 配额；定量，定额〈同　share, ration〉

例　There was a quota placed on the number of people who could migrate from China. 对从中国移民的人数有一定的限额。

联　quotation n. 引用语

raft ［rɑ:ft ; (US)ræft ］

n. 筏，救生艇

例　We used a raft to cross the river because it was too dangerous to swim. 我们用筏子渡河，因为游泳过河太危险了。

联　graft vt. 嫁接，接枝；craft n. 工艺，手艺；aircraft n. 航行器；spacecraft n. 太空船；hovercraft n. 水翼船

ragged ［'rægɪd ］

adj. 褴褛的，破烂的〈同　torn, worn〉

例　The dress became ragged after the dogs played with it. 小狗们拿那条裙子玩，结果那条裙子变得破烂不堪。

ragtime ［'rægtaɪm ］

n. 拉格泰姆音乐（或舞蹈）（一种源于美国黑人音乐的早期爵士乐）

例　Ragtime is a style of jazz music notable for its rhythm and melody. 拉格泰姆音乐是爵士乐的一种，以其节奏和旋律而著名。

rainfall ［'reɪnfɔ:l ］

n. 降雨；降雨量

例　The constant rainfall created flooding in many parts of the city. 持续降雨在那座城市的许多地方造成了洪水。

rampant ［'ræmpənt ］

adj. 蔓生的，猖獗的〈同　uncontrolled, unruly〉

例　The rampant weeds in the garden killed all the flowers which had been planted in the spring. 花园内猖獗的杂草害死了所有春天种下的花。

记　ramp（爬）+ant→四处乱爬的→蔓生的

联　rampancy n. 茂盛；rampage vi. 暴跳；横冲直撞；ramp n. 斜面，斜坡；exuberant adj. 繁茂的

rancher ［'rɑ:ntʃə(r) ; 'ræn- ］

n. 大农场经营者；牧场工人

例　The rancher raised horses for a living. 那位牧场主以养马为生。

ratify ［'rætɪfaɪ ］

vt. 批准〈同　endorse, approve〉

例　All parties ratified the peace treaty. 各方均批准了和平条约。

ration ［'ræ∫ən ］

n. 定量，配给量〈同　allotment, allowance〉

例　Virtually every Iraqi family receives a food ration , but it's hardly enough and malnutrition is spreading. 几乎每一个伊拉克家庭都得到了食物配给，但这根本不够，营养不良正在人群中蔓延。

vt. 定量配给〈同　allot, distribute〉

例　He only had one bottle of water for the next two days, so he had to ration it to a sip every couple of hours. 未来两天，他只有两瓶水，所以他不得不每几个小时定量喝一小口。

联　rationing n. （食物等的）配给；rational adj. 理性的，合理的 n. 有理数；rationale n. 基本原理；rat n. 老鼠；rating n. 等级，级别（尤指军阶）；ratio n. 比，比率

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. A ______ horde of squealing fans tore the jacket off the rock star.

7. Their ______ of gasoline was ten gallons.

8. The relief supplies（救济品）were divided such that each person received a fair ______.

9. Jon could not sleep with the feather ______ and sneezed all night long.

10. Without any ______ this season, the farmer had to water his crops by himself.

11. The poor children were dressed in ______ clothes.

第二部分

rattle ［'rætəl ］

n. 拨浪鼓；格格声

例　The baby enjoyed making sounds with the rattle . 那个婴儿喜欢用拨浪鼓弄出声音。

联　prattle v. 闲聊；thump n. 重击声；bang n. 砰的一声；jingle n. 叮当声；clink n. 叮当声；whir n. 呼呼声；rattlesnake n. 响尾蛇

raucous ［'rɔ:kəs ］

adj. 沙哑的；喧嚣的〈同　loud, boisterous〉

例　We went to a raucous party last night and were exhausted when we went back home. 我们昨晚去参加了一场喧嚣嘈杂的聚会，回到家的时候已经筋疲力尽了。

记　rauc（=hoarse 沙哑的）+ous→沙哑的

联　rancorous adj. 深恨的，怀恶意的

ravine ［rə'vi:n ］

n. 沟壑，峡谷〈同　gorge〉

例　The ravine 's current was too dangerous to swim in. 这条溪谷的水流太危险了，不适合游泳。

联　ravish vt. 迷住；rave n./v. 胡言乱语；ravage v. 毁坏；ravenous adj. 贪婪的；ravel n. 错综复杂的一团；raven n. 大乌鸦

raze ［reɪz ］

vt. 夷为平地〈同　demolish, topple〉

例　The violent hurricane razed much of the coastal city. 强烈的飓风把这个滨海城市的大部分地区夷为平地。

联　pave vt. 铺（路）；rove n./v. 漫游，流浪；graze v. 放牧，吃草；craze n. 狂热

razor ［'reɪzə(r) ］

n. 剃刀

例　He used a razor to shave every morning. 他每天早上都用刮胡刀刮胡子。

rebuke ［rɪ'bju:k ］

vt. 斥责，谴责〈同　admonish, scold〉

例　The mother rebuked the child for getting on the stranger's car. 那位妈妈因为孩子上了陌生人的车而责备了他。

记　re（反）+buke（=beat 打）→反打→斥责

联　rebuild v. 重建，复原；rebuff n./vt. 回绝；reprimand vt. 申斥，训斥；repute n. 名誉；rebate n. 回扣；refute vt. 驳斥

receptacle ［rɪ'septəkəl ］

n. 容器；储藏所，仓库〈同　container, holder〉

例　The goods were placed in large receptacles before they were placed on the cargo ship. 货物被装上货轮之前，存放在巨大的仓库里。

receptive ［rɪ'septɪv ］

adj. 善于接受的，能接纳的〈同　open-minded, accepting〉

例　I was confident that after Dad had eaten a good meal, he would be in a more receptive mood to my request for the use of the car. 我相信，爸爸在吃完一顿美餐之后，就更容易接受我用一下汽车的请求。

记　recept（接受）+ive→善于接受的

联　receptivity n. 接受能力；receptacle n. 容器；reception n. 接待，招待会；receptor n. 接受器，感受器；deceptive adj. 欺骗性的

recoil ［rɪ'kɔɪl ］

vi. 畏缩；弹回，反冲

例　She recoiled when she heard the cost of the operation. 听到手术费用的数目之后，她退缩了。

记　re（重新）+coil（卷，盘绕）→卷回去→弹回

联　coil v. 盘绕；foil n. 金属箔 vt. 挫败；roil v. （使）动荡；toil v. （使）辛苦劳作

recollection ［ˌrekə'lek∫ən ］

n. 回忆，记忆〈同　memory〉

例　After the brain surgery, his recollection was not very good. 经过脑部手术之后，他的记忆变得不是很好。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Please don't just throw your trash anywhere; throw it in the trash ______.

13. He accidentaly cut himself with the ______ when he was shaving.

14. We heard the ______ of the windows as the truck passed our house.

15. The witness' detailed ______ of the crime was evident enough for the jury to make its verdict.

16. The audience roared with ______ laughter when the performer clumsily fell.

17. The snake bit him and ______ back in its hole.

第三部分

reconstruct ［ˌri:kən'strʌkt ］

vt. 重建，改造〈同　rebuild, reconstitute〉

例　Without the original designs, it was impossible to reconstruct the building exactly as before. 如果没有当初的设计图，要想完全按照以前的样子对这栋建筑进行重建是不可能的。

联　reconstruction n. 复兴，改造，再建

recount ［rɪ'kaʊnt ］

vt. 叙述，描写〈同　narrate, depict〉

例　The father recounted a story to his child before saying good night. 爸爸在道晚安之前，给他的孩子讲了一个故事。

reel ［ri:l ］

n. 卷轴

例　The fish was so big that his fishing rod and reel broke. 那条鱼太大了，他的鱼竿和卷轴都断了。

refraction ［rɪ'fræk∫ən ］

n. 折光，折射〈同　deflection〉

例　When you look at a stick inserted in water, it looks bent because of the refraction of the light by the water. 当你看一根插在水里的棍子时，它看起来像是弯的，这是因为水对光的折射。

refrigerate ［rɪ'frɪʤəreɪt ］

vt. 使冷却，冷冻

例　The ice cream needs to be refrigerated before it melts. 冰激凌需要在融化之前进行冷冻。

联　refrigerator n. 冰箱，冷藏库；refrigeration n. 冷藏，冷却；refrigerant n. 制冷剂

refurbish ［ri:'fɜ:bɪ∫ ］

vt. 刷新，再磨光〈同　redecorate, polish〉

例　The general's old sword was refurbished for the new war. 为了迎接新的战争，将军的旧宝剑被重新磨光。

regeneration ［rɪˌʤenə'reɪ∫ən ］

n. 再生，重建〈同　renewal, revival〉

例　Many insects rely on the regeneration of their limbs to stay alive. 许多昆虫要靠四肢再生才能继续存活。

联　regenerate vt. 使再生，新生；革新；regenerative adj. 再生的，更生的

rehabilitate ［ˌri:hə'bɪlɪteɪt ］

vt. 使（身体）康复；使复职；翻修〈同　restore, recover〉

例　The old house was rehabilitated at an enormous expense. 那栋旧房子经过翻修，花了一大笔钱。

记　reh（重新）+abilit（能力）+ate→使重新拥有能力→使（身体）康复

联　rehabilitation n. 恢复，复原；rehabilitative adj. 使复原的，复职的；debilitate vt. 使衰弱；regurgitate v. （使）涌回；（使）反刍

rehearse ［rɪ'hɜ:s ］

vt. 预演，排练〈同　practice, drill〉

例　The actors will rehearse the play once more before performing tomorrow night. 在明天晚上正式演出之前，演员们将再排练一遍这部戏。

联　rehearsal n. 排演；演习，预演

reimburse ［ˌri:ɪm'bɜ:s ］

vt. 偿还〈同　compensate, pay back〉

例　The insurance company reimbursed him for his medical expenses. 保险公司报销了他的医疗费用。

记　re（重新）+im（进入）+burse（钱包）→重新进入钱包→偿还

联　reimbursable adj. 可补偿的；reimbursement n. 偿还；refund v. 偿还 n. 退款；remunerate vt. 给…报酬，补偿；compensate v. 偿还，补偿

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The athlete underwent surgery and physiotherapy to ______ his broken arm.

19. The movie ______ was distributed to select theaters.

20. The president did not have time to ______ his speech and stuttered several times.

21. He could not clearly understand her when he was underwater because of the water's ______ of sound waves.

22. His company ______ him for the business dinner with the special client.

23. The vegetables were ______ to keep them fresh.

第四部分

reiterate ［ri:'ɪtəreɪt ］

vt. 重申，反复地说〈同　repeat〉

例　The professor reiterated his instructions to make sure everyone understood. 教授重申了他的指令，以保证所有人都能理解。

rejuvenate ［rɪ'ʤu:vəneɪt ］

v. （使）返老还童；（使）恢复活力〈同　make young again, invigorate〉

例　The contact with his grandchildren rejuvenated him. 联系上孙子孙女们，让他重新焕发了活力。

记　re（重新）+juven（年轻）+ate→（使）返老还童，参考：juvenile（adj. 青少年的）

联　juvenescence n. 返老还童，变年轻；rejuvenescent adj. 返老还童的，回春的

rekindle ［ˌri:'kɪndəl ］

vt. 再点火；使再振作〈同　relight〉

例　He rekindled the fire every morning. 他每天早上都重新点燃火炉。

rendition ［ren'dɪ∫ən ］

n. 表演，演唱〈同　performance〉

例　The audience cheered enthusiastically as she completed her rendition of the aria. 她唱完咏叹调之后，观众们都热情地为她欢呼。

renounce ［rɪ'naʊns ］

vt. 声明放弃；宣布断绝关系〈同　give up, abandon〉

例　Although she was in need of money, she renounced her claim to the inheritance. 虽然她需要钱，但她却宣布放弃遗产请求。

记　re（反）+nounce（讲话，通告）→反过来宣布→声明放弃

联　renunciation n. 放弃；宣布终止；denounce vt. 指责；enounce vt. 发音；表达；pronounce v. 发音；宣告；announce v. 宣布，通告；renowned adj. 有名的，有声誉的

repent ［rɪ'pent ］

v. 后悔；忏悔，悔悟〈同　feel sorry, be remorseful〉

例　The man went to the priest to repent his sins. 那个人找牧师忏悔自己的罪行。

记　re（重新）+pent（后悔）→后悔

联　repentance n. 后悔，悔改；repentant adj. 后悔的；resent vt. 怨恨；relent v. （使）变温和；recent adj. 最近的

repertory ［'repətəri ］

n. ①全部剧目〈同　stock〉

例　The repertory of a concert band has traditionally included marches and music transcribed from other media. 一支管乐队的常备曲目通常包括从其他媒体转录的进行曲和乐曲。

②仓库

例　Before they returned home from summer vacation, the college students stored their books and large possessions in the school repertory . 回家过暑假之前，大学生们把自己的书和大型财物存放在学校的仓库里。

replenish ［rɪ'plenɪ∫ ］

vt. 补充，把…再备足〈同　refill, restock〉

例　The manager of the hardware store needed to replenish his stock; quite a few of the shelves were empty. 硬件商店的经理需要补充库存；许多货架都空了。

记　re（重新）+plen（满）+ish→重新装满→补充

联　banish vt. 放逐；摒弃；spleenish adj. 脾气坏的，易怒的；admonish vt. 劝告，训诫；garnish vt. 装饰；tarnish v. （使）失去光泽，（使）晦暗

replica ［'replɪkə ］

n. 复制品〈同　duplicate, copy〉

例　Instead of working so hard to produce replicas of famous works of art, why don't you try to create something original? 与其如此努力工作来制作著名艺术品的复制品，为何不尝试自己创作一些原创作品呢？

联　replicate v. 复制

repress ［rɪ'pres ］

vt. 抑制，镇压〈同　depress, restrain〉

例　We all have impulses to violence, but if we are to live in a civilized society, we must learn to repress them. 我们都有暴力的冲动，但我们生活在一个文明社会，因此必须学会抑制这种冲动。

记　re（反复）+press（压）→反复压下去→抑制

联　repression n. 镇压，抑制；repressive adj. 镇压的；残酷的；irrepressible adj. 抑制不住的，控制不住的；compress v. 压缩；redress vt. 改正，修正；depress vt. 使沮丧；regress v. （使）退步，（使）倒退

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Chuck had to stop in the middle of the marathon to ______ himself with water.

25. She had to ______ her craving for chocolate while she was on a diet.

26. The president ______ his commitment to world peace in another speech today.

27. He bought her gifts and flowers to ______ her love.

28. When the teacher passed out the class grades, the student ______ for not having studied for the final test.

29. Spending time with children always ______ the old man.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | raucous | A. exhaust
31. ______ | ratify | B. embrace
32. ______ | receptive | C. disapprove
33. ______ | replenish | D. praise
34. ______ | rejuvenate | E. empty
35. ______ | rebuke | F. build
36. ______ | ragged | G. melodious
37. ______ | raze | H. new
38. ______ | renounce | I. closed-minded

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

39. Paraffin（石蜡）, which has no taste or odor, can form a film that is often used to waterproof receptacles made of cardboard.

(A) containers
(B) covers
(C) posters

40. During the recent petroleum embargo, motor fuels had to be rationed .

(A) located
(B) allotted
(C) distributed

41. Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women , which recounts the experiences of the four March sisters during the American Civil War, is largely autobiographical.

(A) praises
(B) narrates
(C) exaggerates

42. After leaving a particuarly raucous rock music concert, some fans complained about the ringing in their ears known as tinnitus.

(A) crowded
(B) loud
(C) unpleasant

43. Companies in the United States usually reimburse employees' travel expenses incurred on business trips.

(A) share
(B) ask for
(C) pay back

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | repertory | A. remembrance
45. ______ | rehabilitate | B. be contrite
46. ______ | rampant | C. describe
47. ______ | recollection | D. storage
48. ______ | rehearse | E. riotous
49. ______ | repent | F. review
50. ______ | repress | G. repay
51. ______ | reimburse | H. reform
52. ______ | raucous | I. hold down
53. ______ | recount | J. widespread

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

receptive | renounce | replica | ravine | refurbish
rancher | rebuke | raze | recount | ratify

54. The hotel was ______ to make room for a new casino（娱乐场）.

55. American ______ during the wild west were known as cowboys and carried pistols（手枪）in their holsters.

56. Despite the pleadings and protestations of her parents, Janet refused to ______ her love for the leader of the motorcycle gang.

57. The adventure trip included boating in a ______ with a view of beautiful mountains.

58. We need to ______ the old barn before it falls down.

59. The company's board of directors was ______ to the proposal that guaranteed a multi-million dollar return.

60. The president ______ the bill before it became a law.

61. When you replicate something, you produce a perfect ______ of it.

62. The teacher ______ the student for cheating on the exam.

63. The children enjoyed listening to their parents ______ how they first met.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. rampant
7. ration
8. quota
9. quilt
10. rainfall
11. ragged
12. receptacle
13. razor
14. rattle
15. recollection
16. raucous
17. recoiled
18. rehabilitate
19. reel
20. rehearse
21. refraction
22. reimbursed
23. refrigerated
24. replenish
25. repress
26. reiterated
27. rekindle
28. repented
29. rejuvenated
30. G
31. C
32. I
33. E
34. A
35. D
36. H
37. F
38. B
39. A
40. B
41. B
42. B
43. C
44. D
45. H
46. J
47. A
48. F
49. B
50. I
51. G
52. E
53. C
54. razed
55. ranchers
56. renounce
57. ravine
58. refurbish
59. receptive
60. ratified
61. replica
62. rebuked
63. recount

Lesson 24

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The first watermill was horizontal and resembled a rudimentary turbine（涡轮）.

