图书在版编目（CIP）数据

新东方词汇进阶. Vocabulary 23000/包凡一，王玉梅编著. —2版（修订本）. —西安：西安交通大学出版社，2012.9

ISBN 978-7-5605-4560-8

Ⅰ. ①新…　Ⅱ. ①包… ②王…　Ⅲ. ①英语—词汇—自学参考资料　Ⅳ. ①H313

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2012）第211904号

书　　名　新东方词汇进阶 Vocabulary 23000

编　　著　包凡一　王玉梅

责任编辑　黄科丰　姚心苗

封面设计　黄蕊

出版发行　西安交通大学出版社

地　　址　西安市兴庆南路10号（邮编：710049）

电　　话　（010）62605588　62605019（发行部）

（029）82668315（总编室）

读者信箱　bj62605588@163.com

书　　号　ISBN 978-7-5605-4560-8/H·1423

版权所有　侵权必究

前言

本丛书专为哪些人编写？

◎ 准备参加TOEFL、IELTS、GRE、GMAT等考试，但英语水平或词汇量不足，难以直接复习备考，需要实实在在、循序渐进提高词汇量及英文水平的人——本丛书词汇从“Vocabulary Basic”开始，难度逐级提高，直到“Vocabulary 23000”。

◎ 准备参加大学英语四级考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”包括了《大学英语教学大纲》规定的英语四级应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 准备参加大学英语六级考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”+“Vocabulary 6000”，包括了《大学英语教学大纲》规定的英语六级应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 准备参加TOEFL、研究生入学等考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”+“Vocabulary 6000”+“Vocabulary 12000”，包含了TOEFL、研究生入学考试应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 以上所有类型的读者均可首先学习或最后总结学习“Vocabulary 23000”。该书采用“词根词缀”记忆法，为读者构建词汇学习之框架，同时结合“近形”和“同根”记忆法，帮助读者轻松、快速地扩大词汇量。

本丛书有何特点？

◎ 以“课”为单元，每课包括4个部分或3～5个Group，各部分虽只有10个左右的主词，但由其衍生出来的同义、反义、形近、同根、同类词等的量非常之大。这样既可方便读者安排学习进度（每天1～2课），又能够保证其3个月内词汇量迅速达到20000以上。

◎ 每个单词均附有国际音标、词性说明、中文释义、英文例句及译文。

◎ 列出各单词的同义词，帮助读者迅速扩大词汇量。配合联想记忆法，举一反三，事半功倍。

◎ 根据词义精心设计了助记插图，既便于读者更好地理解单词，又为学习增加了趣味性。

◎ 前三册每一部分后均附有习题，以加深读者对所学单词的印象；全四册每一课后均有综合复习，便于读者自我检测对所学单词的了解程度，并增强活用单词的能力。

◎ 附赠MP3录音，可在网络上免费下载，其中包含书中的所有主词和英文例句。录音由英音外教朗读，发音纯正地道，配合学习，效果更佳。

词汇量的增加不可一蹴而就，但是若能采用系统的方法，还是可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间。为此，我们特别为全国广大的英语学习者编写了这套词汇丛书。从最基本的“Vocabulary Basic”到足以应付留学考试之需的“Vocabulary 23000”，读者只要按部就班、循序渐进地学习本丛书，必可在最短的时间内取得最大的成效。无论您目前是在校求学或已步入社会，都会发现本系列书籍即是您苦寻已久、增强英文实力的最佳利器。学校老师更可采用本系列书籍作为辅助教材，以弥补平时上课内容之不足。

编者

Lesson 1

音频

Group 1: a=not “不、无、非”

agnostic ［æɡ'nɒstɪk ］

n. 不可知论者 adj. 不可知论的

解　n. a person who doubts the truth of religion adj. uncertain of all claims to knowledge

例　Rebelling against the religious training of his youth, he was for many years an agnostic . 他年轻的时候就反抗宗教培训，多年来一直是个无神论者。

构　a (=not) + gnost (=to know) + ic

amorphous ［ə'mɔ:fəs ］

adj. 无定形的

解　having no definite form or distinct shape

例　Unless frozen, water is naturally amorphous . 除了结冰，水在自然状态下是没有形状的。

构　a (=not, without) + morph (=form) + ous

anomalous ［ə'nɒmələs ］

adj. 反常的，不规则的

解　deviating from the general or common order or type

例　Both geniuses and mad men usually follow anomalous patterns of behavior. 天才和疯子通常都行为异常。

同　anomaly n. 异常，反常；反常的事件

anonymity ［ˌænə'nɪmɪti ］

n. 无名，匿名

解　state of being nameless

例　The donor of the gift asked the college not to mention him by name; and the dean readily agreed to respect his anonymity . 礼物捐赠人要求学院不要提起他的姓名，院长欣然同意尊重他的匿名请求。

构　an (=not, without) + onym (=name) + ity

apathy ［'æpəθi ］

n. 漠然，冷淡

解　the trait of lacking enthusiasm for or interest in things generally

例　The people's apathy towards pollution contributed to the destruction of the environment. 人们对污染的冷漠导致了对环境的破坏。

近　pithy adj. （讲话或文章）简练的

同　apathetic adj. 冷漠的，无动于衷的

构　a (=not, without) + path (=to feel) + y

atrophy ［'ætrəfi ］

n. ① 【医】萎缩，萎缩症 ② 衰退

解　① a decrease in size of an organ caused by disease or disuse ② any weakening or degeneration (especially through lack of use)