(A) a flat
(B) a rusty
(C) an unsophisticated

2. It is risky to keep wild animals as pets because there is no effective rabies vaccine for immunizing wildlife.

(A) disadvantageous
(B) impossible
(C) hazardous

3. The process of respiration consists of two independent actions, inhaling and exhaling.

(A) breathing
(B) drinking
(C) eating

4. Ships passing on the high seas exchange salutes by lowering and raising their flags once.

(A) information
(B) ceremonies
(C) greetings

5. Millions of bison roamed over the prairies from Canada to Central Mexico.

(A) grazed
(B) wandered
(C) hunted

第一部分

repulse ［rɪ'pʌls ］

vt. ①击退〈同　repel, drive back〉

例　The army repulsed the enemies. 军队击退了敌军。

②拒绝，排斥；使厌恶〈同　refuse; disgust〉

例　The sight of two dogs fighting repulsed her. 看到两条狗打架让她心生反感。

记　re（反）+pulse（推）→推出去→击退

联　repulsive adj. 排斥的；令人厌恶的；pulse n. 脉搏；脉冲；impulse n. 推动；刺激；convulse vt. 震动；使抽筋

reputed ［rɪ'pju:tɪd ］

adj. 名誉好的，被称为…的，有…名气的〈同　known as, famous〉

例　The professor was reputed to be an expert after the publication of his theories. 那名教授出版了自己的理论之后，便被誉为专家。

联　disrepute n. 坏名声，不光彩

residue ［'rezɪdju: ; (US)-du: ］

n. 剩余，残余，渣滓〈同　remainder, remains〉

例　Even though she tried to clean the floor, a residue of dirt remained . 虽然她努力清洁地板，但地板上仍有污垢的残渣。

联　residual adj. 剩余的，残留的

resolute ［'rezəlu:t ］

adj. 坚决的，毅然的〈同　firm, determined〉

例　The workers are resolute to finish the job on time. 工人们坚决按时完成工作。

联　resolve vt. 解决；resolution n. 分辨率

respiration ［ˌrespə'reɪ∫ən ］

n. 呼吸〈同　breathing〉

例　A bad cold can make respiration difficult. 重感冒可能造成呼吸困难。

联　respiratory adj. 呼吸的

responsive ［rɪ'spɒnsɪv ］

adj. 响应的，作出响应的〈同　reactive〉

例　The teacher enjoyed the responsive students. 老师喜欢积极响应的学生。

记　respons（反应）+ive→有反应的→响应的

联　respondent adj. 回答的 n. 回答者；response n. 回答，响应；responsibility n. 责任，职责；responsible adj. 负责的

retool ［ri:'tu:l ］

vt. 将机械重新整备，重组〈同　reorganize, reconstitute〉

例　After someone defaced Tom's chair, the carpenter had to retool it. 有人弄坏了汤姆的椅子，木匠不得不对它进行改装。

联　tooling n. 加工；toolbox n. 工具箱；retort v. 反驳

retract ［rɪ'trækt ］

vt. ①缩回，撤回〈同　retreat〉

例　The politician had to retract his offensive statements. 那名政客不得不收回其无礼的言论。

②收回，取消〈同　withdraw, cancel〉

例　Please retract your false accusation. 请收回你的诬告。

记　re（回）+tract（拉）→拉回去→缩回

联　tract n. 一片土地；attract v. 吸引；abstract adj. 抽象的；contract n. 合同 v. （使）收缩；detract v. 贬低；distract vt. 使混乱；使分心；extract v. 抽取；protract vt. 延长；subtract v. 减少

revere ［rɪ'vɪə(r) ］

vt. 尊崇，尊敬〈同　worship, venerate〉

例　Einstein was a preeminent scientist who was revered by everyone, even his rivals. 爱因斯坦是一位杰出的科学家，受到了所有人的尊敬，包括他的对手。

记　re（一再）+vere（害怕，敬畏）→不断敬畏→尊敬

联　revered adj. 尊敬的；irreverent adj. 不尊敬的；irreverence n. 不尊敬；persevere v. 坚持；reverse v. 颠倒，倒转；reversal n. 颠倒，反转；adore v. 崇拜，爱慕

revitalization ［ri:ˌvaɪtəlaɪ'zeɪ∫ən ; -lɪ'z- ］

n. 新生，复兴〈同　rebirth, reinvigoration〉

例　The president passed new policies that aimed at the revitalization of the troubled economy. 总统批准了旨在复兴经济困境的新政策。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The office had to ______ all its computers after the computer virus had infected them.

7. If you don't dry it, the rain will leave a ______ on the paint of the car.

8. People ______ the saint.

9. When they saw the victim was ______, their fears that she was dead passed.

10. We saw the turtle's head ______ into its shell.

11. Our soldiers ______ the enemy.

第二部分

rhetoric ［'retərɪk ］

n. 修辞；修辞学〈同　eloquence〉

例　All writers, by necessity, must be skilled in rhetoric . 所有作家不可避免地必须精通修辞学。

记　来自Rhetor（古希腊的修辞学教师、演说家）

联　rhetorical adj. 修辞的

riddle ［'rɪdəl ］

n. 谜语〈同　puzzle, enigma〉

例　The newspapers have a section on riddles for people's amusement. 报纸上有一个刊登谜语的版块，以供读者消遣。

v. 出谜；迷惑

例　The inconsistent evidence at the crime scene riddled investigators. 犯罪现场相互矛盾的证据给调查人员出了一个难题。

rift ［rɪft ］

n. 裂缝；断裂，长峡谷〈同　break; crack〉

例　The family argument created a rift between the father and son. 家庭纠纷使父亲与儿子产生了不和。

联　drift n. 冲洗；漂流物 v. （使）漂流；driftwood n. 流木，浮木；snowdrift n. 随风飘飞的雪；rifle n. 步枪 vt. 洗劫，抢劫；rife adj. 流行的，普遍的；gift n. 礼物；lift v. 举起；升起

rigidity ［rə'ʤɪdəti ］

n. 僵化，死板〈同　stiffness〉

例　The drawback of institutionalization is that it can turn into a kind of organizational rigidity that produces paralysis. 制度化的缺点是，它可能变成某种组织僵化，进而造成瘫痪。

rinse ［rɪns ］

v. 用清水冲洗；漱〈同　cleanse with water, flush〉

例　The cook rinsed the vegetables before cutting them to make the salad. 厨师先清洗蔬菜，然后把它们切碎来制作沙拉。

risky ［'rɪski ］

adj. 危险的，冒险的〈同　hazardous, dangerous〉

例　Because of advances in medical technology, heart surgery is not as risky as it formerly was. 由于医疗技术的进步，心脏手术不再像以前那样充满风险。

联　risk n./vt. 冒险；frisky adj. 活泼的，欢闹的；briskness n. 敏捷，活泼

rite ［raɪt ］

n. 仪式〈同　ceremony, ritual〉

例　People entreat the gods for blessing through various sacred rites . 人们通过各种宗教仪式来祈求神的保佑。

联　trite adj. 陈词滥调的；ride v. 骑；ripe adj. 熟的；kite n. 风筝；cite vt. 引用；bite v. 叮咬；site n. 位置

rivalry ［'raɪvəlri ］

n. 竞争；敌对状态〈同　competition, contest〉

例　Since these two teams have played each other for the championship for five consecutive years, they have built up an intense rivalry . 这两支队伍连续五年都在争夺冠军的比赛中相遇，因此，双方展开了激烈的争夺。

roam ［rəʊm ］

vi. 漫游，漫步〈同　wander, ramble〉

例　He had to put up a fence to keep his cattle from roaming onto his neighbor's farm. 为了防止自己的牛跑到邻居家的农场上，他不得不树立起栅栏。

roost ［ru:st ］

n. 栖息处，鸟巢〈同　perch〉

例　Many bats favor isolated or secure roosts , such as caves, crevices in cliff faces or tree hollows. 许多蝙蝠都喜欢隔离的或安全的栖息地，例如山洞、悬崖一侧的裂缝或树洞等。

v. （使）栖息〈同　alight, perch〉

例　The chicken roosted under the tree and out of the sun. 鸡栖息在树荫下面，躲避阳光。

联　boost v. 推进；rooster n. 公鸡；roster n. 花名册；roast v. 烤

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The birds made a ______ inside a tree in order to lay their eggs.

13. Going to casinos can be financially ______ for people who can not control their excitement.

14. The ______ in Winston Churchill's speeches inspired a whole nation.

15. ______ all the shampoo out of your hair when you wash it.

16. A strong ______ between two teams can very easily turn into violence between their fans.

17. Sherlock Holmes was a master at solving ______.

第三部分

roughly ［'rʌfli ］

adv. 概略地；大致地〈同　approximately, more or less〉

例　The opera should begin at roughly 7:30 pm. 歌剧应该在晚上7:30左右开演。

roundabout ［'raʊndəbaʊt ］

adj. 间接的；转弯抹角的〈同　indirect, circuitous〉

例　He never spoke directly but always in a roundabout way. 他从不直接说，而总是以一种拐弯抹角的方式说出来。

rubbery ［'rʌbəri ］

adj. 橡胶似的，有弹力的〈同　elastic, flexible〉

例　People who eat squid say it is very rubbery . 吃鱿鱼的人说它非常有弹性。

rubble ［'rʌbəl ］

n. （一堆）碎石，瓦砾

例　Before the new housing project could be built, it was necessary to tear down the old houses and remove the rubble . 在新住宅项目开建之前，必须推倒旧房子，并清除碎石。

联　pebble n. 小圆石，小鹅卵石

rudimentary ［ˌru:dɪ'mentəri ］

adj. 基本的；初步的，发展未完全的〈同　elementary; primary, undeveloped〉

例　The alphabet is rudimentary knowledge for students. 字母表是学生们要掌握的基础知识。

记　rudi（无知的，粗鲁的）+ment+ary→无知状态→初步的

联　rudiment n. 基本，初步；erudite adj. 深奥的；inchoate adj. 初步的，未形成的；incipient adj. 初始的；primeval adj. 原始

rugged ［'rʌgɪd ］

adj. 高低不平的；崎岖的〈同　uneven, rough〉

例　Most of British Columbia is mountainous, with long, rugged ranges running north and south. 不列颠哥伦比亚省的大部分地区都是山区，多是自北向南蜿蜒崎岖的山脉。

记　rug（=wrinkle 皱）+ed→起皱的→高低不平的

联　rug n. 小地毯；ragged adj. 破烂的；jagged adj. 锯齿状的；logged adj. 笨拙的；harsh adj. 粗糙的；苛刻的

rumble ［'rʌmbəl ］

n. 隆隆声，辘辘行驶声〈同　thunder〉

例　The avalanche's rumble was heard down in the valley. 在山谷里能够听到雪崩的隆隆声。

v. 发出低沉的隆隆声〈同　roar, growl〉

例　The baby tiger rumbled at the man who approached. 小虎崽对接近它的那个人低声咆哮。

rustic ［'rʌstɪk ］

adj. 乡村的，乡下风格的〈同　rural〉

例　A rustic life is supposed to be a tranquil one. 乡下生活应该是安静的。

记　rust（乡村）+ic→乡村的

联　rusticity n. 乡村风味；rust n. 锈 v. （使）生锈；rusticate v. （使）定居乡村；过乡村生活；rusty adj. 生锈的；rural adj. 乡下的，田园的；bucolic adj. 田园的，乡村的

ruthless ［'ru:θlɪs ］

adj. 无同情心的，残忍的〈同　unmerciful, heartless〉

例　The bank robbers were ruthless and left no survivors. 银行劫匪非常残忍，没有留下任何活口。

记　ruth（仁慈）+less→不仁慈的→残忍的

联　ruthful adj. 令人同情的；rustless adj. 不锈的

saga ［'sɑ:gə ］

n. 英雄传奇〈同　legend〉

例　The saga of a lone man confronting the turbulent oceans in a small boat is an exploit we find laudable. 一个人单身一人乘一条小船面对狂暴的大海，这样的传奇事迹在我们看来是值得称赞的壮举。

联　sage adj. 智慧的；sag v. 下陷，下垂；消沉；sagacity n. 聪慧，洞察力；sagacious adj. 有洞察力的，有远见的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. It is almost impossible to learn multiplication without knowing the ______ steps of addition.

19. The Star Wars movies are based on a ______ about the struggle between good and evil.

20. The time it took him to finish the run was ______ one hour.

21. The bomb left the whole town in ______.

22. If there is too much traffic on this street, you should take a ______ route.

23. The ______ tyrant caused the deaths of millions of people.

第四部分

sake ［seɪk ］

n. 缘故；原因〈同　purpose〉

例　The greedy man would do anything for money's sake . 为了钱，那个贪婪的人可以做任何事情。

联　forsake vt. 遗弃

salient ［'seɪlɪənt ］

adj. 显著的，突出的〈同　conspicuous, noticeable〉

例　Mike has two salient characteristics: an unusually prominent nose and extremely large ears. 迈克有两个突出的特点：一个异常高挺的鼻子和超大的耳朵。

记　sal（跳）+ient→跳起来→突出的

联　salience n. 显著，突出；sapient adj. 睿智的；自以为聪明的；alien adj. 外国的，相异的；prominent adj. 突出的，卓越的

saline ［'seɪlaɪn ; (US)'seɪli:n ］

adj. 含盐的，咸的〈同　salty〉

例　The slightly saline taste of this mineral water is pleasant. 这种矿泉水略带咸味的口味非常好喝。

联　salinity n. 盐分，盐度；saltiness n. 盐度；desalination n. 脱盐作用；saliva n. 口水，唾液

salute ［sə'lu:t ; sə'lju:t ］

n. 致敬〈同　greeting〉

例　The soldier gave a salute and the officer returned it. 士兵敬礼，军官还礼。

sanctimonious ［ˌsæŋktɪ'məʊnɪəs ］

adj. 假装诚实的，伪装虔诚的〈同　hypocritical〉

例　You do not have to be so sanctimonious to prove that you are devout. 你不必如此虚伪地证明自己是虔诚的。

记　来自名词sanctimonial（修女）

联　sanctify vt. 使神圣化；sanction n./vt. 批准，同意；制裁

sanctuary ［'sæŋktjʊəri ; (US)-ʊeri ］

n. ①圣所，圣殿〈同　holy place〉

例　The exiled king sought sanctuary in the church. 那个被流放的国王到教堂寻求庇护。

②避难所；动物保护区〈同　shelter, refuge〉

例　The beautiful garden was her sanctuary from the world. 那个美丽的花园是她逃离这个世界的避难所。

记　sanct（神圣）+uary（地方）→圣所

联　sanctum n. 圣地；密室

sandy ［'sændi ］

adj. 沙的，多沙的

例　The children liked to go to the sandy beach and build sand castles. 孩子们喜欢去沙滩盖沙堡。

sanitation ［ˌsænɪ'teɪ∫ən ］

n. （公共、环境的）卫生，卫生设施〈同　health, hygiene〉

例　The city's Department of Sanitation oversees garbage removal. 那座城市的公共卫生部负责监督垃圾清运。

记　sanit（健康的）+ation→与健康有关的→卫生

联　sanitary adj. 卫生的，清洁的；sanity n. 心智健全；sane adj. 健全的

sap ［sæp ］

n. 树液，汁液〈同　fluid〉

例　Rising sap carries water and minerals from the roots. 上升的树液从根部带走了水和矿物质。

vt. 使衰竭〈同　drain, exhaust〉

例　Fasting quickly sapped his strength. 禁食迅速折损了他的力量。

联　sapphire n. 蓝宝石

sarcastic ［sɑ:'kæstɪk ］

adj. 讽刺的，挖苦的〈同　ironic, cynical〉

例　“Don't hurry!”was her husband's sarcastic comment as she slowly dressed.“别着急！”是每次她慢慢打扮的时候，她丈夫的挖苦话。

联　sarcasm n. 挖苦，讽刺；satire n. 讽刺文学，讽刺

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Sharp mountain peaks were ______ features in the landscape.

25. Public ______ in a large city is an important factor in keeping people healthy.

26. The ______ of a soldier is a sign of respect.

27. Lisa was insulted by Bob's ______ quip（双关语）.

28. The mother quit smoking for her children's ______.

29. He forgot to close the windows of his beach house on the windy day and the house became ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | responsive | A. smooth
31. ______ | roundabout | B. advanced
32. ______ | revere | C. welcome
33. ______ | ruthless | D. inconspicuous
34. ______ | rudimentary | E. alliance
35. ______ | salient | F. direct
36. ______ | rivalry | G. impassive
37. ______ | repulse | H. flattering
38. ______ | sarcastic | I. humane
39. ______ | rugged | J. despise

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | sake | A. drain
41. ______ | rhetoric | B. country
42. ______ | rite | C. account
43. ______ | sap | D. decided
44. ______ | sanctimonious | E. stroll
45. ______ | rustic | F. formality
46. ______ | risky | G. split
47. ______ | roam | H. command of language
48. ______ | rift | I. perilous
49. ______ | resolute | J. pretending to be devout

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

roam | rumble | rustic | saline | rift
rubbery | sap | reputed | resolute | rugged

50. I have never heard of her either, but the newspaper says she is ______ to be her country's best ice skater.

51. We heard the far-off ______ of thunder.

52. The hungry bull ______ around the field looking for something to eat.

53. The ______ between the two friends never healed and they never spoke to each other again.

54. They added some ______ corners to the desk so the children wouldn't hurt themselves.

55. She was ______ in her desire to become a successful businesswoman, so she worked very hard.

56. The ______ of the aloe plant（芦荟）is medicinal and can be used for minor cuts and sunburns.

57. The ______ hike required that we wear hiking boots, not tennis shoes.

58. We enjoyed the ______ scenery as we traveled through the countryside.

59. When he went swimming in the ocean, the ______ water got into his eyes and he couldn't see.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. retool
7. residue
8. revered
9. responsive
10. retract
11. repulsed
12. roost
13. risky
14. rhetoric
15. Rinse
16. rivalry
17. riddles
18. rudimentary
19. saga
20. roughly
21. rubbles
22. roundabout
23. ruthless
24. salient
25. sanitation
26. salute
27. sarcastic
28. sake
29. sandy
30. G
31. F
32. J
33. I
34. B
35. D
36. E
37. C
38. H
39. A
40. C
41. H
42. G
43. A
44. J
45. B
46. I
47. E
48. G
49. D
50. reputed
51. rumble
52. roamed
53. rift
54. rubbery
55. resolute
56. sap
57. rugged
58. rustic
59. saline

Lesson 25

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Trees, shrubs , flowers, and grass give character and variety to parks.

(A) vines
(B) vegetables
(C) bushes
(D) weeds

2. In anatomical diagrams, the aorta is frequently depicted in scarlet .

(A) light blue
(B) bright red
(C) black
(D) purple

3. Penguins do not suffer from the cold in Antarctica because their feathers secrete a protective oil.

(A) hide
(B) warm
(C) produce
(D) absorb

4. Mary is a silly girl.

(A) foolish
(B) eccentric
(C) popular
(D) well-known

5. To take Highway 70 East is a shortcut to Oklahoma City.

(A) direct route
(B) narrow path
(C) banner
(D) raid

第一部分

satire ［'sætaɪə(r) ］

n. 讽刺；讽刺文学〈同　lampoonery, caricature〉

例　The newspaper's goofy cartoon of the president was a political satire . 报纸上刊登的关于总统的滑稽漫画，是一种政治讽刺作品。

联　satiric adj. 讽刺的，挖苦的；satirist n. 讽刺作家

scapegoat ［'skeɪpgəut ］

n. 替罪羊，代人受过的人〈同　victim〉

例　The innocent manager was made the scapegoat for the corrupt dealings of her employees. 那名无辜的经理成了其下属员工舞弊交易的替罪羊。

scarlet ［'skɑ:lɪt ］

adj. 猩红的，鲜红的〈同　bright red〉

例　The knight's sword was scarlet after the battle. 战斗结束后，那名骑士的剑变成了猩红色。

scavenger ［'skævɪnʤə(r) ］

n. 清道夫，食腐动物

例　The raccoon is a scavenger and searches through the trash for food. 浣熊是食腐动物，会在垃圾中寻找食物。

联　scavenge v. （动物）以（垃圾、腐肉）为食，（在废弃物中）搜寻（有用之物）；avenge v. （替…）报仇；revenge n./v. 报仇，复仇；vengeful adj. 复仇的

scotch ［'skɒtʃ ］

v. 镇压，粉碎〈同　put an end to〉

例　Our picnic plans were scotched when the rain started. 开始下雨了，所以我们的野餐计划泡汤了。

联　oppress vt. 镇压，压制；depress vt. 压制；inspire v. 激励；thwart vt. 阻碍，反对；foil vt. 阻止，挫败

scour ［'skaʊə(r) ］

vt. 冲刷，擦掉〈同　scrub, rub〉

例　You'll have to scour those old cooking pots before you use them. 在用那些旧锅之前，你必须把它们洗刷干净。

联　scourer n. 擦洗者；洗刷用具；scout v. 侦察；scrub v. 擦洗；polish v. 擦亮

scramble ［'skræmbəl ］

vt. 搅乱，使混杂〈同　jumble, mix〉

例　The magician scrambled the cards that I had chosen with the rest of the deck. 魔术师把我挑选的扑克牌与剩余的牌洗乱。

记　分割记忆；scr（看做scale，攀登）+amble（快走）→总是催人快走，搞得人心烦意乱→搅乱

联　crumble v. 弄碎，粉碎；crumple v. 弄皱，压皱；scrabble v. 乱写，乱涂；amble vi. 缓行，漫步

scruple ［'skru:pəl ］

n. 踌躇；顾忌〈同　hesitation〉

例　She has moral and religious scruples which prevent her from eating meat. 她有道德与宗教方面的顾虑，让她不能吃肉。

联　scrupulously adv. 小心翼翼地；unscrupulous adj. 肆无忌惮的，无道德的

scuba ［'sku:bə ］

n. 水中呼吸器

例　He bought a scuba for the diving trip. 为了这次潜水之旅，他买了一个水中呼吸器。

seasoning ［'si:zənɪŋ ］

n. 调味品，调料〈同　flavoring, spice〉

例　She added seasoning to the chicken before she put it in the oven. 她给鸡撒上作料，然后把它放进了烤炉。

联　seasonal adj. 季节的，季节性的；unseasonably adv. 不合时令地，不合时宜地

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. He bought a bottle of ______ to flavor the barbeque meat.

7. The strong water current ______ the land on the river bank.

8. The comic play was a ______ of the corrupt corporate world.

9. The bad son had no ______ about stealing and selling his mother's jewelry to buy his new bike.

10. The carpet at the murder scene was ______.

11. Divers use ______ when they want to reach deep parts of the ocean or stay underwater for a prolonged period of time.

第二部分

seclusion ［sɪ'klu:∫ən ］

n. 独处，隐居〈同　solitude, isolation〉

例　A hermit likes to live in seclusion . 隐士喜欢住在隐蔽的地方。

记　se（分开）+clus（关闭）+ion→自我封闭，与别人分开→隐居

联　seclude vt. 使隔绝；secluded adj. 隐遁的，隔绝的；seclusive adj. 好隐居的；reclusion n. 隐居；conclusion n. 结论；exclusion n. 拒绝，排除

secrete ［sɪ'kri:t ］

vt. 分泌〈同　produce, excrete〉

例　The snake secreted the poison when it bit him. 蛇咬他的时候便分泌出毒液。

联　secretin n. 分泌素；secret n. 秘密

sect ［sekt ］

n. 宗派，教派〈同　party, faction〉

例　A small sect broke off from the main group to practice their own beliefs. 为了他们自己的信仰，一个小的派别从主组织中分裂了出去。

联　insect n. 昆虫；transect vt. 横断；intersect v. 横截，横断；dissect v. 解剖；section n. 部分；sectarian adj. 宗派的；sector n. 扇形面；地区

secular ［'sekjʊlə(r) ］

adj. 世俗的，尘世的〈同　earthly, worldly〉

例　The church leaders decided not to interfere in secular matters. 宗教领袖决定不干涉世俗事务。

记　sec（=second 秒，引伸为“现世”）+ular→尘世的

联　secularize vt. 使世俗化；auricular adj. 耳的，耳状的；temporal adj. 现世的，世俗的

sedentary ［'sedəntəri ; (US)'sedənteri ］

adj. ①（指人或动物）土生的，不移徙的

例　Most Algonquin Indian tribes except those of the north were sedentary and carried on agriculture with varying degrees of intensity. 除北方的部落外，大多数阿尔冈昆印第安部落都是定居的部落，并从事一定强度的农业生产。

②（指工作）坐着做的（不需运动的）〈同　unmoving, motionless〉

例　Because he had a sedentary occupation, he decided to visit a gymnasium weekly. 由于他从事一个久坐不动的职业，因此他决定每周都去体育馆健身。

记　sed（坐）+ent+ary→久坐的→不移徙的

联　sedative adj. 镇痛的；sediment n. 沉积物；sedimentary adj. 沉积的；sedition n. 骚乱；sedan n. 私家轿车，轿子

sediment ［'sedɪmənt ］

n. 沉积物，沉淀物〈同　deposit, precipitate〉

例　The sediment in your orange juice is orange pulp. 橘子汁内的沉淀物是橘子的果肉。

记　sedi（坐）+ment→坐下去的东西→沉淀物

联　sedimentary adj. 沉积的，沉淀性的

seduce ［sɪ'dju:s ; (US)sɪ'du:s ］

vt. 勾引，诱惑〈同　tempt, entice〉

例　The glamor of the big city seduced the country boy. 大城市的魅力诱惑着那个乡下男孩。

联　seduction n. 诱惑；seductive adj. 诱人的

seedling ［'si:dlɪŋ ］

n. 秧苗，树苗

例　The seedling was removed from the pot and placed in the ground. 幼苗被从花盆里移出，然后种在了地里。

seismic ［'saɪzmɪk ］

adj. 地震的；由地震引起的

例　The Richter scale is a measurement of seismic disturbances. 里氏震级是对地震扰动的测量单位。

记　seism（地震）+ic→地震的

联　seismograph n. 地震仪；seismology n. 地震学

sensational ［sen'seɪ∫ənəl ］

adj. 极好的，绝妙的；引起轰动的〈同　exceptional; spectacular〉

例　Everyone clapped after the class president's sensational speech at the graduation ceremony. 班长在毕业典礼上做了精彩的演讲，演讲结束后，所有人都热烈鼓掌。

记　来自名词sensation（知觉，轰动［的事］；sens［感觉］+ation→感觉）+al→引起轰动的

联　sensation n. 知觉；轰动；sensible adj. 明智的；感觉到的；sensitive adj. 敏感的；sensor n. 传感器；sensual adj. 肉体的；色情的；世俗的；sensuous adj. 感官的；给人美感的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Bookkeeping（簿记）is a ______ occupation.

13. The ______ destruction of the earthquake cost the city millions of dollars for reconstruction.

14. The ______ population advocates a scientific teaching of evolution and creation.

15. The acid that a horse's stomach ______ can break down the structure of grass.

16. Benedict Arnold, ______ by offers of money, betrayed his country to the enemy.

17. The archeologists dug into the river ______ in search of prehistoric bones.

第三部分

sensory ［'sensəri ］

adj. 感觉的，感官的〈同　perceptive〉

例　Sharks have sensory organs that can detect faint electrical fields from other fish. 鲨鱼长有感觉器官，可以探测到其他鱼类微弱的电场。

serrated ［sə'reɪtɪd ; (US)se'reɪtɪd ］

adj. 锯齿状的〈同　jagged, serrulated〉

例　The beech tree is one of many plants that have serrated leaves. 许多种植物长有锯齿状的叶子，山毛榉树是其中之一。

记　serr（=saw 锯子）+ated→锯齿状的

联　serration n. 锯齿状；serried adj. 密集的；serial adj. 连续的，系列的；serous adj. 如水的；浆液的；serum n. 浆液，血清；notched adj. 有凹口的，锯齿状的

sewerage ［'su:ərɪʤ ］

n. 排水系统

例　The city's sewerage system was built one hundred years ago, and needs to be updated. 这座城市的排水设施始建于100年前，需要进行翻新。

联　sewer n. 下水道；裁缝师

sheath ［∫i:ð ］

n. 鞘，外壳〈同　holder, scabbard〉

例　He bought a sheath along with the sword so no one would hurt themselves on his sword. 他买了一把剑，带有一个剑鞘，这样就不会有人被他的剑弄伤了。

shiver ［'∫ɪvə(r) ］

n./v. 颤抖〈同　quiver, tremble〉

例　She shivered in the cold air. 她在寒风中瑟瑟发抖。

shortcut ［'∫ɔ:tkʌt ］

n. 捷径〈同　a direct route〉

例　They took a shortcut to get to the airport faster. 为了更快地到达机场，他们抄了一条近路。

shriek ［∫ri:k ］

v. 尖声叫喊〈同　scream〉

例　She shrieked at the sight of the mouse. 她一看到老鼠便尖叫起来。

n. 尖叫，尖声

例　We heard the shrieks from next door and called the police. 我们听到了隔壁的尖叫声，然后报了警。

联　shrill adj. 尖声的；yell n./v. 喊叫；wail v. 哀号；growl n./v. 咆哮；roar n. /v. 轰鸣；咆哮

shrivel ［'∫rɪvəl ］

v. （使）枯萎〈同　wither, shrink〉

例　She ought to pick the lettuce before it shrivels and dies. 她应该在莴苣枯死之前把它摘走。

shrub ［∫rʌb ］

n. 灌木；灌木丛〈同　bush〉

例　Shrubs can make a cute border around the lawn but they do not provide any privacy because of their low height. 灌木可以沿草坪形成一个可爱的边界，但它们无法保证任何私密性，因为它们太矮了。

shuffle ［'∫ʌfəl ］

vt. 洗牌〈同　disorder, jumble〉

例　She shuffled the deck at the beginning of every new card game. 每一局扑克牌开始之前，她都要洗牌。

联　shuffle the deck 洗牌

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. I crept ______ into bed.

19. ______ should be pruned to keep them looking neat.

20. The ______ was installed at the turn of the century.

21. Since we were running late, we asked the local people if they knew a ______ to Brooklyn.

22. Whales use sonar as a natural ______ mechanism.

23. The gunshots in the theater made everyone run out ______.

第四部分

sidestep ［'saɪdstep ］

v. 横跨一步躲闪；回避（困难）〈同　avoid, evade〉

例　The player sidestepped his opponent and kicked the ball into the net. 那名球员晃开了对手，把球踢进了球门。

silly ［'sɪli ］

adj. 愚蠢的；糊涂的；傻的〈同　foolish, stupid〉

例　The circus clown was very silly . 那个马戏团的小丑非常可笑。

silt ［sɪlt ］

n. 淤泥

例　The harbor channel must be dredged annually to remove the silt . 必须每年对海港航道进行疏浚，以清除航道中的淤泥。

联　sill n. 基石；门槛；窗台；sift v. 筛，过滤；silk n. 丝绸；tilt v. （使）倾斜；wilt n./v. 枯萎；slit v. 撕裂；gilt adj. 镀金的；lilt v. 轻快地唱

simplicity ［sɪm'plɪsɪti ］

n. ①简单〈同　easiness〉

例　The simplicity of that book makes it suitable for children. 那本书简单易懂，适合孩子阅读。

②朴素〈同　plainness〉

例　A room in a hospital should be furnished with simplicity . 医院里的房间必须简单装修。

sinuous ［'sɪnjʊəs ］

adj. 蜿蜒的，迂回的〈同　curving, twisting〉

例　Snakes move by the sinuous motion of the muscles in their bodies. 蛇通过身体肌肉的弯曲动作向前移动。

skimp ［skɪmp ］

v. 节省，节俭；吝啬〈同　stint, spare〉

例　They were forced to skimp on necessities in order to make their limited supplies last the winter. 为了使他们有限的物资能够维持一个冬天，他们不得不节约使用生活必需品。

skyrocket ［skaɪ'rɒkɪt ］

vi. 猛涨，突增〈同　rise quickly, soar〉

例　Sales skyrocketed after the release of the new advertisements. 新广告推出之后，商品销量暴涨。

记　sky+rocket（火箭）→像火箭一样一飞冲天→猛涨，突增

联　skyscraper n. 摩天大楼；skyphone n. 空中电话；skymotel n. （机场附近供乘客住宿的）航空汽车旅馆

slab ［slæb ］

n. （四边形的厚物质）板，片〈同　a broad〉

例　Talc, a soft mineral with a variety of uses, is sold in slabs or in powdered form. 云母是一种用途广泛的软矿石，通常以板或粉末的形式出售。

slander ［'slɑ:ndə(r) ; (US)'slændər ］

n./v. 诽谤〈同　defamation; malign〉

例　Unless you can prove your allegations, your remarks constitute slander . 除非你能证明你的主张，否则你的话就构成了诽谤。

联　slanderous adj. 诽谤性的；slant v. （使）倾斜，歪向；slender adj. 苗条的

slash ［slæ∫ ］

vt. 大量削减〈同　cut, reduce largely〉

例　Prices have been slashed by 50%. 价格大幅下跌了50%。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The stingy boss ______ on the employees' Christmas bonuses.

25. The attorney ______ the incriminating questions.

26. The professor ______ the unnecessary words from the student's essay when he reviewed it.

27. The price of beef ______ when the beef is in shortage.

28. The two politicians ______ each other during their campaign for presidency.

29. The ______ river twists and turns through the jungle.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | secular | A. ordinary
31. ______ | slander | B. religious
32. ______ | shrivel | C. difficulty
33. ______ | seduce | D. serious
34. ______ | silly | E. squander
35. ______ | sinuous | F. praise
36. ______ | sensational | G. confront
37. ______ | sidestep | H. repel
38. ______ | skimp | I. straight
39. ______ | simplicity | J. bloom

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | shiver | A. discharge
41. ______ | sedentary | B. ridicule
42. ______ | satire | C. stop
43. ______ | slash | D. stationary
44. ______ | shrub | E. hesitancy
45. ______ | secrete | F. reduce
46. ______ | scruple | G. mundane
47. ______ | scotch | H. shudder
48. ______ | secular | I. notched
49. ______ | serrated | J. bush

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

sect | sheath | scramble | serrated | slab
silly | sensational | silt | slash | shrivel

50. He put the knife back into the ______ after he used it to cut the rope.

51. The leaves of the tree ______ and fell off.

52. His mother made ______ eggs and sausage for breakfast.

53. Kit Carson, an American frontiersman, was one of the most ______ heroes of the Old West.

54. Not studying for the final test was a ______ mistake.

55. Though still Republicans, the friends decided to create their own ______ within the larger political party.

56. In times of economic difficulty, corporate budgets for research and development are often ______ before any others.

57. ______ is easily transported by moving currents but it settles in still water.

58. I placed a deeply ______ blade in the saw so I could cut the dense wood.

59. ______ of concrete were used for the construction of the sidewalk.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. seasoning
7. scoured
8. satire
9. scruples
10. scarlet
11. scubas
12. sedentary
13. seismic
14. secular
15. secretes
16. seduced
17. sediment
18. shivering
19. Shrubs
20. sewerage
21. shortcut
22. sensory
23. shrieking
24. skimped
25. sidestepped
26. slashed
27. skyrocketed
28. slandered
29. sinuous
30. B
31. F
32. J
33. H
34. D
35. I
36. A
37. G
38. E
39. C
40. H
41. D
42. B
43. F
44. J
45. A
46. E
47. C
48. G
49. I
50. sheath
51. shriveled
52. scrambled
53. sensational
54. silly
55. sect
56. slashed
57. Silt
58. serrated
59. Slabs

Lesson 26

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Jonquils bear from three to six flowers on a stalk about a foot high.