例　Medical experts state that almost every case of muscle and tissue atrophy is the result of changes in cell nutrition, disease, or prolonged disuse. 医学专家称，几乎所有肌肉和组织萎缩都是由细胞营养的变化、疾病或长期不运动所引起的。

近　trophy n. 奖品，战利品；troupe n. 剧团；歌唱团

构　a (=not, without) + troph (=nourishment) + y

Group 2: acid, acri, ac=acid; bitter, harsh “酸；尖酸，锐利”

acid ［'æsɪd ］

adj. ① 酸的 ② 尖刻的

解　① sharp or biting to the taste; sour ② sharp in manner or temper

例　Lemons are an acid fruit. 柠檬是一种酸味水果。

acrid ［'ækrɪd ］

adj. ① （气味等）刺激的，辛辣的 ② 刻薄的

解　① strong and sharp ② harsh or corrosive in tone

例　Acrid coal smoke made my eyes water. 刺鼻的煤烟把我的眼睛熏得流泪。

同　acridity n. （气味等）辛辣，刺激

acrimonious ［ˌækrɪ'məʊnjəs ］

adj. 言词或语调等刻薄的，激烈的

解　bitter and caustic in temper, manner, or speech

例　An acrimonious dispute broke out between the drivers who had the accident. 一场激烈的冲突在发生事故的司机之间爆发了。

同　acrimony n. 尖刻，刻薄

近　parsimonious adj. 太节省的，小气的

acute ［ə'kjʊ:t ］

adj. ① 灵敏的，敏锐的 ② （病）急性的，剧烈的

解　① quick in perceiving and responding to impressions; keen ② afflicted by a disease exhibiting a rapid onset followed by a short, severe course

例　Dogs have an acute sense of smell. 狗有着敏锐的嗅觉。

同　acuity n. 敏锐，灵敏

acumen ［ə'kjʊ:mən ］

n. 精明，敏锐，明智

解　shrewdness shown by keen insight

例　Sherlock Holmes' acumen helped him solve hundreds of mysteries. 夏洛克·福尔摩斯的聪明帮助他破解了数百个谜案。

acerbic ［ə'sɜ:bɪk ］

adj. ① 酸的 ② 尖刻的

解　① sour or bitter in taste ② harsh or corrosive in tone

例　You should not eat the fruit if it is not ripe, since it will probably taste acerbic . 你应该等水果熟了再吃，不然可能会很酸。

exacerbate ［ɪk'sæsɜ:beɪt ］

v. 加重，恶化

解　to make worse; to aggravate

例　His lies to cover up his previous lies only served to exacerbate his troubles. 他用谎言来弥补之前的谎言，只能加重他的麻烦。

构　ex (=intensive) + acerb (=bitter, harsh) + ate

Group 3: act=act “行动”

action ［'ækʃən ］

n. 行为，行动

解　the state or process of acting or doing; a deed

例　The judge told her she had to be responsible for her actions . 法官告诉她要为自己的行为负责。

interaction ［ˌɪntər'ækʃən ］

n. 相互作用（影响）

解　a mutual or reciprocal action; interacting

例　The study found that the interaction people have with their parents as they grow up is pivotal in creating a sound psychological foundation for them. 研究发现，人们在成长过程中与父母间的相互影响，对他们形成健康的心理基础至关重要。

radioactive ［ˌreɪdɪəʊ'æktɪv ］

adj. 放射性的，辐射性的

解　of or exhibiting radioactivity

例　Radium, uranium, and thorium are radioactive metallic elements. 镭、铀和钍都属于放射性金属元素。

activate ［'æktɪveɪt ］

vt. 刺激，激发，使活动

解　to set in motion; to make active or more active

例　The driving instructor taught her to put the key into the ignition to activate the car. 驾驶教练教她把钥匙插入点火装置来启动车辆。

active ［'æktɪv ］

adj. ① 积极的，活跃的 ② 活性的

解　① working hard or with energy; busy and energetic; lively ② working

例　The professor was very active in his lectures, throwing his hands in the air and jumping up and down. 教授在讲课过程中很活跃，挥舞双手，跳上跳下。

同　activity n. 活动；活跃，活力

enact ［ɪ'nækt ］

v. ① 制定 （法律）② 扮演（角色）

解　① to make into law ② to play

例　Congress enacted a bill to restrict the sale of guns. 国会制定了一条限制枪支销售的法令。

同　enactment n. （法律、法规的）制定，颁布；扮演

exacting ［ɪɡ'zæktɪŋ ］

adj. ① 苛求的，要求严格的 ② 吃力的，需付出极大耐心的

解　① requiring much; hard to please ② requiring effort, care, or attention

例　An exacting teacher will not permit careless work. 严格的教师不会允许学生在作业上马马虎虎。

同　exact v. 苛求 adj. 精确的；exactitude n. 精确

构　ex (=out) + act (=to act) + ing

reactionary ［ri: 'ækʃənəri ］

n. 反动分子，保守分子 adj. 保守的，反动的

解　n. an opponent of progress or liberalism

adj. extremely conservative

例　The reactionaries colluded in a conspiracy to prevent the liberal candidate from being elected president. 反动分子串通一气，阴谋阻止自由党候选人被选为总统。

reactant ［ri:'æktənt ］

n. 反应剂，反应物

解　a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

例　The chemistry student added the reactant into the liquid to start the experiment. 学化学的学生把反应剂加入液体里，开始了实验。