(A) plant
(B) leaf
(C) stem

2. The lizard called the Gila monster is ordinarily sluggish and clumsy.

(A) lethargic
(B) amorphous
(C) ludicrous

3. Records indicate that the tortoise（龟）can live longer than any animal with a spine .

(A) tail
(B) mouth
(C) backbone

4. Floors and walls must be specially constructed to make a buiding soundproof .

(A) solid and sturdy
(B) officially complete
(C) impermeable to noise

5. Bread has been a staple of the human diet since prehistoric times.

(A) great delicacy
(B) basic part
(C) fastener

第一部分

slime ［slaɪm ］

n. 黏土；黏液〈同　mud; saliva〉

例　Please take your shoes off before you come in so you don't get any slime on the carpet. 进门之前请脱鞋，以免在地毯上留下泥巴。

联　slimy adj. 黏糊糊的；（分泌）黏液的

slippery ［'slɪpəri ］

adj. （指物体表面）滑的，光滑的〈同　smooth〉

例　Drive carefully, the roads are wet and slippery . 小心开车，因为道路又湿又滑。

记　来自动词slip(p)（滑）+ery→光滑的

联　slip n. 滑倒；纸片 v. 滑动，滑倒；slipper n. 拖鞋；slipshod adj. 随便的；马虎的，草率的；slithery adj. 光滑的；滑溜的；lubricious adj. 滑的，光滑的；淫荡的

sloth ［sləʊθ ］

n. 树懒；怠惰，懒惰〈同　laziness, indolence〉

例　The sloth is a creature commonly found on trees in Central and South American jungles. 树懒是中南美洲丛林里的一种常见动物，它们一般生活在树上。

联　slothful adj. 迟钝的，懒惰的

sluggish ［'slʌgɪ∫ ］

adj. 行动迟缓的；不活泼的；缓慢的〈同　slow, lethargic〉

例　It was a sluggish day at the office and no one wanted to work. 办公室里一整天都死气沉沉，没有人想工作。

记　slug（蛞蝓：一种行动物缓慢的蠕虫）+gish→像蛞蝓那样动作缓慢→行动迟缓的

联　sluggard n. 偷懒者，懒鬼；waggish adj. 诙谐的；smug adj. 自命不凡的；snug adj. 暖和的，安逸的；torpid adj. 迟缓的，迟钝的；蛰伏的

sly ［slaɪ ］

adj. 狡猾的〈同　wily, cunning〉

例　She was sly in card games and never lost. 在玩扑克牌的时候，她非常狡猾，从来没输过。

smelting ［'smeltɪŋ ］

n. 冶炼

例　They separated the precious metals by smelting . 他们通过冶炼来离析出稀有金属。

smog ［smɒg ］

n. 烟雾〈同　pollution, haze〉

例　The smog from the morning traffic made it difficult to breathe. 早晨交通产生的烟雾，让人呼吸都困难。

smother ［'smʌðə(r) ］

vt. ①使窒息〈同　suffocate, asphyxiate〉

例　He smothered the lady by holding a pillow over her face. 他把一个枕头蒙在那个女人的脸上，使她窒息而死。

②熄灭；覆盖〈同　extinguish, cover〉

例　Please smother the campfire before you leave in order to prevent any forest fires. 为了避免引起森林火灾，请在离开之前盖熄篝火。

snippet ［'snɪpɪt ］

n. 小片，片断；摘录〈同　piece; fragment〉

例　He threw snippets of bread for the birds to eat. 他扔了几片面包，喂给鸟儿吃。

snobbish ［'snɒbɪ∫ ］

adj. 势利眼的，谄上傲下的〈同　haughty〉

例　The snobbish diner talked to the waitress as though she were stupid. 那个势利眼的用餐者，把女服务员当成傻瓜一样和她说话。

记　来自名词snob（势利小人）+bish→势利眼的

联　snobbery n. 势利；snub vt. 怠慢，不理睬

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ fox excaped the dogs chasing it.

7. The city was so severely polluted that it was covered in ______ almost every day.

8. After she mopped（用拖把拖）the stairs, she put a sign to warn people it was ______.

9. The forest rangers ______ the fire with dirt.

10. The ______ on the rocks in the cave made them slippery to walk on.

11. He earned a reputation as a ______ for not finishing his work on time.

第二部分

snowflake ［'snəʊfleɪk ］

n. 雪花

例　The children could see the snowflakes on the window after the snowfall. 下雪之后，孩子们能看到落在窗户上的雪花。

联　flake n. 薄片 vt. 使成薄片

sociable ［'səʊ∫əbəl ］

adj. 好交际的，友善的〈同　gregarious, friendly〉

例　Because Mary is sociable , she introduced herself to everyone at the party. 因为玛丽喜好交际，因此她在聚会上把自己介绍给所有人。

记　soci（同伴）+able→与同伴交往→好交际的

联　society n. 社会；socialism n. 社会主义；socialite n. 社会名流；extrovert n. 性格外向者；gregarious adj. 爱社交的；群居的

solder ［'səʊldə(r) ; (US)'sɒdər ］

vt. 焊接，焊在一起〈同　seam〉

例　The construction workers soldered the two metal poles together. 建筑工人们把两根金属杆焊接在一起。

联　soldier n. 军人，士兵

solicit ［sə'lɪsɪt ］

vt. 恳求，乞求〈同　plead for, beg〉

例　The volunteers went out to solicit funds for indigent families. 志愿者们为贫困家庭募集资金。

记　soli（=sole 唯一，全部）+cit（引出）→引出某人做事→恳求

联　solicitation n. 恳求，要求；solicitor n. 律师，法律顾问；solicitous adj. 热切的，挂念的；solitary adj. 孤独的；soliloquy n. 独白

soothe ［su:ð ］

vt. 使（某人情绪）平静，安慰；使（痛苦、疼痛）缓和或减轻〈同　quiet; alleviate〉

例　The medicine soothed the child's toothache. 那种药物缓解了那个小孩的牙疼。

联　soothing adj. 抚慰的，使人宽心的；appease vt. 平息，安抚；pacify vt. 抚慰；comfort vt. 安慰；relieve vt. 减轻

soundproof ［'saʊndpru:f ］

adj. 隔音的，防音的〈同　impermeable to noise, insulative〉

例　The band recorded the music for their album in a soundproof studio. 那个乐队在一个隔音的录音棚为他们的唱片录制音乐。

souvenir ［ˌsu:və'nɪə(r) ; (US)'su:vənɪər ］

n. 纪念品〈同　reminder, memento〉

例　The young couple bought a souvenir of their honeymoon in Florida. 那对年轻的夫妇在佛罗里达州度蜜月时买了一个纪念品。

记　分割记忆；sou（看做south，南方）+venir（来的东西）→从南方带回来的东西→纪念品

联　resservoir n. 水库，蓄水池

spaceship ［'speɪs∫ɪp ］

n. 宇宙飞船

例　Many people reported seeing an alien spaceship in the sky last night. 许多人称，昨天晚上看到天空中有一艘外星飞船。

联　spacecraft n. 宇宙飞船；space shuttle n. （往返于地球和太空站之间运载人和物资的）航天飞机

sparse ［spɑ:s ］

adj. 稀少的；稀疏的〈同　scarce, scattered〉

例　Information coming out of the disaster area is sparse . 来自受灾地区的信息非常少。

联　sparsely adv. 稀疏地，稀少地

spawn ［spɔ:n ］

v. ①产卵，大量生育〈同　generate, breed〉

例　The insects in the house spawned millions more in a couple of weeks. 那栋房子里的昆虫在几周之内又产下了数百万个卵。

②造成，酿成〈同　create〉

例　The new economic freedom has spawned hundreds of new small businesses. 新经济自由政策催生了数百家新兴的小型企业。

联　span n. 跨度，范围

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The ______ entered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down in the ocean today.

13. The charity event aimed to ______ funds for the construction of a new children's hospital.

14. Fish ladders had to be built in the dams to assist the salmon returning to ______ in their native streams.

15. She kept postcards as ______ of all the places she visited on her trip in Europe.

16. Every ______ has a unique pattern; no two are identical.

17. She ______ the severed wires back together.

第三部分

spear ［spɪə(r) ］

n. 矛，枪〈同　pike〉

例　The spear was a common weapon used by Native Americans to hunt animals. 矛是印第安人用来打猎的一种常用武器。

v. （用矛）刺；戳（洞）〈同　pierce, puncture〉

例　He speared the animal in the heart and it fell down dead instantly. 他用矛刺中了那只动物的心脏，于是它立即倒在地上死去了。

speck ［spek ］

n. 斑点〈同　particle, fleck〉

例　He wiped the specks that the rain had made on the car window. 他擦掉了雨水在车窗上留下的斑点。

联　flyspeck n. 蝇粪留下的污点，污点

speedy ［'spi:di ］

adj. 快的，迅速的〈同　fast, rapid〉

例　The pizza parlor promises a speedy delivery. 那家比萨饼店保证迅速送达。

spine ［spaɪn ］

n. 脊骨；书脊；刺〈同　backbone, vertebrate〉

例　An invertebrate is an animal with no spine . 无脊椎动物是指没有脊椎的动物。

联　spinal adj. 脊骨的，脊髓的；spinal cord 脊髓；spined adj. 有脊骨的，有脊柱的；spiny adj. 多刺的，刺状的；spinet n. 小型立式钢琴；spinach n. 菠菜

spit ［spɪt ］

v. 吐（唾沫），喷吐

例　Many people think it is impolite to spit in public. 许多人认为在公共场合吐痰是不礼貌的。

spite ［spaɪt ］

n. 恶意；怨恨〈同　malice; resentment〉

例　The rival teams carried spite for each other. 两支敌对的队伍对彼此充满了敌意。

联　in spite of 不顾，不管

sprawl ［sprɔ:l ］

vi. 散乱地延伸；四肢摊开着坐、卧或倒下〈同　extend, stretch〉

例　Janet's pet cat likes to sprawl out in front of the fireplace to sleep. 珍妮特的宠物猫喜欢懒散地趴在壁炉前睡觉。

n. 扩展，蔓延

例　Urban sprawl caused severe loss of arable lands. 城市扩张造成了耕地的严重减少。

联　scrawl v. 潦草地写；crawl v. 爬；extend v. 延伸；expand v. 扩大；spread v. 伸展；传播

sprinkle ［'sprɪŋkl ］

v. 洒，喷洒〈同　spray〉

例　She sprinkled her garden with water every morning. 她每天早上都给花园洒水。

n. 稀疏的小雨〈同　light rain, drizzle〉

例　The sprinkle of rain today helped cool down the summer heat. 今天少量的降雨帮助缓解了夏季的炎热。

sprout ［spraʊt ］

vi. 长出，萌芽〈同　germinate, shoot up〉

例　The plants sprouted from the ground a week after I planted seeds. 这些植物在我播种一周之后，从地里发出了芽。

联　spout v. 喷出；lout n. 粗人；pout v. 撅嘴，板脸；tout v. 极力赞扬；兜售

squarely ［'skweə(r)li ］

adv. 坚实地，坚固地〈同　solidly〉

例　The boxer punched him squarely on the face and he fell straight down. 那名拳击手直接猛击他的脸，结果他径直倒了下去。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The ______ pierced his armor and killed him.

19. She released her ______ for his lies and slapped him in the face.

20. The people ______ on the beach in their bathing suits.

21. The ostrich can't fly but it is a ______ bird.

22. After using the expensive hair treatment, the bald man imagined new hair had ______ on his head.

23. He ______ the fish food into the pond.

第四部分

squash ［skwɒ∫ ］

n. 南瓜

例　Her mother prepared oven-baked squash for dinner. 她妈妈准备了烘焙的南瓜作为晚餐。

v. 压碎，挤压；镇压〈同　crush; depress〉

例　The dictator squashed all public demonstrations. 那个独裁者镇压了所有公共集会和示威。

squirt ［skwɜ:t ］

vi. 喷出，喷射〈同　spray, eject〉

例　She called a plumber when she saw water squirting out of the pipes. 她发现水喷出了管子，于是找来水管工修理。

stagecoach ［'steɪʤkəʊtʃ ］

n. 公共马车

例　The stagecoach was a common mode of transportation during the wild west. 在狂野西部时代，公共马车是一种常见的交通工具。

联　coach n. 教练；四轮大马车

stalk ［stɔ:k ］

vt. 隐伏跟踪（猎物）〈同　follow〉

例　The hunter carefully stalked the deer. 猎人小心跟踪那头鹿。

n. 茎，柄，梗〈同　stem〉

例　A flower or a leaf may have a stalk . 一朵花或一片叶子都会有梗。

联　stall n. 货摊；畜栏；stalwart adj. 坚定的；stack n. （一）堆；stale adj. 不新鲜的；陈腐的；Stalin 斯大林

stamina ［'stæmɪnə ］

n. 体力，耐力〈同　endurance, perseverance〉

例　I doubt that she has the stamina to run the full distance of the marathon. 我怀疑她是否有体力跑完马拉松全程。

联　staminal adj. 精力的；stammer v. 口吃，结巴

standing ［'stændɪŋ ］

adj. 固定的，常设的〈同　fixed〉

例　The standing timber was not cut for environmental reasons. 出于环保原因，没有砍伐活立木。

n. 身份，名望〈同　status, fame〉

例　The intelligent student's standing in the class was ranked as number one. 那名聪明的学生在班里排名第一。

联　long-standing adj. 长期存在的；outstanding adj. 杰出的，显著的

stanza ［'stænzə ］

n. （诗的）节，段

例　Stanzas and lines are used to measure poems. 诗节和诗行用来为诗歌定界。

staple ［'steɪpəl ］

n. 主要产品，日常必需品〈同　basic part, basic elements〉

例　Shortages mean that even staples like bread are difficult to find. 短缺意味着即使面包等主食都很难找到。

adj. 主要的，常用的〈同　main, principal〉

例　Rice is a staple Chinese food. 大米是中国的一种主要食品。

starch ［stɑ:tʃ ］

n. 淀粉；淀粉食物

例　Rice and wheat are a good source of starch . 大米和小麦是很好的淀粉来源。

stardom ［'stɑ:dəm ］

n. 明星的身份或地位〈同　fame, notoriety〉

例　There are many actors in Hollywood who are dying for a chance at stardom . 好莱坞有许多演员渴望成名的机会。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. As a gesture of gratitude for his hospitality, she offered him a ______ invitation to visit her homeland.

25. As a basketball player, Michael Jordan achieved great ______.

26. She called a plumber when she saw water ______ out of the pipes.

27. Potatoes, wheat, rice, and corn contain much ______.

28. There is no limit as to how many lines a ______ can be; it just has to be at least two lines.

29. The police quickly ______ the riot.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | sloth | A. abundant
31. ______ | soothe | B. naive
32. ______ | sociable | C. anonymity
33. ______ | staple | D. energy
34. ______ | sprinkle | E. secondary
35. ______ | sly | F. unfriendly
36. ______ | sparse | G. encourage
37. ______ | spite | H. deluge
38. ______ | stardom | I. disturb
39. ______ | squash | J. goodwill

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Mountain climbers challenge the limits of human stamina in their attempts to scale the world's highest peaks.

(A) ability
(B) endurance
(C) suffering

41. A human zygote（受精卵）is no larger than a speck of sand, yet it contains a complete blueprint for the maturation of a new person.

(A) swirl
(B) mound
(C) particle

42. In the 1700's North American colonists proclaimed their wealth and social standing by wearing elaborate stockings（长袜）.

(A) responsibllity
(B) events
(C) status

43. When squashed , the stem and leaves of the jewelweed exude a juice that will soothe some skin irrtations.

(A) boiled
(B) aged
(C) crushed

44. Meteorologists（气象学者）issue tornado watches when they become aware of conditions leading to the unusually severe thunderstorms that spawn tornadoes.

(A) generate
(B) outrun
(C) accompany

45. To conceal itself, an octopus（章鱼）sensing danger will squirt a black fluid through an opening under its head.

(A) strain
(B) swallow
(C) spurt out

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
46. ______ | squirt | A. supercillious
47. ______ | sprawl | B. petition
48. ______ | spawn | C. spout
49. ______ | snobbish | D. slow
50. ______ | snippet | E. give birth to
51. ______ | sluggish | F. vigor
52. ______ | speedy | G. spread
53. ______ | stamina | H. develop
54. ______ | sprout | I. scrap
55. ______ | solicit | J. swift

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

smelting | sociable | stamina | soothe | stagecoach
sluggish | sparse | soundproof | spine | staple

56. The prisoner was kept in a ______ jail so no one could hear his screams for help.

57. The professional athlete had to rebuild his strength and ______ after he was injured for two months.

58. The ______ turtle only moved two inches today.

59. The ______ availability of blue diamonds made them very expensive at the jewelry store.

60. Tomato sauce is a ______ ingredient of pizza.

61. Elizabeth was promoted to public relations director because of her professional and ______ personality.

62. The horse-drawn ______ was no match for the gas-powered automobile.

63. In metal ______, the dross（渣滓）is the crud（杂质，沉渣）floating on top of the metal once it is molten.

64. A massage ______ his sore muscles.

65. Breaking your ______ can leave you paralyzed for life.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. sly
7. smog
8. slippery
9. smothered
10. slime
11. sloth
12. spaceship
13. solicit
14. spawn
15. souvenirs
16. snowflake
17. soldered
18. spear
19. spite
20. sprawled
21. speedy
22. sprouted
23. sprinkled
24. standing
25. stardom
26. squirting
27. starch
28. stanza
29. squashed
30. D
31. I
32. F
33. E
34. H
35. B
36. A
37. J
38. C
39. G
40. B
41. C
42. C
43. C
44. A
45. C
46. C
47. G
48. E
49. A
50. I
51. D
52. J
53. F
54. H
55. B
56. soundproof
57. stamina
58. sluggish
59. sparse
60. staple
61. sociable
62. stagecoach
63. smelting
64. soothed
65. spine

Lesson 27

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Because gymnasts exercise regularly, they have supple bodies.