同　react v. 反应；reaction n. 反应

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | apathy | A. demanding
2. ______ | exacerbate | B. trigger
3. ______ | amorphous | C. waste away
4. ______ | exacting | D. indifference
5. ______ | acid | E. namelessness
6. ______ | activate | F. caustic
7. ______ | acute | G. worsen
8. ______ | atrophy | H. decrease
9. ______ | abate | I. penetrating
10. ______ | anonymity | J. formless

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | abate | A. deactivate
12. ______ | exacerbate | B. alleviate
13. ______ | acrid | C. augment
14. ______ | activate | D. liberal
15. ______ | reactionary | E. gentle

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

acute | anomalous | apathy | action | agnostic
acid | exacerbate | active | acrid | exacting

16. The ______ smell of freshly cut onions always made him cry.

17. The ______ teacher made the students take a test every day.

18. Able to hear people talking in the next room, Superman（超人）has an ______ sense of hearing.

19. Jason's manager did not want any words of apology; instead he told Jason that ______ speak louder than words.

20. The ______ demanded proof before she would accept the statement of the minister.

21. An ______ volcano is one that may erupt at any time.

22. The manufacturer's quality control department developed testing systems to identify any ______ products.

23. The _____ fluids in our stomachs work to break down large food particles into digestive nutrients and waste.

24. His insincere apology did not appease her and in fact ______ her anger.

25. Since they lived in a small isolated town, ______ towards international events was commonplace.

参考答案

1. D
2. G
3. J
4. A
5. F
6. B
7. I
8. C
9. H
10. E
11. C
12. B
13. E
14. A
15. D
16. acrid
17. exacting
18. acute
19. actions
20. agnostic
21. active
22. anomalous
23. acid
24. exacerbated
25. apathy

Lesson 2

音频

Group 4: add=add “加，增加”

addition ［ə'dɪʃən ］

n. 增加；加法

解　the act of adding one thing to another

例　The addition of new factories around the community would hinder the local air quality. 在社区周围建造新的工厂会影响当地的空气质量。

additional ［ə'dɪʃənəl ］

adj. 附加的

解　added; extra; more

例　The teacher realized the test was too long and gave the students an additional ten minutes to finish it. 老师意识到测试内容太多，给了学生额外10分钟来完成。

additive ［'ædɪtɪv ］

n. 添加剂，添加物

解　something added to enhance food or gasoline or paint or medicine

例　The food from fast food restaurants has a lot of chemical additives , such as preservatives. 快餐店的食物有很多化学添加剂，比如防腐剂。

近　

addicted adj. 沉溺于某种嗜好中的，上瘾的；addiction n. 沉溺，上瘾

其他与“加，增加”意义有关的词汇

aggrandize v. 增大，扩大（权势、地位、财富等）

augment v. 增大，增值

hike n. （数量、数额的）提高，增加

proliferate v. 繁殖；（数目）激增

accrete v. 因不停地生长而使增大

escalate v. （战争等）升级；扩大，上升

Group 5: agog=lead “引导”

agog ［ə'ɡɒɡ ］

adj. 兴奋的，热切的，有强烈兴趣的

解　highly excited

例　After four long years, many students were agog to graduate. 漫长的四年之后，许多学生都兴奋地盼着毕业。

pedagogy ［'pedəɡɒɡi ］

n. 教育学，教学法

解　the profession of a teacher; activities that impart knowledge

例　The English teacher had published her doctoral thesis on the pedagogy of languages. 英语老师出版了她关于语言教学法的博士论文。

近　pediatrics n. 儿科学；pedantic adj. 迂腐的，学究气的；pedantry n. 假装学者，卖弄学问；pedant n. 书呆子，迂腐之人

同　pedagogue n. 教师

demagogue ［'deməɡɒɡ ］

n. 煽动者，煽动政治家

解　an orator who appeals to the passions and prejudices of his audience

例　The demagogue had been elected senator during the economic depression because of his campaign speeches on implementing economic reform. 在经济萧条时期，那位具有煽动力的政客因为在竞选演讲中提出实施经济改革而被选为参议员。

同　demagogic adj. 煽动的，蛊惑人心的

构　dem (=people) + agog (=to lead) + ue

Group 6: agon=struggle “挣扎，斗争”

agony ［'æɡəni ］

n. 苦恼，极大的痛苦

解　very painful suffering; very great anguish

例　The loss of their child filled them with agony . 他们失去了自己的孩子，痛苦万分。

同　agonize v. 使极度痛苦，折磨

antagonize ［æn'tæɡənaɪz ］

v. ① 与…对抗 ② 激怒

解　① to act in opposition to ② to provoke the hostility of

例　The fly antagonized him as he sat peacefully reading a book. 在他平静地坐着看书时，一只苍蝇惹恼了他。

antagonistic ［ænˌtæɡə'nɪstɪk ］

adj. 对立的，敌对的

解　acting against each other; opposing; hostile

例　Cats and dogs are antagonistic towards each other. 猫类和狗类互相敌视。

同　antagonism n. 对抗，敌对

protagonist ［prəʊ'tæɡənɪst ］

n. ① 提倡者，支持者 ② （戏剧、故事、小说中的）主角

解　① a proponent; an advocate ② the main character in a drama or other literary work

例　The politician had a group of loyal protagonists help promote his campaign for reelection. 这名政治家有一群忠实的拥护者来帮助他进行连任竞选活动。

Group 7: agra, agri, agro=field; agriculture “田地；农业”

agrarian ［ə'ɡrərɪən ］

adj. 耕地的，土地的

解　pertaining to the cultivation of land

例　The agrarian society depended mainly on its crops for food, rather than meat from hunting. 农耕社会主要依靠农作物作为食物来源，而不是靠打猎获取肉类。

近　chagrin n./v. 失望，懊恼；saccharin n. 糖精；grin n./v. 露齿笑，咧嘴笑

agriculture ［'æɡrɪkʌltʃə(r) ］

n. 农业

解　the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock

例　The farmer's son studied agriculture in college so he could return and successfully run the family farm. 这位农民的儿子在大学学习农业，这样他学成归来后就可以成功地经营家庭农场。

agronomy ［əɡ'rɒnəmi ］

n. 农学

解　the application of soil and plant sciences to land management and crop production

例　The farmer used agronomy to make his farm more productive. 这位农民运用农学使他的农场更加高产。

agronomist ［ə'ɡrɒnəmɪst ］

n. 农学家

解　scientist engaged in the management of land

例　The professor was an agronomist and he met with local farmers to discuss advances in agricultural science. 这位教授是一位农学家，他与当地的农民们会面，讨论农业科学的进步问题。

Group 8: air, aer=air “空气；充气”

aircraft ［'əkrɑ:ft ］

n. 飞行器

解　a vehicle that can fly

例　Airplanes, airships, helicopters, and hot air balloons are all aircraft . 飞机、飞艇、直升机和热气球都属于飞行器。

airtight ［'ətaɪt ］

adj. 密封的

解　not allowing air to pass in or out

例　She put her lunch in an airtight container so it would stay fresh. 她把午餐放到密封容器里，这样可以保鲜。

aerate ［'eəreɪt ］

v. 充气，让空气进入

解　to fill with a gas

例　Soda water is water that has been aerated with carbon dioxide. 苏打水是压入二氧化碳的水溶液。

anaerobic ［ˌæneə'rəʊbɪk ］

adj. 【微】没有空气而能生活的，厌氧性的

解　living or active in the absence of oxygen

例　Although the distant planet did not have an oxygenated atmosphere, scientists could not rule out the possible existence of anaerobic life forms. 尽管这颗遥远的星球并不存在有氧环境，但是科学家也不能排除厌氧生命体存在的可能。

其他与“空气”意义有关的词汇

atmosphere n. 大气

gaseous adj. 气体的

gasification n. 气化

oxygen n. 氧，氧气

hydrogen n. 氢气

chlorine n. 氯气

inflate v. 打气，使膨胀；通货膨胀

deflate v. 放气；通货紧缩

aroma n. 芳香，香气

stratosphere n. 大气平流层

Group 9: alter, altru, ali=other “其他的”

alter ［'ɔ:ltə(r) ］

v. 改变，变更

解　to cause to change; to make different

例　They had to alter their vacation plans to the Caribbean because of the hurricane present there. 由于加勒比海风暴肆虐，他们不得不改变去那儿的休假计划。

alternate ［'ɔ:ltəneɪt ］

v. 交替，轮流

解　to do something in turns

例　We alternated work and pleasure. 我们劳逸结合。

altruist ［'æltrʊɪst ］

n. 利他主义者，爱他主义者

解　someone who makes charitable donations intended to increase human well-being

例　The rich altruist made regular donations for homeless people. 这位无私的富翁经常为无家可归的人捐款。

同　altruism n. 利他主义，不自私；altruistic adj. 利他主义的

alias ［'eɪlɪəs ］

n. 化名，别名

解　a name that has been assumed temporarily

例　The thief had so many aliases that no one knew his real name. 这个小偷有许多化名，没人知道他的真实姓名。

alibi ［'ælɪbaɪ ］

n. 借口，托辞

解　an explanation offered to avoid blame or justify action; an excuse

例　The inspector was able to put his finger on the weak point in the suspect's alibi . 检察官能准确指出嫌疑人辩辞中的弱点。

近　ad-lib v. 即兴表演；albinism n. 白化病；albino n. 白化病者；album n. 集邮册；相册；唱片

alienate ［'eɪlɪəneɪt ］

v. 疏远

解　turn from affection to indifference, dislike, or hatred; make unfriendly

例　The other students alienated her because she looked different. 由于她看上去和别人不一样，其他的同学都疏远她。

构　ali (=other) + en (=quality) + ate （动词后缀）

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | alibi | A. assumed name
2. ______ | alter | B. supporter
3. ______ | alias | C. teaching
4. ______ | additional | D. change
5. ______ | protagonist | E. opposed
6. ______ | altruist | F. extra
7. ______ | alienate | G. take turns
8. ______ | antagonistic | H. estrange
9. ______ | alternate | I. excuse
10. ______ | pedagogy | J. philanthropist

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | antagonize | A. living in oxygen
12. ______ | anaerobic | B. remove air from
13. ______ | alienate | C. synergic
14. ______ | antagonistic | D. placate
15. ______ | aerate | E. reunite