(A) aching
(B) humble
(C) limber

2. There are fossil remains of dinosaurs in the rocky strata of every continent.

(A) layers
(B) areas
(C) peaks

3. True cedars, members of the pine family, are stately trees one hundred-twenty to one hundred-fifty feet tall.

(A) great
(B) evergreen
(C) majestic

4. Inuits（因纽特人）depend mainly on fishing and hunting for their sustenance .

(A) training
(B) luxuries
(C) livelihood

5. Disease and rust stunt a plant's growth and lead to the destruction of the plant.

(A) enhance
(B) moderate
(C) hinder

第一部分

stark ［stɑ:k ］

adj. 光秃秃的；荒凉的〈同　bare, desolate〉

例　The walls look so stark and dreary, we decided to cover them with prints and posters. 那些墙壁看起来光秃秃的，死气沉沉，所以我们决定在上面挂上图片和海报。

记　联想记忆：和start（开始）一起记

联　spark n. 火花；lark v. 戏耍 n. 百灵鸟；bark n. 树皮 vi. 狗吠；stiff adj. 硬 的，僵直的；supple adj. 柔软的，柔韧的

stash ［stæ∫ ］

vt. 藏；存放

例　Instead of putting money into new plants and machinery, the businessmen had stashed their earnings abroad. 商人们没有把钱投到新工厂和机械设备上，而是把他们的收入藏到海外。

stately ［'steɪtli ］

adj. 庄严的，堂皇的〈同　dignified, majestic〉

例　The president gave a stately welcome to the foreign prime minister. 总统隆重欢迎外国总理。

stature ［'stætʃə(r) ］

n. 身高，身材；声望，地位〈同　height; status〉

例　A tall stature is usually a requisite to become a professional basketball player. 高个子通常是成为一名职业篮球运动员的必要条件。

steadfast ［'stedfɑ:st ］

adj. 坚定的，坚信的〈同　constant; resolute〉

例　To be steadfast is to be like a rock. 要做到坚定不移，就要像石头一样。

记　stead（=stand 站）+fast→站得稳的→坚定的

联　steady adj. 稳固的；staunch adj. 坚定的

stellar ［'stelə(r) ］

adj. 星的，星球的〈同　of the stars〉

例　The actress gave a stellar performance in the play and received many bouquets. 那名女演员在剧中做出了精彩的表演，获得了许多赞扬。

联　interstellar adj. 星际的

sterile ［'steraɪl ; (US)'sterəl ］

adj. ①贫瘠的；不育的〈同　barren, infertile〉

例　The sterile couple decided to adopt a baby. 那对无法生育的夫妇决定收养一个孩子。

②消过毒的

例　The doctor only used sterile needles to avoid infecting people with unwanted diseases. 为了防止患者感染有害的疾病，医生只会使用无菌注射器。

联　sterilize vt. 消毒，使无菌；sterilizer n. 杀菌者，杀虫剂；stereo n. 立体声系统，立体声 adj. 立体的；fertile adj. 肥沃的；infertile adj. 贫瘠的，不毛的；barren adj. 不孕的；贫瘠的

stifle ［'staɪfəl ］

vt. ①使窒息〈同　suffocate, smother〉

例　They were stifled by the smoke. 他们被烟给呛死了。

②扼杀，抑制〈同　suppress, repress〉

例　The police were alerted about the criminal and stifled his plans. 警方察觉了罪犯的犯罪意图，于是扼杀了他的阴谋。

联　muffle v. 裹住 n. 围裹，蒙住；trifle n. 琐事 v. 虚度（光阴）；smother v. （使）窒息，闷死

stipend ［'staɪpend ］

n. 薪水；奖学金；养老金〈同　allowance; pension〉

例　The university offered the best students a monthly stipend . 大学为最优秀的学生每月发放奖学金。

记　stip（点）+end（结束）→结束那一点工作，领到报酬→薪水

联　stipe n. 柄，叶柄；stipendiary n. 领薪金者

stipulate ［'stɪpjʊleɪt ］

vt. 约定，规定〈同　detail, specify〉

例　If the contract was framed by a good lawyer, it will stipulate exactly when, where, and how payment is to be made. 如果合同是由一名出色的律师草拟的，里面会明确规定付款的时间、地点和方式。

记　stip（点）+ulate→点明→规定

联　stipulation n. 规定，条款；stipulator n. 订契约的人；stipple n./v. 点画

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The astronaut had always been fascinated by the ______ sky.

7. The thief ______ the stolen money in a safe place.

8. The contract ______ that any dispute that could not be resolved would be brought to court.

9. The needle is ______, so you should be safe.

10. They moved into a ______ apartment, but within a week, it was completely decorated.

11. The people felt ______ by the government's harsh rules.

第二部分

stocky ［'stɒki ］

adj. （人或动物）矮而结实的，粗壮的〈同　strong, stout〉

例　The stocky construction worker lifted the lumber with ease. 那名健壮的建筑工人轻松地搬起了那块木材。

记　stock（树桩）+y→像树桩一样→粗壮的

联　stock n. 树干；库存；股票 v. 存货；stockyard n. 围栏；stodgy adj. （食物）油腻的；枯燥乏味的；stoke v. 添加燃料于炉火中；sticky adj. 黏的

stout ［staʊt ］

adj. 结实的，勇敢坚定的〈同　stocky, sturdy〉

例　The stout man liked to eat. 那个肥胖的人就喜欢吃。

strand ［strænd ］

n. （绳、线之）一股〈同　thread〉

例　The strands of thread were twisted together to make rope. 几股线被拧在一起做成一根绳子。

strata ［'strɑ:tə ］

n. 地层〈同　layer〉

例　The different strata of the Earth tell a history of their own. 地球的不同地层各自代表了一段历史。

联　stratum n. 地层（单数）；阶层

strenuous ［'strenjʊəs ］

adj. 费力的；艰辛的〈同　arduous, laborious〉

例　After a strenuous day of work, Bill slept for 12 hours. 一天的紧张工作之后，比尔睡了12个小时。

记　stren（=strength 力量）+uous→用力量的→费力的

联　tenuous adj. 纤细的；sinuous adj. 蜿蜒的，迂回的；strain n. 过度的疲劳，紧张 v. 拉紧；尽力；arduous adj. 费力的；vigorous adj. 精力旺盛的

stringent ［'strɪnʤənt ］

adj. 严厉的〈同　strict, rigorous〉

例　I think these regulations are too stringent . 我认为这些规定太严格了。

记　来自名词string（线，绳）+ent→像用绳限制住似的→严厉的

联　stringency n. 严格；紧迫；astringent adj. 收缩的；string n. 线，细绳；stringy adj. 有筋的，多纤维的；contingent adj. 意外的；视情况而定的；tangent n. 切线

stuffy ［'stʌfi ］

adj. 不通风的，闷气的〈同　suffocating〉

例　The elevator in the office building is always stuffy when people are crowded into it. 人们挤进办公大楼的电梯，使得电梯里总是闷热不堪。

记　来自动词stuff（填满）+y→填满的→不通风的

联　stuff n. 物质；原料 v. 填满，填充；stuffing n. 填塞料；fluffy adj. 有绒毛的，蓬松的；huffy adj. 愤怒的；ventilated adj. 通风的

stunning ［'stʌnɪŋ ］

adj. 让人惊叹的，极好的〈同　brilliant, astonishing〉

例　When we reached the mountain peak, we saw a stunning view of the sunset. 我们到达山顶后，看到了美丽的落日景观。

联　stun vt. 使晕倒，打晕；使震惊

stunt ［stʌnt ］

n. 惊人表演，绝技；特技〈同　feat〉

例　The stunt is so reckless that someone will surely get hurt. 这种特技太鲁莽了，肯定会有人受伤的。

vt. 阻碍…发育，妨碍…生长〈同　hinder, bar〉

例　This tree is not as large as the others; something must have stunted its growth. 这棵树没有其他树长得那么高大；肯定有什么原因妨碍了它的成长。

联　stuntman n. 特技演员；stunning adj. 漂亮的；stint v. 限制，节制

subside ［səb'saɪd ］

vi. 平息，减退〈同　die down, appease〉

例　The waves subsided when the winds ceased to blow. 风停了之后，海浪也渐渐平息。

记　sub（下面）+side（坐）→坐下去→平息

联　subsidence n. 下沉；subsidy n. 补助金，津贴

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The students' anxiety about the test ______ when they were told it was canceled.

13. The 10-mile run was a bit too ______ for the first day of physical exercise.

14. The dress is simple and elegant, but you could vamp it up（翻新）for evening wear with some ______ jewelry.

15. It was difficult to knock out Mike Tyson because he was so ______.

16. It is a bit ______ in here, so can you please open the window to let in some fresh air?

17. The more people that live together, the more ______ of society there are.

第三部分

subsist ［səb'sɪst ］

vi. 活下去；生存〈同　exist, live〉

例　The poor farmer's family subsists on potatoes. 那个贫穷的农民家庭吃土豆果腹。

联　subsistence n. 生存，生活；subsidy n. 补助金，津贴；subsidize vt. 资助，发给…津贴；existence n. 存在；consistence n. 一致性

substantiate ［səb'stæn∫ɪeɪt ］

vt. 证实，加强〈同　authenticate, prove〉

例　The new evidence substantiated the defendant's guilt. 新的证据证明被告有罪。

记　substant（事实，物质）+iate→用事实来证明→证实

联　unsubstantiated adj. 未被证实的；substance n. 物质；substantial adj. 坚固的；实质的；substitute n. 代用品，替代品；substitutable adj. 可代替的，可取代的

substantive ［'sʌbstəntɪv ］

adj. 真实的，有实质的〈同　substantial〉

例　Although the delegates were aware of the importance of the problem, they just could not agree on the substantive issues. 虽然代表们意识到了问题的重要性，但他们就是无法就实质性问题达成一致。

联　substantiate vt. 证明，证实；substantial adj. 坚固的；实质的；可观的

subterranean ［ˌsʌbtə'reɪnɪən ］

adj. 地下的，地表下的〈同　underground, subsurface〉

例　Hitler committed suicide in his subterranean chamber when the Red Army stormed Berlin.（苏联）红军攻克柏林的时候，希特勒在他的地下室里自杀了。

记　sub（下面）+terr（地）+anean→地下的

联　terrain n. 地形，地势；terrace n. 梯田；terrestrial n. 陆地；territorial adj. 领土的；subsurface adj. 表面下的，地下的

subversive ［səb'vɜ:sɪv ］

adj. 颠覆性的，破坏性的〈同　undermining, destructive〉

例　Although the general backed the president, he had the subversive intention of usurping his power. 虽然将军支持总统，但他怀着篡夺总统权力的破坏性意图。

记　来自动词subvert（颠覆，推翻；sub［下面］+vert［转］→在下面转→推翻）+sive→颠覆性的

联　avert vt. 避开；convert v. （使）转变；（使）改变信仰；divert v. （使）转向；invert v. 翻转；pervert vt. 使变坏；误用；submissive adj. 顺从的

succinct ［sək'sɪŋkt ］

adj. 简明的，简洁的〈同　concise, laconic〉

例　Her succinct letter was one page long and stayed on one topic. 她简洁的来信只有一张纸，一直在谈论一个话题。

记　suc（下面）+cinct（=gird 束起）→原指把下面的衣服束起来以利于干活→简明的

联　succinctly adv. 简洁地，简便地；succulent adj. 多汁的

succumb ［sə'kʌm ］

vi. 屈服，屈从〈同　yield, surrender〉

例　Besieged by debts, the corporation finally had to succumb to bankruptcy. 那家债务缠身的公司最终不得不屈服，被迫破产。

记　suc（下面）+cumb（躺）→躺到下面去→屈服

联　recumbent adj. 斜躺的；incumbent n. 任职者；incumbency n. 任期；encumber vt. 阻碍

sumptuous ［'sʌmptjʊəs ］

adj. 奢侈的，华丽的〈同　luxurious, magnificent〉

例　The 10-course dinner that the master chef prepared last night was absolutely sumptuous . 昨天晚上，主厨准备的有十道菜的晚餐实在太奢侈了。

记　sumpt（拿，取）+uous→（把钱）拿出去→奢侈的

联　consumption n. 消费；consumptive adj. 消费的，消耗性的；sumptuary adj. 节省费用的；presumptuous adj. 专横的，傲慢的；sump n. 污水坑，水坑；bumptious adj. 自负的，傲慢的

sunlight ［'sʌnlaɪt ］

n. 日光，阳光

例　Plants need sunlight to live and grow. 植物需要阳光才能生存和生长。

联　sunlit adj. 被日光（阳光）照射了的；sunshine n. 阳光；sunflower n. 【植】向日葵；sunrise n. 日出；sunset n. 日落，晚年；sunburn n. 晒斑，晒黑；sundial n. （通过太阳知道时间的）日规，日晷；sunglasses n. 太阳镜

superfluous ［ˌsju:'pɜ:flʊəs ］

adj. 多余的〈同　unnecessary, excess〉

例　After I was full, the extra food she offered was superfluous . 我吃饱了之后，她额外上的那些食物便多余了。

记　super（超过）+flu（流）+ous→流得过多→多余的

联　superfluity n. 多余，额外；supercilious adj. 自大的，傲慢的；mellifluous adj. 优美流畅的；affluent adj. 富裕的；confluent adj. 汇流的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The laboratory results gave a ______ basis to the scientist's theory.

19. After years of courtship, she finally ______ to his request for marriage.

20. When writing, avoid using ______ words.

21. The political group planted bombs in the White House, destroyed the Pentagon's computer files and engaged in various other ______ activities.

22. The beggar ______ on people's goodwill alone.

23. In a murder case, fingerprints are ______ evidence.

第四部分

superintendent ［ˌsju:pərɪn'tendənt ］

n. 主管，负责人〈同　director, supervisor〉

例　The superintendent interviewed applicants for the teaching job. 那名负责人面试了申请教师岗位的求职者。

记　super（在…上面）+intend（关心）+ent→在上面关心的人→主管

联　superintend v. 监督，管理；supervisor n. 主管人；supermarket n. 超级市场

supernatural ［ˌsju:pə'nætʃərəl ］

adj. 超自然的，神奇的

例　Many people believe supernatural things like ghosts exist solely in movies. 许多人认为，鬼魂等超自然的东西只存在于电影里。

supplant ［sə'plɑ:nt ］

vt. 排挤；取代〈同　replace, substitute〉

例　E-mail has supplanted mailing letters. 电子邮件已经取代了邮寄信件。

记　sup（下面）+plant（种植）→在下面种植→取代

联　suppliant adj. 恳求的 n. 恳求者；supple adj. 柔软的 v. （使）变柔软；supplement n. 补充

supple ［'sʌpl ］

adj. 柔软的，灵活的；柔顺的〈同　limber; pliant〉

例　He cut down the supple tree to make a bow for hunting. 他砍倒那棵柔韧的树，来制作打猎用的弓。

记　可能是supplicate（恳求，求饶）的变体

联　supplement n./vt. 增补，补充；supply v. 供应；scruple n. 顾忌，顾虑；topple v. （使）倒塌；stipple v. 点画，点刻

surcharge ［'sɜ:tʃɑ:ʤ ］

n. 增付的费用，附加费

例　The restaurant added a 15% surcharge for groups of guests larger than ten. 酒店对超过十人的团体客人额外收取15%的附加费。

surmount ［sə'maʊnt ］

vt. 克服；登上；越过〈同　overcome; climb〉

例　The fact that Abraham Lincoln was able to surmount the handicap of limited education does not mean that everyone should quit school. 亚伯拉罕·林肯能够克服受教育不足的障碍，并不意味着所有人都应该辍学。

记　sur（超过）+mount（登上）→登上；克服

联　insurmountable adj. 难克服的；mount n. 山丘 v. 爬上；amount n. 总数 vt. （to）总计，等于；surmise n./v. 猜度；surpass vt. 超越，胜过；surplus n. 剩余，过剩

sustenance ［'sʌstɪnəns ］

n. 食物，生计〈同　food; livelihood〉

例　In the tropics, the natives find sustenance easy to obtain, due to all the fruit trees. 在热带地区，因为到处都是果树，当地人发现很容易便能获得食物。

记　sus（在…下面）+ten（拿住）+ance→在下面支持的东西→食物

联　sustain vt. 支撑，承受；sustention n. 支撑，维持

syllable ［'sɪləbəl ］

n. 音节

例　“Hello”is a two-syllable word. Hello是一个双音节词。

symbiosis ［ˌsɪmbaɪ'əʊsɪs ; ˌsɪmbɪ- ］

n. 共生（关系），共栖

例　Coral reefs owe their brilliant colors to algae that live in symbiosis with coral polyps. 珊瑚礁绚丽的色彩归因于与珊瑚共生的藻类。

联　symbiotic adj. 共栖的，共生的

symbolize ［'sɪmbəlaɪz ］

v. 象征〈同　represent; signify〉

例　The eagle symbolizes strength and freedom for Americans. 鹰代表着美国人的力量与自由。

联　symbol n. 符号，记号；象征

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The student ______ his reading difficulties and earned his degree.

25. Pollution is quickly destroying the delicate ______ between man and the planet.

26. The district ______ met with the headmasters of local schools to talk about a new education policy.

27. The express company added a ______ for delivering the trunk outside of the city limits.

28. Poets count each ______ when writing poems.

29. Machines have ______ hand labor in shoemaking.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | stifle | A. skinny
31. ______ | steadfast | B. fickle
32. ______ | succinct | C. vivify
33. ______ | sterile | D. humble
34. ______ | succumb | E. fertile
35. ______ | stringent | F. lenient
36. ______ | stately | G. poor
37. ______ | sumptuous | H. resist
38. ______ | stout | I. airy
39. ______ | stuffy | J. wordy

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. The outcry against the government's policies will subside only if a compromise is reached in the assembly.

(A) die down
(B) succeed
(C) proceed

41. Eleonora R. Sears, the nineteenth-century athlete and philanthropist, demonstrated that women could successfully participate in strenuous sports.

(A) various
(B) arduous
(C) outdoor

42. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter , Reverend Dimmesdale succumbed to Hester's charms.

(A) appealed to
(B) conversed about
(C) yielded to

43. A single glass fiber, as thick as a strand in a spider's web, can carry as much information in telephones as do hundreds of copper wire circuits.

(A) an insect
(B) a pattern
(C) a thread

44. Recent studies have shown that the stature of male Americans has scarcely changed in the past two hundred years.

(A) weight
(B) height
(C) life span

45. Subterranean streams have cut through limestone to form miles of passage and caves, such as Kentucky's Mammoth Cave.

(A) Secondary
(B) Underground
(C) Unharnessed

46. Emily Greene Balch's steadfast labor for freedom and for cooperation among individuals and peoples brought her the Nobel Peace Prize in 1946.