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

agronomist | additional | agony | aerate | agog
antagonize | aircraft | agrarian | agriculture | alias

16. The dentist realized that he had forgotten to inject the patient with anesthetics when she screamed out in ______.

17. The factory ______ its cola just seconds before bottling it.

18. Most old countries had ______ disputes between tenants and landlords.

19. Bruce Wayne, ______ Batman, lived a life of duality between a rich philanthropist and a bat-like superhero.

20. The government granted ______ funds for disaster relief after another hurricane flooded the city streets.

21. The military airport did not allow the landing of unauthorized civilian ______.

22. The Ministry of Agriculture brought the country's top ______ together to discuss key issues.

23. The ______ fans at the pop concert chanted for their idolized singer to come on stage.

24. Rice is one of the main crops of ______ in many Asian countries.

25. Her unkind remarks ______ people who had been her friends.

参考答案

1. I
2. D
3. A
4. F
5. B
6. J
7. H
8. E
9. G
10. C
11. D
12. A
13. E
14. C
15. B
16. agony
17. aerates
18. agrarian
19. alias
20. additional
21. aircraft
22. agronomists
23. agog
24. agriculture
25. antagonized

Lesson 3

音频

Group 10: am=love; friendly “爱；友好的”

amateur ［'æmətə(r) ］

n. 业余爱好者

解　someone who pursues a study or sport as a pastime

例　This painting is the work of an amateur ; it shows very little skill. 这幅画是一位业余爱好者的作品，没有什么技巧。

enamor ［ɪ'næmə(r) ］

vt. 使倾心，使迷恋

解　to inspire with ardent love

例　The princess was enamored with the boy because of his passionate love letters. 公主因为男孩给她写的一些热情洋溢的情书而深深地爱上了他。

近　enamel n. 搪瓷；珐琅

glamorous ［'ɡlæmərəs ］

adj. 富有魅力的，迷人的

解　full of glamor; fascinating

例　She thought becoming a fashion model would be glamorous . 她觉得成为一名时尚模特会很迷人。

amity ［'æməti ］

n. 友好

解　peace and friendship; friendly relations

例　If there were amity between nations, there would be no wars. 如果国家与国家之间都相互友好，就不会有战争了。

amenity ［ə'mi:nɪti ］

n. 舒适，宜人

解　pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions

例　We went to Hawaii to enjoy the amenity of a warm climate. 我们去了夏威夷，享受到了舒适宜 人 的温暖气候。

近　amnesty n. 大赦，特赦

构　am (=to love) + en (=nature of) + ity

amiable ［'eɪmɪəbəl ］

adj. 和蔼的，亲切的

解　diffusing warmth and friendliness

例　She has an amiable personality that everyone can get along with. 她的性格和蔼可亲，每个人都能与她和睦相处。

同　amiability n. 和蔼可亲，友善

amicable ［'æmɪkəbəl ］

adj. 友好的

解　characterized by friendship and goodwill

例　The local people liked the senator because of his amicable and warm personality. 因为这位参议员性格友善而热情，当地老百姓都喜欢他。

构　am (=to love) + ic (=nature of) + able

Group 11: ambi, amphi=both “两个，两种”

ambiguous ［æm'bɪɡjʊəs ］

adj. 模棱两可的，含糊的

解　having more than one possible meaning

例　The language of poetry cannot be too ambiguous ; by nature, it relies on specific, concrete expressions to convey the essence of a feeling. 诗歌的语言不能太含糊不清；从本质上来讲，它依靠确切、具体的词语来表达情感的本质。

同　unambiguous adj. 清楚的；ambiguity n. 模棱两可，含糊不清

ambivalent ［æm'bɪvələnt ］

adj. （对人或物）有矛盾情绪的，举棋不定的

解　characterized by a mixture of opposite feelings or attitudes

例　At one moment, she seemed fascinating to me, at the next, a little short of revolting; I found it hard to understand my own ambivalent reactions. 在这一刻，我似乎对她很着迷，而在下一刻，我似乎对她又有点厌恶；我发现我很难理解自己矛盾的反应。

同　ambivalence n. 矛盾心理

构　ambi (=both) + val (=worth) + ent

ambidextrous ［ˌæmbi'dekstrəs ］

adj. 双手灵巧的

解　equally skillful with each hand

例　As an ambidextrous person, she had no problem using chopsticks with her right or left hands. 她是一个双手灵巧的人，使用左右手拿筷子都没问题。

近　dexterity n. 纯熟，灵巧；index n. 索引

构　ambi (=both) + dextr (=right hand) + ous

amphibian ［æm'fɪbɪən ］

n. 两栖动物

解　cold-blooded vertebrate typically living on land but breeding in water

例　Amphibians are very versatile creatures, being able to live in water or on land. 两栖动物都有着多种本领，既能在水里生存，也能在陆地上生存。

同　amphibious adj. 两栖的

近　ambitious adj. 有雄心抱负的

构　amphi (=both) + bi (=life) + an

Group 12: anim=life; spirit; mind “生命；精神；感觉”

animated ［'ænɪmeɪtɪd ］

adj. ① 栩栩如生的 ② 活泼的，生机勃勃的

解　① seeming to be alive ② lively; vigorous

例　The clown's animated performance made both the children and the adults laugh. 小丑栩栩如生的表演逗得孩子和大人都哈哈大笑。