(A) unwavering
(B) accelerated
(C) uninhibited

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
47. ______ | surcharge | A. wane
48. ______ | superfluous | B. take the place of
49. ______ | steadfast | C. fixed
50. ______ | strenuous | D. splendid
51. ______ | subside | E. subsistence
52. ______ | sumptuous | F. extra charge
53. ______ | supplant | G. breathtaking
54. ______ | succinct | H. surplus
55. ______ | stunning | I. terse
56. ______ | sustenance | J. hard

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

succinct | symbolize | sumptuous | stringent | stunt
stately | steadfast | substantiate | supernatural | sunlight

57. The detective tried to ______ her story with circumstantial evidence（旁证，间接证据）.

58. The fallen general was given a ______ funeral ceremony.

59. The rich family spent a fortune on a ______ wedding for their daughter.

60. The troubled stock market ______ the low confidence of public consumers.

61. The school's dress code was ______: students were forbidden to wear sneakers.

62. Legend says that ______ will kill vampires（吸血鬼）and that is why they only come out at night.

63. The politician only gave ______ answers to questions from the media in order to avoid saying the wrong thing.

64. The couple had been ______ companions for over fifty years.

65. Superman's powers include flying and ______ strength.

66. The movie ______ was too dangerous for the actor and he requested someone else to do it.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. stellar
7. stashed
8. stipulated
9. sterile
10. stark
11. stifled
12. subsided
13. strenuous
14. stunning
15. stocky
16. stuffy
17. strata
18. substantive
19. succumbed
20. superfluous
21. subversive
22. subsisted
23. substantive
24. surmounted
25. symbiosis
26. superintendent
27. surcharge
28. syllable
29. supplanted
30. C
31. B
32. J
33. E
34. H
35. F
36. G
37. D
38. A
39. I
40. A
41. B
42. C
43. C
44. B
45. B
46. A
47. F
48. H
49. C
50. J
51. A
52. D
53. B
54. I
55. G
56. E
57. substantiate
58. stately
59. sumptuous
60. symbolizes
61. stringent
62. sunlight
63. succinct
64. steadfast
65. supernatural
66. stunt

Lesson 28

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. This is my third time to be tardy this year.

(A) bland
(B) late
(C) effective

2. By their nature, fish and aquatic invertebrates are more intimately bound to their environment than are terrestrial animals.

(A) airborne
(B) tree-dwelling
(C) land

3. The main features of the telegraph were developed by two inventors, but it was Samuel Morse who successfully synthesized their ideas.

(A) financed
(B) publicized
(C) integrated

4. When the glaciers thawed after the last ice age, the five Great Lakes of North America were formed.

(A) advanced
(B) evaporated
(C) melted

5. The moist air of the Pacific Ocean brings a temperate climate to the West Coast of the United States.

(A) chilly
(B) moderate
(C) wet

第一部分

symmetrical ［sɪ'metrɪkəl ］

adj. 对称的〈同　proportionally balanced, even〉

例　Human bodies are not bilaterally symmetrical since they have a spleen on only one side. 人体并非左右对称的，由于人只在单侧有一个脾脏。

记　来自名词symmetry（对称；sym［共同］+metry［测量］→两边的测量数据相同→对称）+cal→对称的

联　symmetry n. 对称；asymmetric adj. 不对称的；metric adj. 公制的；lopsided adj. 倾向一方的，不平衡的

synonym ［'sɪnənɪm ］

n. 同义词

例　He sought a synonym to help explain the word's meaning. 他找到了一个同义词，帮助解释那个单词的意思。

联　synonymous adj. 同义的

synthesize ［'sɪnθəsaɪz ］

vt. 综合；合成〈同　integrate, combine〉

例　Mary synthesized her report from interviews with dozens of people. 玛丽通过采访数十人，整合出她的报道。

记　syn（共同）+thesize（=thesis 放）→放在一起→合成

联　synthetic adj. 合成的，人造的；synthesizer n. 【电子】合成器；synthesis n. 综合，合成；photosynthesis n. 光合作用；combine v. （使）联合，（使）结合；merge v. 合并，并入；integrate v. （使）成整体，（使）一体化

syrup ［'sɪrəp ］

n. 糖浆，果汁

例　Americans usually add syrup to the top of their pancakes. 美国人通常在薄烤饼上涂上糖浆。

tableland ［'teɪbəllænd ］

n. 高原〈同　plateau〉

例　You can get a panoramic view of the city from the tableland . 从高地可以俯瞰整个城市的全景。

taboo ［tə'bu: ］

n./adj. 禁忌（的），忌讳（的）〈同　prohibited, ban〉

例　A taboo is something that people do not usually or openly talk about. 禁忌是人们通常不会谈论或公开谈论的东西。

联　bamboo n. 竹

tactile ［'tæktaɪl ; (US)-təl ］

adj. 触觉的；可触觉的〈同　tangible, perceptible〉

例　His calloused hands had lost their tactile sensitivity. 他双手长满了老茧，对触觉不敏感了。

联　tactless adj. 不老练的

tag ［tæg ］

vt. 给…加标签；添加，附加〈同　attach, append〉

例　The cashier tagged a surcharge onto the bill. 出纳在账单上添上了一笔附加费。

n. 标签，货签〈同　label〉

例　The tag on the shirt says it costs 20 dollars. 衬衫的标签上写着其价格是20美元。

taint ［teɪnt ］

n. 污点〈同　stain, blot〉

例　The one incident was a permanent taint on his reputation. 那件事是他名誉上永久的污点。

vt. 污染；玷污〈同　contaminate; blemish〉

例　The water was tainted with waste from the factory. 水被工厂排放的废物污染了。

记　tain（拿住；弄脏）+t→污染

联　stain v. 玷污，染色；tainted adj. 感染的；taintless adj. 无污点的；attaint n. 污点 vt. 玷污

talkative ［'tɔ:kətɪv ］

adj. 多话的〈同　garrulous, loquacious〉

例　He was very shy as a boy, but became more talkative as he got older. 他小的时候非常腼腆，但长大后变得健谈多了。

记　来自动词talk（说话）+ative→多话的

联　garrulous adj. 饶舌的，多嘴的；loquacious adj. 多话的；glib adj. 油嘴滑舌的；volubleadj. 健谈的，饶舌的；taciturn adj. 沉默寡言的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. He wrote his name on the luggage ______ and put it on his suitcase.

7. Her remarks were ______ with prejudice.

8. The ______ man was continuously interrupting everyone else.

9. She likes to eat ice cream topped with nuts and chocolate ______.

10. A circle is perfectly ______.

11. Please use a thesaurus, not an encyclopedia to look for ______.

第二部分

tally ［'tæli ］

v. （使）符合〈同　agree, correspond〉

例　The two statements do not tally at all. 这两份声明根本不一致。

n. 记录；记账〈同　count〉

例　The final tally of the votes indicated that the incumbent won. 选举的最终票数显示，现任者获得选举的胜利。

记　分割记忆：tall（高）+ally（联盟）→高级联盟→符合

联　dally v. 玩弄；rally v. 集合；恢复；ally v. （使）结盟 n. 同盟国；sally n./vi. 突击；tarry v. 等待

tardy ［'tɑ:di ］

adj. 迟到的；缓慢的〈同　late; slow〉

例　He was tardy for the meeting and ran all the way there. 他开会迟到了，一路跑到那里。

联　tardiness n. 迟到；缓慢

tarnish ［'tɑ:nɪ∫ ］

n. 晦暗，污点〈同　discoloration〉

例　The tarnish on her silverware was difficult to remove. 她银器上的污点很难清除。

vt. 使失去光泽；玷污〈同　darken; stain〉

例　The accident tarnished John's driving record. 那次事故破坏了约翰良好的驾驶记录。

记　tarn（隐藏）+ish→隐藏光泽→使失去光泽

联　tannish adj. 浅棕色的，淡褐色的

tavern ［'tævən ］

n. 小酒店；客栈〈同　bar〉

例　The teammates met at the tavern for a drink after the game. 比赛结束后，队员们聚在酒馆里喝酒。

tectonics ［tek'tɒnɪks ］

n. 【地】构造学

例　Tectonics is the scientific study of the deformation of the rocks that make up the Earth's crust and the forces that produce such deformation. 构造地质学是关于构成地壳的岩石的变化以及造成这种变化的力的科学研究。

tedium ［'ti:dɪəm ］

n. 单调乏味〈同　drudgery, boredom〉

例　We hope this radio will help overcome the tedium of your stay in the hospital. 我们希望这台收音机能够帮助你消除住院期间的无聊。

联　tedious adj. 单调乏味的，沉闷的

temperate ［'tempərɪt ］

adj. ①（气候等）温和的〈同　moderate, gentle〉

例　The United States is mostly in the North Temperate Zone. 美国大部分都处在北温带。

②（欲望、饮食等）适度的，有节制的〈同　moderate, self-restrained〉

例　Noted for his temperate appetite, he seldom gains weight. 他以适度饮食而出名，体重很少会增加。

记　temper（脾气）+ate→脾气（不坏）→有节制的

联　intemperate adj. 不加节制的；temperance n. 节制，自制；戒酒，禁酒；temperature n. 温度；temper n. 脾气，性情；tempera n. 蛋彩画；tempest n. 暴风雨；moderate adj. 适度的，适中的

tenement ［'tenəmənt ］

n. （穷人）公寓〈同　apartment〉

例　The government was trying to renovate the shabby tenement for the poor. 政府正努力对贫困者的破旧房屋进行翻修。

tentacle ［'tentəkəl ］

n. 触角，触须，触手

例　The tentacles of the giant octopus capsized the ship. 巨型章鱼的触手弄翻了那条船。

terminology ［ˌtɜ:mɪ'nɒləʤi ］

n. 用辞，术语〈同　terms, vocabulary〉

例　He cannot understand the terminology in the machine's manual. 他无法理解设备使用手册中的术语。

记　term（术语）+inology→术语

联　terminological adj. 术语的；terminal adj. 终结的 n. 终端；terminus n. 终点

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The wet trophy would ______ if no one wiped it clean.

13. Many insects have ______ for sensory purposes.

14. The scoreboard（记分板）kept a ______ of the score and game statistics.

15. The college student chose to rent a ______ near campus instead of living in a dormitory.

16. The strict professor did not allow any ______ students to enter his classroom.

17. Her boss was in a ______ mood, so she asked him for a raise.

第三部分

terminus ［'tɜ:mɪnəs ］

n. （火车、 汽车的）终点站〈同　last station, terminal〉

例　After we reached the railroad terminus , we continued our journey into the wilderness on horseback. 抵达火车的终点站后，我们继续骑马深入荒野。

termite ［'tɜ:maɪt ］

n. 白蚁

例　Termites are insects that feed on wood. 白蚁是以木头为食的昆虫。

terrestrial ［tɪ'restrɪəl ］

adj. 地球（上）的；陆地的〈同　terraneous〉

例　Humans are an example of terrestrial animals. 人类是陆栖动物的一个例子。

thaw ［θɔ: ］

n. 解冻

例　After the winter there is a thaw when the snow melts away. 冬天结束后有一个解冻期，雪开始融化。

v. （使）解冻，（使）融化〈同　melt, defrost〉

例　The frozen fish thawed when I placed it in the warm water. 我把冷冻的鱼放到温水里后，它便开始解冻。

thigh ［θaɪ ］

n. 大腿

例　The soccer player had strong thighs from all his exercise. 经过训练，那名足球运动员的大腿变得非常强壮。

thrifty ［'θrɪfti ］

adj. 节省的，节俭的〈同　economical, frugal〉

例　A thrifty shopper compares prices before making major purchases. 节俭的购物者在进行大规模采购之前，会进行比价。

thunderstorm ［'θʌndəstɔ:m ］

n. 雷雨

例　The thunderstorm this morning made the sky turn black. 今天上午的雷雨让天空变得一片漆黑。

tint ［tɪnt ］

vt. 给…着色；微染〈同　dye, color〉

例　He tinted his car windows in order to block out the sunlight. 为了遮挡阳光，他给汽车窗户染了色。

n. 色彩〈同　tinge, color〉

例　The wallpaper has a slight yellow tint . 壁纸有一种轻微的黄色调。

topography ［tə'pɒgrəfi ］

n. 地形，地形学

例　Before the generals gave the order to attack, they made a complete study of the topography of the region. 将军们下达攻击的命令之前，他们对该地区的地形进行了全面研究。

联　topographical adj. 地形学的

topsoil ［'tɒpsɔɪl ］

n. 表层土

例　The topsoil should be fertilized so plants can grow well. 应该对表层土施肥，植物才能长得更好。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. There were many taxis at the train ______ to take travelers to their final destinations.

19. Islands and continents make up the ______ parts of our planet.

20. The sunset ______ the sky in red, orange and yellow.

21. The house was completely infested with ______ and had to be torn down.

22. The seeds were planted in the ______ of the garden.

23. He was very ______ and never bought anything that was unnecessary.

第四部分

torch ［tɔ:tʃ ］

n. 火把；火炬

例　The men used a torch to see where they were walking inside the cave. 人们燃起火把来看清楚他们在山洞里所走的路线。

tornado ［tɔ:'neɪdəʊ ］

n. 旋风，龙卷风〈同　cyclone, windstorm〉

例　Hurricanes often make tornadoes . 飓风通常会形成龙卷风。

联　hurricane n. 飓风；cyclone n. 旋风，龙卷风

torpor ［'tɔ:pə(r) ］

n. 迟钝，不活泼〈同　lethargy, inertia〉

例　In mid-winter, bears enter the deep torpor of true hibernation. 在隆冬时节，熊会进入真正的冬眠的深度蛰伏期。

联　torporific adj. 引起麻痹的，导致迟钝的；stupor n. 昏迷

torrent ［'tɒrənt ; (US)'tɔ:r- ］

n. ①连发，迸发〈同　outburst〉

例　After trying to defraud the public, Lefty was faced with a torrent of charges. 莱弗提试图欺骗公众，后来他面临大量指控。

②骤雨；急流，洪流〈同　downpour; flood〉

例　Heavy rain was coming down in a torrent . 暴雨倾盆而下。

联　torrential adj. 奔流的；torrential rain 豪雨，大雨

tortuous ［'tɔ:tjʊəs ］

adj. 曲折的，转弯抹角的〈同　sinuous, twisting〉

例　Because this road is so tortuous , it is unwise to go faster than twenty miles an hour on it. 这条路迂回曲折，在上面以超过每小时20英里的速度行驶是不明智的。

touching ［'tʌtʃɪŋ ］

adj. 动人的，令人感伤的〈同　moving, affecting〉

例　The touching movie made me cry. 那部感人的电影让我流泪。

记　来自动词touch（感动）+ing→动人的

联　touchy adj. 暴躁的，易怒的；touched adj. 被感动的；touchdown n. 着地，降落；touchstone n. 试金石，标准；affecting adj. 感人的；moving adj. 感人的；pathetic adj. 令人同情的

tournament ［'tʊənəmənt ］

n. 比赛，锦标赛〈同　contest, competition〉

例　The World Cup is a month-long soccer tournament with teams from a number of countries participating. 世界杯是为期一个月的足球比赛，有来自多个国家的队伍参加。

联　tour n./v. 旅游；tourist n. 旅行者；tourism n. 游览；tornado n. 龙卷风

towering ［'taʊərɪŋ ］

adj. 高耸的；杰出的〈同　lofty; outstanding〉

例　They had to look up to talk to the towering giant. 他们得抬起头来，才能跟那个高大的巨人说话。

toxic ［'tɒksɪk ］

adj. 有毒的，中毒的〈同　poisonous, noxious〉

例　The primary advantage of plants grown without insecticides is that they have no toxic residues to endanger humans or pets. 不使用杀虫剂种植的植物，其主要优势是不含对人类或宠物有害的有毒残留物。

记　tox（毒）+ic→有毒的

联　toxin n. 毒素；nontoxic adj. 无毒的；toxication n. 中毒；intoxicate vt. 使陶醉；detoxify v. （使）解毒；tonic adj. 滋补的 n. 滋补品；virulent adj. 剧毒的；恶毒的

tramp ［træmp ］

v. 跋涉；踏，践踏〈同　trudge〉

例　He tramped down the mountain on the way home. 他徒步走下山回家。

n. 沉重的脚步（声）；长途步行〈同　excursion〉

例　She's out on a tramp through the forest. 她要进行一次穿越森林的徒步旅行。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. On the ______ path through the woods to the tent（帐篷）, one boy got lost.

25. The spoiled child ______ out of the room in a fit of anger.

26. The philanthropist found the child's story ______ and donated money for his education.

27. Angry villagers chased after the thief with burning ______.

28. A massive rain was coming down in ______.

29. Some of the chemicals that the students used in class were ______ and the teacher told them to wear gloves.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | temperate | A. brighten
31. ______ | thrifty | B. premature
32. ______ | tardy | C. asymmetrical
33. ______ | terrestrial | D. harmless
34. ______ | symmetrical | E. straight
35. ______ | taboo | F. extraterrestrial
36. ______ | tarnish | G. improvident
37. ______ | toxic | H. freeze
38. ______ | thaw | I. permissible
39. ______ | tortuous | J. immoderate

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | tramp | A. account
41. ______ | tornado | B. jargon
42. ______ | taint | C. whirlwind
43. ______ | tally | D. sparing
44. ______ | tedium | E. touchable
45. ______ | thrifty | F. spoil
46. ______ | torpor | G. pub
47. ______ | terminology | H. stamp
48. ______ | tavern | I. inactivity
49. ______ | tactile | J. dullness

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

thaw | tarnish | torpor | synthesize | thunderstorm
towering | tornado | tournament | terminology | tectonics

50. His multidisciplinary（包括各种学科的）thesis ______ economics, sociology, and law.

51. She had to ______ the ice on her windshield before she could drive her car.

52. The ______ lifted cars into the air as if they were little toys.

53. The winner of the ______ was awarded a trophy.

54. By this time a series of scandals had effectively ______ the leader's reputation.

55. The scientists used ______ to study the effects of the earthquake on the rock structures.

56. After his body was paralyzed, he lived in a world of complete ______.

57. The rain from the ______ caused widespread flooding.

58. This basketball team is composed of ______ athletes.

59. The medical student had to study a new set of biological ______ that many people would never understand.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. tag
7. tainted
8. talkative
9. syrup
10. symmetrical
11. synonyms
12. tarnish
13. tentacles
14. tally
15. tenement
16. tardy
17. temperate
18. terminus
19. terrestrial
20. tinted
21. termites
22. topsoil
23. thrifty
24. tortuous
25. tramped
26. touching
27. torches
28. torrents
29. toxic
30. J
31. G
32. B
33. F
34. C
35. I
36. A
37. D
38. H
39. E
40. H
41. C
42. F
43. A
44. J
45. D
46. I
47. B
48. G
49. E
50. synthesized
51. thaw
52. tornado
53. tournament
54. tarnished
55. tectonics
56. torpor
57. thunderstorm
58. towering
59. terminology

Lesson 29

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. A number of different types of underwater craft were developed during the eighteenth century.