同　animate v. 使有生命；animation n. 兴奋，活跃；inanimate adj. 死气沉沉的，无生命的

unanimous ［ju:'nænɪməs ］

adj. 全体意见一致的

解　in complete agreement

例　The board came to the unanimous decision to elect Olin as president. 董事会一致决定推选奥林为主席。

同　unanimity n. 全体一致，一致同意

pusillanimous ［ˌpju:sɪ'lænɪməs ］

adj. 懦弱的，胆小的

解　cowardly; fainthearted

例　The pusillanimous elephant ran away at the sight of the mouse. 胆小的大象一看见老鼠就跑掉了。

同　pusillanimity n. 胆小，胆怯

animosity ［ˌænɪ'mɒsɪti ］

n. 憎恶，仇恨

解　violent hatred; active dislike; ill will

例　The wife held a great deal of animosity towards her ex-husband for the way he had treated her. 妻子因其前夫对待她的方式很恶劣而十分憎恨他。

magnanimous ［mæɡ'nænɪməs ］

adj. ① 宽宏大量的 ② 慷慨的

解　① understanding and tolerant ② generous

例　The magnanimous emperor released the prisoners of war after the war had ended. 战争结束后，宽宏大量的统治者释放了战犯。

同　magnanimity n. 宽宏大量；慷慨

构　magn (=great) + anim (=mind) + ous

Group 13: anti=against; opposite “抗…；相反”

antibody ［'æntɪbɒdi ］

n. 抗体

解　a protein substance produced in the blood or tissues in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or a toxin

例　The professor explained to the biology students how our bodies create antibodies in response to foreign substances in our blood. 教授向生物系学生讲解当外来物质进入我们的血液中时，我们的身体是如何产生抗体的。

构　anti (=against) + body (=body)

antibiotic ［ˌæntɪbaɪ'ɒtɪk ］

n. 抗生素

解　a substance produced by a living organism, especially a bacterium or fungus, that destroys or weakens germs

例　Penicillin is an antibiotic . 青霉素是一种抗生素。

构　anti (=against) + bio (=life) + tic

antidote ［'æntɪdəʊt ］

n. 解毒剂

解　a remedy or other agent used to neutralize or counteract the effects of a poison

例　They gave the patient an antidote to reverse the course the poison had taken. 他们给病人服用解毒剂来中和毒药的毒性。

构　anti (=against) + dote (=to give)

anticlimax ［æntɪ'klaɪmæks ］

n. 高潮突降（从上升趋势突然转为令人失望的下降趋势）；虎头蛇尾

解　a disappointing decline after a previous rise

例　After all the suspense for the new movie, the actor's poor performance made the last scene an anticlimax . 这部新电影在前面设置了许多悬念，但这个男演员拙劣的表演使最后一场戏变得虎头蛇尾。

antipathy ［æn'tɪpəθi ］

n. 憎恶，反感，不相容

解　a feeling of intense dislike

例　Cats naturally have a strong antipathy towards dogs. 猫和狗天生不相容。

构　anti (=against, opposite) + path (=to feel) + y

antique ［æn'ti:k ］

n. 古董，古物 adj. 古老的，古代的

解　n. something made long ago adj. of times long ago; from times long ago

例　This carved chest is a genuine antique . 这个雕花的箱子是一件真正的古董。

antiquated ［'æntɪkweɪtɪd ］

adj. ① 陈旧的 ② 过时的

解　① extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period ② being out of style or fashion

例　Marine explorers discovered the remains of an antiquated city at the bottom of the ocean. 海洋探险家在海底发现了一座废弃城市的残骸。

Group 14: apo=off “离开，远离”

apophasis ［ə'pɒfəsɪs ］

n. 【修辞】婉转表达法，表面否认要说或正说的话来加以暗示

解　allusion to something by denying that it will be mentioned

例　The attorney's use of apophasis aimed to discredit his rival without accusing him of anything outright. 这位律师没有直接指控对手的罪行，而是通过婉转表述来达到使其名誉扫地的目的。

apostrophe ［ə'pɒstrəfi ］

n. 撇号 (')

解　the mark (') used to indicate possession as well as the omission of one or more letters from a printed word

例　The apostrophe is used to express possession. 撇号用来表达所有格。

apostasy ［ə'pɒstəsi ］

n. 背教；脱党

解　a total departure from one's faith or religion

例　His statements revealed his apostasy and he was excommunicated from the church. 他的陈述透露了他的叛教，因此被逐出教会。

同　apostate n. 背教者，变节者

构　apo (=off) + stas (=to stand) + y

apoplectic ［ˌæpəʊ'plektɪk ］

adj. ① 狂怒的；大怒的 ② 中风的，濒于中风的

解　① extremely angry; furious ② having or inclined to have apoplexy

例　Members of Congress became apoplectic about wasteful government spending. 国会成员对于政府开支的浪费感到非常愤怒。

其他与“离开，远离”意义有关的词汇

deflect v. 偏离，转向

deviate v. 越轨，脱离

deviation n. 背离

disengaged adj. 【机】脱离啮合的；空闲的，无公务在身的

exodus n. 大批离去，成群外出

outgoing adj. 即将离去的

sever v. 切断，脱离

sunder v. 切开，分裂，分离

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | antiquated | A. lively
2. ______ | unanimous | B. defection
3. ______ | amiable | C. archaic
4. ______ | animated | D. affable
5. ______ | apostasy | E. inexpert
6. ______ | antipathy | F. unified
7. ______ | ambiguous | G. aversion
8. ______ | amateur | H. equivocal
9. ______ | glamorous | I. charming