(A) pumps
(B) submarines
(C) flotation devices

2. Fine freshwater pearls are found in the main stream and the tributaries of the Mississippi River.

(A) banks
(B) deltas
(C) branches

3. Grandma Moses, a popular painter, spent her life in a tranquil little farming community.

(A) a lovely
(B) a serene
(C) an isolated

4. Last week's fire underscores the necessity of observing safety rules.

(A) decreases
(B) emphasizes
(C) indicates

5. Every year each household in the United States discards approximately a ton of trash .

(A) filler
(B) garbage
(C) paper

第一部分

trample ［'træmpəl ］

v. 踩踏；蹂躏〈同　step on; tramp〉

例　The horses trampled the flowers. 马踩踏了那些花。

记　来自动词tramp（踩踏）+le→踩踏

联　tread v. 踏，踩碎；践踏；ample adj. 充足的，丰富的；amble vi. （马）缓行；从容漫步；rumple v. 弄皱；crumple v. 弄皱，压皱；崩溃

tranquil ［'træŋkwɪl ］

adj. 宁静的，安静的〈同　serene, pacific〉

例　It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. 如果有事情突然改变了你的生活，这时要保持平静是很难的。

记　tran（=trans 穿过，越）+quil（静心）→宁静的

联　tranquility n. 宁静；tranquilize v. 使平静；平静下来

transcend ［træn'send ］

vt. 超出，超越〈同　surpass, exceed〉

例　The speed of airplanes transcends that of any previous form of transportation. 飞机的速度超过了之前的任何交通方式。

联　transcendent adj. 卓越的，出众的；【宗】（神）超然的；transcendence n. 卓越，出类拔萃；transgress v. 越界，违法；transect v. 横切，横断；transact v. 办理，交易

translucent ［træns'lu:sənt ］

adj. 半透明的；透明的

例　We could not recognize the people in the next room because of the translucent curtains which separated us. 我们认不出隔壁房间的人，因为半透明的窗帘把我们隔开了。

记　trans（穿过）+luc（明亮）+ent→光线能穿过→半透明的

联　transparent adj. 透明的；lucent adj. 明亮的；透明的；lucid adj. 明晰的；清醒的；pellucid adj. 透明的，清澈的；diaphanous adj. （布）半透明的；精致的

transmute ［træns'mju:t ］

v. （使）变化，（使）改变〈同　convert, transform〉

例　The worm was transmuted into a butterfly. 那只虫子蜕变成了一只蝴蝶。

trash ［træ∫ ］

n. 垃圾，废物〈同　garbage, rubbish〉

例　Her household chore was to empty the trash every day. 她的家务事就是每天倒垃圾。

treacherous ［'tretʃərəs ］

adj. ①背叛的，背信弃义的，不忠的〈同　disloyal, traitorous〉

例　The king was betrayed by the treacherous soldier. 国王被那个不忠的士兵背叛了。

②不可靠的；暗藏危险的〈同　dangerous, risky〉

例　Be careful driving home because the road is quite treacherous when it is icy. 开车回家要小心，因为路面结冰之后很危险。

记　来自名词treachery（阴险，背叛；treach［=trick 诡计］+ery→使用诡计→背叛）+ous→背叛的

联　treachery n. 背叛，变节；treasure n. 财宝，财富；insidious adj. 阴险的，暗中为害的；perfidious adj. 背信弃义的

tread ［tred ］

v. 踏，践踏；行走（on）〈同　trample; step on〉

例　The children were amused by the acrobat who treaded the tight rope. 孩子们被那名走钢索的杂技演员逗乐了。

联　treadmill n. 踏车

treason ［'tri:zən ］

n. 叛逆罪，叛国罪〈同　betrayal, perfidy〉

例　The traitor was charged with treason . 那名叛徒被控叛国罪。

trespass ［'trespəs ］

v. 侵犯，闯入私人领地〈同　encroach, invade〉

例　She seems to be an easygoing person, but anyone who attempts to trespass her rights will soon find that she knows how to take care of herself. 她看起来是一个很随和的人，但如果有人试图侵犯她的权利，那个人很快就会发现，她很清楚如何维护自己的权利。

联　trespasser n. 侵犯（他人土地）者

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The hike along the mountain edge was more ______ than anybody had imagined.

7. The children ______ on private property out of curiosity and ran away at the sound of gunfire.

8. Quartz may be ______, transparent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored.

9. The herd of wild cattle _______ the farmer's crops.

10. Don't ______ on the new grass.

11. The project hopes to _______ the energy from the waterfall into electricity.

第二部分

tributary ［'trɪbjʊtəri ; (US)-teri ］

adj. 辅助的，支流的

例　Some of the first settlers of America refused to be considered part of a tributary colony of England and fought for their freedom. 美洲第一批移民中，有些人拒绝被视为英国的附属殖民地的一部分，并为了自由而进行了抗争。

n. 支流〈同　branch〉

例　The Ohio River is a tributary of the Mississippi River. 俄亥俄河是密西西比河的支流。

trickle ［'trɪkəl ］

vi. 滴；流出〈同　dribble, drip〉

例　Blood trickled down her face. 血顺着她的脸往下滴。

trilogy ［'trɪləʤi ］

n. 三部剧，三部曲〈同　three-part novel〉

例　The Star Wars trilogy has become a classic story. 《星球大战》三部曲已经成为经典故事。

troupe ［tru:p ］

n. 剧团；群，队

例　The troupe of actors will present six different plays during the season. 在演出季，这群演员将带来六部不同的剧目。

记　来自名词troop（部队）

联　group n. 团体

trustworthy ［'trʌstwɜ:ði ］

adj. 可信赖的〈同　dependable, reliable〉

例　The boss could always tell his secrets to his trustworthy assistant. 老板经常把他的秘密告诉自己信任的助理。

记　组合词：trust（信赖）+worthy（值得的）→可信赖的

联　trustful adj. 信任他人的；distrust vt. 不信任；entrust vt. 委托；trustee n. 托管人；trusty adj. 可信赖的；tryst n. 约会，幽会

turnpike ［'tɜ:npaɪk ］

n. 公路，收费高速公路〈同　toll highway〉

例　You should be sure you have money to pay for the tolls if you take the turnpike . 如果你选择走收费高速公路，你得确保自己有足够的钱支付通行费。

twig ［twɪg ］

n. 细枝，嫩枝

例　Some insects will mimic a twig when in danger. 有些昆虫在面临危险时会伪装成树枝的样子。

联　wig n. 假发；swig v. 大喝，痛饮

twine ［twaɪn ］

v. 搓；编织；（使）缠绕〈同　twist, intertwine〉

例　The python is a snake that twines around its prey before swallowing it. 巨蟒是一种蛇，它会先缠绕猎物，然后再将其吞下。

tycoon ［taɪ'ku:n ］

n. 大企业家，大亨〈同　magnate, entrepreneur〉

例　John D. Rockefeller was a prominent tycoon . 约翰·D. 洛克菲勒是一位杰出的企业界大亨。

tyrannical ［tɪ'rænɪkəl ］

adj. 暴虐的，残暴的〈同　dictatorial, domineering, authoritarian〉

例　The tyrannical king was merciless and let no one stand in his way. 那个残暴的国王非常冷酷无情，绝不允许任何人阻挡他的道路。

记　来自名词tyranny（暴虐，残暴）+cal→残暴的

联　tyrant n. 暴君；tyrannize v. 施行暴政；tyro n. 新手

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He cut the _______ above his house before they turned into large branches.

13. This small stream must be a _______ to a larger river or lake.

14. The ______ boss will have many unhappy employees to contend with.

15. The ______ first priority was his goal of making another million dollars.

16. The water that ______ from the faucet kept him awake all night.

17. In each locality where the President is to appear, the preparations are made by a group of ______ aides.

第三部分

ultimatum ［ˌʌltɪ'meɪtəm ］

n. 最后通牒〈同　last offer〉

例　Since they have ignored our ultimatum , our only recourse is to declare war. 既然他们对我们的最后通牒视而不见，我们唯一的手段就是宣战。

ultrasonic ［ˌʌltrə'sɒnɪk ］

adj. 超音速的，超声（波）的〈同　supersonic〉

例　Bats use ultrasonic waves to locate flying insects at night. 蝙蝠利用超声波在夜间定位飞行的昆虫。

记　ultra（超出，超过）+sonic（音速的）→超音速的

联　ultrasonics n. 超音波学；sonic adj. 声音的；sonata n. 奏鸣曲；sonorous adj. 洪亮的；supersonic adj. 超声波的；dissonant adj. 不和谐的；resonant adj. 回响的，共鸣的

unanimity ［ˌju:nə'nɪməti ］

n. 全体一致，一致同意〈同　concord, consensus, harmony〉

例　We were surprised by the unanimity with which our proposals were accepted by the different groups. 我们的提案竟然被不同群体一致同意接受，这令我们很是吃惊。

联　unanimous adj. 全体意见一致的

unbiased ［ʌn'baɪəst ］

adj. 没有偏见的〈同　impartial, fair〉

例　The unbiased mediator helped solve the contract dispute. 那名公正的调停者帮助解决了合同纠纷。

unbridgeable ［ʌn'brɪʤbəl ］

adj. 不能架桥的；不可逾越的〈同　impassable, insurmountable〉

例　The differences between the wife and husband were unbridgeable , so they decided to file for divorce. 这对夫妻之间有无法逾越的分歧，所以他们决定申请离婚。

unbridled ［ʌn'braɪdəld ］

adj. 放纵的，无约束的〈同　uncontrolled, wild〉

例　His unbridled anger eventually drove his wife away. 他无法抑制的愤怒最终逼走了他的妻子。

unbroken ［ʌn'brəʊkən ］

adj. 完整的；持续的〈同　uninterrupted, intact〉

例　The longest unbroken border in the world is that between Canada and the United States. 世界上最长的连续边界线在加拿大与美国之间。

underdeveloped ［ˌʌndədɪ'veləpt ］

adj. 不发达的〈同　backward, undeveloped〉

例　Our country has spent billions of dollars to help the underdeveloped areas improve their standard of living. 我们国家投入数十亿美元，帮助欠发达地区提高生活标准。

undergraduate ［ˌʌndə'grædjʊɪt ］

n. （尚未取得学位的）大学生

例　Most undergraduates take four years to earn a degree. 大多数本科生都要花四年时间才能取得学位。

联　graduate n. （大学的）毕业生；研究生；postgraduate n. 研究生

underscore ［ˌʌndə'skɔ:(r) ］

vt. 画线于…下；强调〈同　emphasize, stress〉

例　When we take notes, our teacher wants us to underscore items that are especially important. 我们在记笔记的时候，老师希望我们在特别重要的条目下画线。

联　underline vt. 画线于…下；强调；underbred adj. 没教养的；undergird vt. 巩固，加强；underpin vt. 巩固，加强

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Because of his high scores, he was the only ______ permitted into the graduate-level laboratory project.

19. The prospective jurors（陪审员）need to be uninformed of the case in order to have an ______ opinion.

20. The boat used ______ radar to identify submarines.

21. The many ______ industries represent a great potential of opportunities for the country.

22. The thief gave him an ______ to either give him his money or be shot.

23. There is rarely a case where ______ is reached between two rival parties.

第四部分

undertaking ［ˌʌndə'teɪkɪŋ ］

n. 任务；事业〈同　project; enterprise〉

例　A dinner party for thirty people is a large undertaking . 30人的晚宴可是一项大工程。

underwater ［ˌʌndə'wɔ:tə(r) ］

adj. 在水下的，在水中的〈同　submarine, submerged〉

例　Atlantis became an underwater city after it was completely flooded. 亚特兰蒂斯被彻底淹没后，成为一个水下城市。

undo ［ʌn'du: ］

v. ①解开，松开〈同　free, loosen〉

例　He undid his shoelaces and took his shoes off before walking inside. 他解开鞋带，脱下鞋，然后走了进去。

②使恢复原状；取消，抹掉〈同　reverse; annul〉

例　lt will take months to undo the damage caused by the disgruntled employee. 要挽回心怀不满的员工造成的损失，需要几个月的时间。

联　undoing n. 解开；毁灭；undone adj. 未完成的；解开的；unfasten v. 解开，放松

unearth ［ʌn'ɜ:θ ］

vt. 发掘，挖出；揭露；发现〈同　dig up; discover〉

例　The digging of the scientists unearthed a buried city. 科学家们的挖掘发现了一座被埋葬的城市。

记　un（不）+earth（地）→不在地下→挖出

联　unearthly adj. 非尘世的，神秘的；earthly adj. 现世的，俗世的；earthy adj. 泥土的；朴实的；earthenware n. 土器，陶器

unfair ［ˌʌn'feə(r) ］

adj. 不公平的〈同　unjust, biased〉

例　The defendant argued with the judge that the decision was unfair . 被告与法官辩论，称判决不公平。

unmatched ［ˌʌn'mætʃt ］

adj. 无可匹敌的〈同　unequaled, unparalleled, peerless〉

例　The company's record sales this month were unmatched by any of its competitors. 该公司本月的唱片销量是其任何一个竞争对手都无法匹敌的。

unpack ［ˌʌn'pæk ］

v. 打开包裹（或行李等）〈同　unwrap, unfold〉

例　She unpacked her clothes from her suitcase when she arrived at the hotel room. 她到了酒店房间后，便从行李箱里取出自己的衣服。

unprecedented ［ʌn'presɪdentɪd ］

adj. 前所未有的，空前的〈同　unexampled, unparalleled〉

例　George's consumption of 10,677 hot dogs was unprecedented ; no one had ever eaten so many before. 乔治吃掉了10,677个热狗，真是史无前例；之前从没有人能吃这么多。

记　un（没有）+precedent（先例；pre［前的］+ced［走］+ent→走在前面的东西→先例）+ed→前所未有的

联　precedent n. 先例；antecedent adj. 在先的，先行的；precede v. 先于；procedure n. 程序；proceed vi. 前进；进行

unravel ［ʌn'rævəl ］

v. ①弄清楚（秘密）〈同　discover, solve〉

例　The detective unraveled the mystery. 侦探解开了谜团。

②拆开；解开；松开〈同　unwind, untangle〉

例　Anne unraveled the old sweater because she needed the yarn. 安妮拆了那件旧毛衣，因为她需要纱线。

记　un（不）+ravel（纠缠）→使不再纠缠在一起→解开

联　rave v. 咆哮；disentangle v. 解脱，解开纠结；unsnarl vt. 解开（纠纷等）；清理；unknot vt. 解开（结子）

unrestrained ［ˌʌnrɪ'streɪnd ］

adj. 无限制的〈同　free, unbridled〉

例　The unrestrained pollution has prompted the government to spend billions of dollars for environmental protection. 无限制的污染促使政府投入数十亿美元用于环境保护。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Snowfall in April in that city is ______.

25. The ______ policeman mistreated people and took bribes.

26. It was a large ______ for her mother to be solely responsible for the large wedding party.

27. The birthday girl was so anxious to ______ her presents that she just ripped them open.

28. With a smoking gun in his hand and a dead body on the ground, it was too late and the crime could not be ______.

29. The student's mathematical skills were ______ by anyone and she won first place in the math contest.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | unanimity | A. pauper
31. ______ | treacherous | B. loyal
32. ______ | unprecedented | C. democratic
33. ______ | unbridled | D. agitated
34. ______ | tranquil | E. gush
35. ______ | tyrannical | F. restrained
36. ______ | undo | G. loyalty
37. ______ | treason | H. disagreement
38. ______ | trickle | I. fasten
39. ______ | tycoon | J. normal

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Natural silk is obtained by unraveling the thin threads of the cocoons（茧）spun by the caterpillars of the silkworm moth.

(A) unwinding
(B) unleashing
(C) undulating

41. I just bought the second part of the trilogy .

(A) eight-sided thing
(B) musical score
(C) three-part novel

42. Scientists speculate that unrestrained population growth and dwindling resources may force humans to look to the sea for food.

(A) unavoidable
(B) unexpected
(C) unchecked

43. The reproductive potential of aphids（蚜虫）is unmatched in the insect world.

(A) unqualified
(B) unequaled
(C) unrecognized

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | transcend | A. faithful
45. ______ | tread | B. excavate
46. ______ | unfair | C. go beyond
47. ______ | ultimatum | D. unprejudiced
48. ______ | trustworthy | E. tramp
49. ______ | twine | F. hazardous
50. ______ | underscore | G. weave
51. ______ | treacherous | H. partial
52. ______ | unbiased | I. underline
53. ______ | unearth | J. final proposal

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

underwater | trilogy | turnpike | trash
unbridgeable | treason | tranquil |

54. Many readers liked the ______ so much that they asked the author to write a fourth novel.

55. The ______ is faster than the regular highway, but you will have to pay tolls.

56. They took a vacation to a ______ setting, far away from their busy lives in the city.

57. It was considered ______ to disobey a king's orders during medieval times.

58. People should get accustomed to throwing their ______ into ______ cans instead of on the ground.

59. A submarine is an ______ boat.

60. Without any construction material, the river seemed ______.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. treacherous
7. trespassed
8. translucent
9. trampled
10. tread
11. transmute
12. twigs
13. tributary
14. tyrannical
15. tycoon's
16. trickled
17. trustworthy
18. undergraduate
19. unbiased
20. ultrasonic
21. underdeveloped
22. ultimatum
23. unanimity
24. unprecedented
25. unfair
26. undertaking
27. unpack
28. undone
29. unmatched
30. H
31. B
32. J
33. F
34. D
35. C
36. I
37. G
38. E
39. A
40. A
41. C
42. C
43. B
44. C
45. E
46. H
47. J
48. A
49. G
50. I
51. F
52. D
53. B
54. trilogy
55. turnpike
56. tranquil
57. treason
58. trash...trash
59. underwater
60. unbridgeable

Lesson 30

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Woods are important in the conservation of water and wildlife.

(A) Swamps
(B) Canyons
(C) Forests

2. The economy of this nation has come to a stop since the upheaval .

(A) bump
(B) vendor
(C) violent disturbance

3. In order to maintain physical wellbeing, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient exercise.

(A) healthful
(B) fresh
(C) well cooked

4. The compact dictionaries published in recent years are not as unwieldy as some of the older editions.

(A) complete
(B) tiresome
(C) cumbersome

5. Once upon a time, the Spanish, French, Dutch, and English all vied for North American territory.

(A) arrived on
(B) competed for
(C) disposed of

第一部分

unscrupulous ［ʌn'skru:pjʊləs ］

adj. 肆无忌惮的；无道德原则的〈同　unprincipled, immoral〉

例　The unscrupulous student cheated on the test. 那名肆无忌惮的学生竟然在考试中作弊。

记　un（不）+scrupulous（小心的）→肆无忌惮的

联　scrupulous adj. 小心谨慎的；scruple n./v. 顾忌，迟疑；unscrewed adj. 未扭紧的；scrutiny n. 详细审查

unsophisticated ［ˌʌnsə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd ］

adj. 不懂世故的，单纯的〈同　naive, innocent〉

例　A child's view of the world is usually unsophisticated . 孩子的世界观通常非常单纯。

unwieldy ［ʌn'wi:ldi ］

adj. 笨拙的；（因太大、太重、形状奇特等而）不易被移动的，笨重的〈同　awkward; heavy〉

例　The unwieldy package was expensive to mail overseas. 向海外邮寄这个笨重的包裹，价格非常昂贵。

记　un（不）+wieldy（支配的，控制的）→不可控制的→笨重的

联　wield vt. 使用；awkward adj. 笨拙的；clumsy adj. 笨拙的；ungainly adj. 难看的；笨手笨脚的；cumbersome adj. 笨重的；unmanageable adj. 无法控制的

upheaval ［ʌp'hi:vəl ］

n. 剧变，动乱〈同　disturbance, explosion〉

例　The recent layoffs have caused a great upheaval within the corporation. 最近的裁员在公司内造成了动荡。

upright ［'ʌpraɪt ］

adj. ①垂直的；直立的〈同　vertical; erect〉

例　He was sitting upright in his hospital bed, propped up by pillows. 他用枕头支撑着身体，直直地坐在医院的病床上。

②正直的；诚实的〈同　honest〉

例　The upright politician refused to accept the bribe. 那名正直的政治家拒绝接受贿赂。

uproar ［'ʌprɔ:(r) ］

n. 喧嚣，骚动〈同　commotion, turmoil〉

例　The car crash caused an uproar throughout the neighborhood. 车祸在整个社区造成了骚动。

uproot ［ˌʌp'ru:t ］

v. ①连根拔起，拔除〈同　pull up, displace〉

例　It is easier to destroy weeds with a chemical than to uproot them by hand. 用化学药品除去杂草，比用手拔草要容易得多。

②根除，灭绝；赶出家园，被迫移开〈同　abolish, eradicate〉

例　After a year of unsuccessful business, the manager uprooted the company and moved the offices to another city. 经过一年不成功的经营，公司负责人对公司进行了彻底重建，并将办公室搬到了另外一个城市。

upside-down ［ˌʌpsaɪd'daʊn ］

adj. 颠倒的〈同　inverted〉

例　Bats like to sleep upside-down. 蝙蝠喜欢倒挂着睡觉。

utilitarian ［ˌjʊtɪlɪ'teərɪən ］

adj. 功利的；实利的〈同　practical, useful〉

例　She was not a utilitarian shopper and always wasted money on things that were unnecessary or worthless. 她并不是实用主义的购物者，经常把钱浪费在不需要或没有价值的东西上。

记　来自名词utility（效用，功用）+arian→功利的

联　utilize vt. 利用

utmost ［'ʌtməʊst ］

adj. 极度的；最大程度的；最远的〈同　extreme, greatest〉

例　Jack's employer gave his utmost recommendation for Jack's application. 杰克的雇主对他的申请进行了极力推荐。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Many families were ______ from their homes by the flood.

7. I have the ______ respect for his accomplishments.

8. The ______ businessman was convicted of corporate fraud.

9. The controversial movie caused an ______ of public criticism.

10. He prefers ______ automobiles to showy ones.

11. The pie fell ______ on the floor.

第二部分

vanity ［'vænɪti ］

n. 虚荣，自负〈同　conceit, arrogance〉

例　The vanity of the rich friends was evident in their conversation about who had the most money. 这些富有的朋友们在谈论谁最有钱时，他们的虚荣心表现得一览无余。

varnish ［'vɑ:nɪ∫ ］

vt. 涂上清漆，粉饰〈同　lacquer, glaze〉

例　The wooden porch was varnished to protect it from bad weather. 木制门廊被涂了漆，以保护其免受恶劣天气的侵蚀。

n. 清漆

例　The carpenter used a whole bottle of varnish for the wooden boat he built. 木匠在他建造的木船上涂了一整瓶清漆。

venom ［'venəm ］

n. ①（蛇的）毒液〈同　poison〉

例　He tied a rope around the snake bite so the venom wouldn't reach his heart. 他在被蛇咬的伤口周围绑上了一根绳子，这样毒液就不会进入他的心脏了。

②恶意，怨恨〈同　spite, malice〉

例　They spoke of their enemies with venom . 他们用恶毒的话谈论敌人。

联　venomed adj. 恶毒的，含有恶意的；venomous adj. 有毒的；venous adj. 静脉的

vertebrate ［'vɜ:tɪbreɪt ; -brət ］

n./adj. 脊椎动物（的）

例　Vertebrates are animals that have a spinal column. 脊椎动物是长有脊柱的动物。

联　invertebrate n./adj. 无脊椎动物（的）

vestige ［'vestɪʤ ］

n. 痕迹，遗迹，残余〈同　remnant, remains〉

例　We discovered vestiges of early Indian life in the cave. 我们在山洞里发现了早期印第安人生活的痕迹。

联　investigation n. 调查；investigate v. 调查；investigative adj. 研究的；vest n. 背心

viable ［'vaɪəbəl ］

adj. ①可行的，切实可行的〈同　feasible, practicable〉

例　After high expenses and no profit for a year, the company's only viable solution was to file for bankruptcy. 经过一年的高开支和零利润，这家公司唯一可行的解决方案就是申请破产。

②能活下去的〈同　alive, growing〉

例　The infant, though born prematurely, is viable and has a good chance to survive. 那个婴儿虽然是早产，但依然能够存活，生存下来的机会很大。

记　via（道路）+(a)ble→有路可走→可行的

联　viability n. 生存能力；发育能力

vibrant ［'vaɪbrənt ］

adj. 活泼的；生气勃勃的〈同　lively, energetic〉

例　His mother advised he get enough sleep so he can be vibrant in the morning for his interview. 他妈妈建议他保持充足的睡眠，这样在参加上午面试的时候他才能精神饱满。

vie ［vaɪ ］

v. 竞争〈同　compete, rival〉

例　Light vies with darkness. 光明与黑暗针锋相对。

联　via prep. 通过，经由；vice n. 恶习，恶行

vigilance ［'vɪʤɪləns ］

n. 警戒，警惕〈同　watchfulness, caution〉

例　Constant vigilance is necessary in order to avoid car accidents. 为了避免车祸，始终保持警觉是很有必要的。

viscosity ［vɪs'kɒsəti ］

n. 黏度，黏性〈同　viscidity, stickiness〉

例　The mechanic's hands were always dirty, mostly because of the viscosity of oil. 那名技工的双手总是很脏，这很大程度上是由于油的黏性。

联　viscous adj. 黏滞的，黏性的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Put another coat of ______ on that table to protect it.

13. The ______ of the palace that was burnt down was preserved as a part of a historical museum.

14. The sink was stopped up by the ______ of the food that was put in it.

15. She liked to flirt because the responses she got appealed to her ______.

16. Two athletes ______ for first place in the competition.

17. Because of the poisonous snakes, they exercised ______ when they went walking in the jungle.

第三部分

virtue ［'vɜ:tju: ］

n. 美德〈同　merit, goodness〉

例　Mr. Bao is the incarnation of virtue ; he has never done anything wrong since he was born. 鲍先生就是美德的化身；他自从出生以来，从未做过任何错事。

联　virtually adv. 事实上，实质上；virtuosity n. 艺术鉴别力

vista ［'vɪstə ］

n. 景色〈同　outlook, view〉

例　The vista from the top of the mountain is majestic. 从山顶看到的景色非常雄伟壮丽。

记　vis（看）+ta→看到的东西→景色

联　visa n. 签证 vt. 签准；签发（护照）

volatile ［'vɒlətaɪl ; (US)-təl ］

adj. ①挥发性的〈同　evaporable〉

例　Alcohol is an example of a volatile liquid. 酒精是一种典型的挥发性液体。

②可变的，不稳定的〈同　unstable, changeable〉

例　The boss was very volatile in the morning and all his employees would avoid him then. 老板在早上的时候情绪非常不稳定，所以所有员工在那个时间都避开他。

voracious ［və'reɪ∫əs ］

adj. 狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的〈同　greedy, insatiable〉

例　The wolf is a voracious animal; its hunger is never satisfied. 狼是一种贪婪的动物；它的饥饿永远得不到满足。

记　vor（吃）+acious→吃得多的→贪婪的

联　vociferous adj. 大声的，嘈杂的

walkout ［'wɔ:kaʊt ］

n. 罢工〈同　strike〉

例　After the walkout , the workers and the company officials held negotiations to resolve the situation. 罢工结束后，工人们和公司领导进行了谈判，以解决当前的问题。

wane ［weɪn ］

vi. 减少；衰落〈同　decline, dwindle〉

例　The fame of celebrities often starts to wane . 名人的名气经常会开始减弱。

联　wade v. 跋涉，涉水；cane n. 手杖，藤条；lane n. 小巷；pane n. 窗格玻璃；sane adj. 健全的；bane n. 毒药；祸害

warrior ［'wɒrɪə(r) ; (US)'wɔ:rɪər ］

n. 战士，勇士〈同　fighter, combatant〉

例　The warrior fought bravely on the battleground. 那位战士在战场上英勇奋战。

记　war（战争）+rior→战斗的人→战士

联　warship n. 军舰，战船；wartime n. 战时；warworn adj. 疲于战争的

wary ［'weəri ］

adj. 小心翼翼的，机警小心的〈同　cautious, discreet〉

例　Marilyn's mother told her to be wary of strangers. 玛丽莲的妈妈告诉她要提防陌生人。

联　warily adv. 留心地，小心地，警惕地

weird ［wɪəd ］

adj. 怪诞的，奇异的〈同　queer, strange〉

例　She looked weird with that horrible makeup on her face. 她脸上糟糕的妆容让她看起来非常奇怪。

联　wield vt. 挥舞；weld v. 焊接；uncanny adj. 离奇的；eerie adj. 怪诞的，可怕的

well-being ［'welbi:ɪŋ ］

n. 安宁；福利〈同　welfare, benefit〉

例　The many foreign investments improved the well-being of the country's economy. 众多国外投资促进了该国经济的健康发展。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The police wanted to confirm the ______ of the hostage before continuing negotiations with the kidnapper.

19. After not eating for two days straight, he had a ______ appetite.

20. The teacher told the student that humility is a ______.

21. As the wind died down we knew the storm was beginning to ______.

22. After losing her investment, she's ______ of buying any more stocks.

23. In times of economic change, the stock market can be ______.

第四部分

whim ［wɪm ; (US)hwɪm ］

n. 心血来潮；怪念头〈同　impulse, caprice〉

例　People were uncertain about her whim to marry that rich old fellow. 人们无法确信她要嫁给那个有钱老男人的怪念头。

联　whimsical adj. 反复无常的；古怪的；whimmy adj. 异想天开的；心血来潮的

wholesale ［'həʊlseɪl ］

adj. ①批发的

例　A rise in the wholesale prices precedes a sharp increase in the retail level. 批发价格上涨之后，零售价格也开始大幅上涨。

②大规模的〈同　large-scale〉

例　Many people were angered by the wholesale slaughter of birds. 许多人被大批捕杀鸟类的行为激怒了。

记　whole（完整，未被破坏）+sale（出售）→批发的

联　wholesaler n. 批发商；retail n./v. 零售；salesclerk n. 店员；salesman n. 售货员，推销员

wholesome ［'həʊlsəm ］

adj. 身心健康的；朝气蓬勃的〈同　healthful, beneficial〉

例　Janet is not really pretty, but her sparkling personality and wholesome charm make her very attractive. 珍妮特其实并不漂亮，但她活泼的个性和朝气蓬勃的魅力让她非常迷人。

wildlife ［'waɪldlaɪf ］

n. 野生动植物〈同　wilding〉

例　The forest was preserved as a national park for the sake of the rare wildlife in it. 那片森林被评为国家公园，以保护里面的稀有野生动植物。

witty ［'wɪti ］

adj. 机智的；风趣的〈同　clever; humorous〉

例　The politician always started his speeches with a witty joke in order to get the audience smiling. 为了引观众发笑，那个政治家的演讲总会以一个诙谐的笑话开场。

woods ［wʊdz ］

n. 森林，树林〈同　forest, woodland〉

例　The man liked to go to the woods on the weekends to hunt for deer. 那个男人喜欢周末去树林里猎鹿。

联　cottonwood n. 【植】三叶杨，棉白杨；softwood n. 软木材

wring ［rɪŋ ］

vt. 绞，拧，扭〈同　twist, squeeze〉

例　I wrung the water out of the sponge and wiped the counter. 我拧出海绵里的水，然后用它擦柜台。

联　wringer n. 绞干器；wrinkle n. 皱纹；wrench n. 扳手 v. 猛扭，绞痛；writhe v. （因巨痛而）扭动身体

yardstick ［'jɑ:dstɪk ］

n. 码尺；准绳〈同　standard〉

例　He used a yardstick to measure the size of the room. 他用码尺来测量房间的大小。

联　yardman n. 园丁；yardmeasure n. 码尺；matchstick n. 火柴杆；stickpin n. 领带夹

zenith ［'zenɪθ ］

n. 顶点，顶峰〈同　pinnacle, peak〉

例　Bill Clinton reached the zenith of his career in 1992. 1992年，比尔·克林顿达到了职业的巅峰。

zigzag ［'zɪgzæg ］

adj. ①曲折的〈同　sinuous〉

例　Life today is nervous, sharp, and zigzag . 如今的生活紧张、快速、曲折。

②锯齿形的，Z字形的〈同　jagged〉

例　Our journey lay through the zigzag path through the woods. 我们的行程是沿一条蜿蜒的小路穿过树林。

记　字母“Z”和中文“之”形似，给人以曲折的直观感觉

联　crooked adj. 弯曲的，扭曲的；crank n. 曲柄；jagged adj. 凹口的，锯齿状的；serrated adj. 锯齿状的；indented adj. 锯齿状的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The mother said the _______ of her life was the moment she gave birth to her baby.

25. Most snakes in the grass move in _______.

26. The lawyer tried to prosecute the case by being _______ and thereby entertaining the jury.

27. The cold businessman managed his company with careful calculation and never by his _______.

28. After a week of business traveling and eating fast food, it was nice to return home and eat _______ food again.

29. After she washed the clothes, she _______ them and hung them out to dry.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | volatile | A. moral
31. ______ | wholesale | B. impractical
32. ______ | wane | C. selective
33. ______ | zenith | D. normal
34. ______ | weird | E. nadir
35. ______ | virtue | F. horizontal
36. ______ | utilitarian | G. stable
37. ______ | unscrupulous | H. vice
38. ______ | upright | I. antidote
39. ______ | venom | J. wax

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Recycling is becoming an increasingly viable option for waste disposal.

(A) controversial
(B) dirty
(C) feasible

41. With an area of some 9,355,000 square miles and shaped like a huge, upside-down triangle, North America is third in size among the world's seven continents.

(A) inverted
(B) imaginary
(C) striped

42. The North American fur trade waned in the early 1800's mainly due to the diminishing number of fur-bearing animals.

(A) staggered
(B) ceased
(C) declined

43. In the period between 1941 and 1946, labor leader John L. Lewis called at least nine walkouts of his 400,000 soft-coal miners in order to win new contracts.

(A) meetings
(B) strikes
(C) outings

44. The Cheyenne Indians were considered spectacular riders and fierce warriors .

(A) hunters
(B) defenders
(C) fighters

45. The venom of coral snakes is especially potent and the mortality rate among humans who have been bitten is high.

(A) rattles
(B) teeth
(C) poison

46. The conservation research project will concentrate on wildlife habitats in the forest.

(A) tropical
(B) wilding
(C) regional

47. At the zenith of her career in the 1930's Dorothy Thompson was one of the best-known journalists in the United States.

(A) completion
(B) pinnacle
(C) outset

48. A playwright of note, Cornelia Otis Skinner was also the author of witty essays and light verse.

(A) humorous
(B) lenthy
(C) practical

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
49. ______ | vigilance | A. careful
50. ______ | wary | B. soldier
51. ______ | witty | C. inconstant
52. ______ | unsophisticated | D. cleverly amusing
53. ______ | utmost | E. healthy
54. ______ | volatile | F. highest
55. ______ | wholesome | G. cumbersome
56. ______ | warrior | H. alertness
57. ______ | viscosity | I. simple
58. ______ | unwieldy | J. cohesiveness

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

unwieldy | vertebrate | viable | upright | vibrant
weird | voracious | wholesale | venom | upside-down

59. The numbers 01134 on your calculator spell“hello”______.

60. Las Vegas is an example of a city that stays ______ 24 hours a day.

61. Moving the ______ piano up the stairs was difficult.

62. The shadows made ______ figures on the wall.

63. The ______ of the spider was so strong it could kill a horse.

64. Consumers liked to purchase goods at the ______ market because it was considerably cheaper than the local store.

65. Since we had thought he was ______, we were surprised when he lied to us.

66. The government has agreed to allow the mines to stay in operation, as long as they can show that they can become ______.

67. Locusts（蝗虫，蚱蜢）are ______ predators which can devour whole forests.

68. Humans are the most advanced species of ______ on this planet.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. uprooted
7. utmost
8. unscrupulous
9. uproar
10. utilitarian
11. upside-down
12. varnish
13. vestige
14. viscosity
15. vanity
16. vied
17. vigilance
18. well-being
19. voracious
20. virtue
21. wane
22. wary
23. volatile
24. zenith
25. zigzags
26. witty
27. whims
28. wholesome
29. wrung
30. G
31. C
32. J
33. E
34. D
35. H
36. B
37. A
38. F
39. I
40. C
41. A
42. C
43. B
44. C
45. C
46. B
47. B
48. A
49. H
50. A
51. D
52. I
53. F
54. C
55. E
56. B
57. J
58. G
59. upside-down
60. vibrant
61. unwieldy
62. weird
63. venom
64. wholesale
65. upright
66. viable
67. voracious
68. vertebrates

附录

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