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | apoplectic | A. dauntless
11. ______ | unanimous | B. straightforward
12. ______ | glamorous | C. affection
13. ______ | ambiguous | D. calm
14. ______ | pusillanimous | E. ordinary
15. ______ | antipathy | F. hostile
16. ______ | amicable | G. disagreeing

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

antique | amity | apostrophe | animated | antipathy
amiable | amphibian | antibiotic | ambiguous | unanimous

17. It is unwise to take ______ often since your body will naturally become immune to their effects after a while.

18. Mickey Mouse is one the first ever ______ cartoon characters.

19. Most people feel a natural ______ to snakes.

20. The United Nations was established to build ______ between countries and work towards world peace.

21. English grammar requires quotes to be enclosed with quotation marks or ______.

22. Politicians often give ______ replies to controversial questions that can compromise their image and chances for re-election.

23. This ______ chair was made in 1750.

24. The ______ owner of the inn also served as the waitress of the restaurant.

25. The council members were ______ in their support of the new ordinance.

26. Frogs, toads, newsts, and salamanders are ______.

参考答案

1. C
2. F
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. G
7. H
8. E
9. I
10. D
11. G
12. E
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. F
17. antibiotics
18. animated
19. antipathy
20. amity
21. apostrophes
22. ambiguous
23. antique
24. amiable
25. unanimous
26. amphibians

Lesson 4

音频

Group 15: arch, archy=government; rule “政府；统治”

anarchy ［'ænəki ］

n. 无政府，政治混乱

解　absence of a system of government and law; disorder and confusion; a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)

例　The assassination of the leaders led to a period of anarchy . 领导人遭遇暗杀导致这个国家陷入无政府主义。

构　an (=not, without) + arch (=government) + y

anarchist ［'ænəkɪst ］

n. 无政府主义者

解　an advocate of anarchism

例　The anarchist was against any form of government. 无政府主义者抵制任何形式的统治。

hierarchy ［'haɪərɑ:ki ］

n. ① 阶层；等级制度 ② 层次

解　① categorization of a group of people according to ability or status ② a series in which each element is graded or ranked

例　The church hierarchy includes archbishops, bishops and priests. 教会的等级包括大主教、主教和神父。

近　hieroglyph n. 象形文字，图画文字

monarch ［'mɒnək ］

n. 君主，帝王

解　the ruler of a nation

例　Queen Victoria was Great Britain's monarch from 1837 to 1901. 从1837年到1901年，维多利亚女王是大不列颠的君主。

其他与“政府；统治”意义有关的词汇

reign n. 统治，统治时期；王朝；领域

government n. 统治；政府

dominant adj. 统治的，主要的

potentate n. 统治者，当权者

aristocracy n. 贵族统治

autocracy n. 独裁统治，独裁政体

coercion n. 强制；高压统治

democracy n. 民主，民主统治

autonomy n. 自治，自主

gerontocracy n. 老人统治

plutocracy n. 财阀统治；富豪

technocracy n. 技术统治

Group 16: arm=arm; weapon “手；武器”

firearm ［'faɪərɑ:m ］

n. 枪

解　a portable gun

例　You are prohibited from carrying firearms on airplanes. 禁止携带枪支登机。

近　fire n. 火 v. 生火；firefly n. 萤火虫

army ［'ɑ:mi ］

n. 军队 （陆军）

解　an organization of military land forces

例　The army battled to keep their flag waving. 军队奋力作战，为使国家争光。

disarm ［dɪs'ɑ:m ］

v. ① 解除武装 ② 缓和，消除（敌意、疑虑），取得…的信任或好感

解　① to take away the weapons from ② to gain the trust or favor of, esp. through friendliness

例　The police disarmed the thief before he could hurt anyone. 警察缴了小偷的械防止他伤害到别人。

同　disarming adj. 使消除的，使解除警戒心的

构　dis (=away) + arm (=weapon)

armada ［ɑ:'mɑ:də ］

n. 舰队

解　a large fleet

例　The country sent an armada to block any ships from crossing the strait. 国家派遣一支舰队封锁海峡，禁止任何船只进入。

armory ［'ɑ:məri ］

n. 军械库，兵工厂

解　a place where arms are manufactured

例　The soldiers went to the armory before the battle to choose their favorite weapons. 开战之前，士兵们到军械库挑选自己喜欢的武器。

alarm ［ə'lɑ:m ］

v. 警告 n. 警报

解　v. to give warning to n. an automatic signal (usually a sound) warning of danger

例　The alarm rang and woke her up. 警报响了起来，把她吵醒了。

同　alarmed adj. 被惊吓的

Group 17: art=art “技巧，诡计”

artifact ［'ɑ:tɪfækt ］

n. 人工制品

解　a man-made object

例　The artifacts unearthed around the mountain suggested that technically proficient people had lived there centuries ago. 在这座山周围出土的古代器物表明，数百年前这里曾生活着一群技术熟练的人。

artifice ［'ɑ:tɪfɪs ］

n. ① 诡计 ② 巧办法，机智

解　① subtle but base deception; trickery ② cleverness or skill; ingenuity

例　The spy employed the artifice of disguise to avoid being caught by the authorities. 间谍使用巧妙的伪装来避免被当局抓获。

artificial ［ˌɑ:tɪ'fɪʃəl ］

adj. ① 人工的 ② 做作的

解　① made by human beings; produced rather than natural ② not genuine or natural

例　When nervous, he had an artificial laugh. 在紧张的时候，他笑起来就很假。

artist ［'ɑ:tɪst ］

n. 艺术家

解　a person whose creative work shows sensitivity and imagination

例　The versatile artist could draw, paint, sculpt and sing. 这位多才多艺的艺术家既会画画，又会雕刻，而且还会唱歌。

同　artistry n. 艺术技巧；艺术性

artless ［'ɑ:tləs ］

adj. ① 自然的，不谙世故的 ② 粗俗的

解　① simple and natural; without cunning or deceit ② (of persons) lacking art or knowledge

例　Little children often ask artless questions. 小孩常常会问一些天真的问题。

同　artlessness n. 朴实，天真，自然

Group 18: auto=self “自己”

autobiography ［ˌɔ:təʊbaɪ'ɒɡrəfi ］

n. 自传，回忆录

解　story of a person's life written by himself

例　He wrote his autobiography during his retirement. 他在退休期间写了一本自传。

构　auto (=self) + bio (=life) + graph (=to write) + y

autocrat ［'ɔ:təkræt ］

n. 独裁者

解　ruler with unlimited power; monarch with supreme power

例　He ran his office like an autocrat , giving no one else any authority. 他管理办公室像个独裁者，不给其他人一点儿权力。

同　autocracy n. 独裁统治，独裁政体

构　auto (=self) + crat (=to govern)

automatically ［ˌɔ:tə'mætɪkli ］

adv. 自动地；机械地

解　acting or operating in a manner essentially independent of external influence or control; mechanically

例　In the hotel, the water sprinklers will automatically turn on if they sense smoke in the room. 在酒店，如果洒水喷头感应到了房间里的烟，就会自动开启。

构　auto (=self) + mat (=to move) + ically

autonomy ［ɔ:'tɒnəmi ］

n. 独立，自治，自主

解　self-government or the right of self-government; self-determination

例　The federal government gives each state a certain extent of autonomy . 联邦政府赋予每个州一定程度的自治权。

构　auto (=self) + nom (=law) + y

automobile ［'ɔ:təməbi:l ］

n. 汽车

解　a passenger vehicle, for use on roads and streets, that carries its own engine

例　The automobile and the airplane revolutionized transportation. 汽车和飞机使交通出行发生了革命性的变化。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | autobiography | A. handicraft works
2. ______ | artifact | B. contrived
3. ______ | anarchy | C. despot
4. ______ | artifice | D. alert
5. ______ | autocrat | E. military unit
6. ______ | automatically | F. lawlessness
7. ______ | army | G. ranking
8. ______ | hierarchy | H. life history
9. ______ | alarm | I. mechanically
10. ______ | artificial | J. trickery

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | disarm | A. dependence
12. ______ | artless | B. candor
13. ______ | autonomy | C. put on guard
14. ______ | artifice | D. genuine
15. ______ | artificial | E. cunning

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

artless | hierarchy | autonomy | artificial | alarm
firearm | armada | autocrat | anarchy | disarm

16. The peace treaty required that the countries ______ their nuclear weapons.

17. Adolph Hitler was one of the most infamous ______ of recent history.

18. The hotel guests rushed outdoors when the fire ______ was set off.

19. The new employees had to obey the corporate ______ if they had any hopes for getting promoted.

20. After he lost his arm in the accident, he used an ______ arm.

21. The enemy first sent an ______ to destroy the city port before landing their troops onshore.

22. There is a vast difference between democracy, under which everyone has duties as well as privileges, and ______ under which no one has any fixed obligations.

23. The colonials in early America refused to be taxed by the British and desired their own ______ as a country.

24. After his busy, complicated life in Guangzhou, Bruce found the plain, ______ peasants refreshing.

25. Americans have the constitutional right to carry ______, as long as they are registered with the relevant authorities.

参考答案

1. H
2. A
3. F
4. J
5. C
6. I
7. E
8. G
9. D
10. B
11. C
12. E
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. disarm
17. autocrats
18. alarm
19. hierarchy
20. artificial
21. armada
22. anarchy
23. autonomy
24. artless
25. firearms

Lesson 5

音频

Group 19: ball=dance; ball “舞；球”

balloon ［bə'lu:n ］

n. 气球 v. 像气球般鼓起，使激增

解　n. an inverted bag of very light material, which rises and floats in the air v. to become inflated

例　The room was filled with streamers and balloons for the party. 房间里到处都是为聚会而准备的彩色纸带和气球。

balet ［'bæleɪ ］

n. 芭蕾舞

解　a theatrical representation of a story performed to music by ballet dancers

例　A ballet is a beautiful, graceful dance. 芭蕾是一种美丽而优雅的舞蹈。

ballroom ［'bɔ:lrʊm ］

n. 大舞厅

解　a large room used mainly for dancing

例　The dance competition was held in the main ballroom of the luxurious hotel. 这个舞蹈比赛在这座豪华酒店的大舞厅举办。

baseball ［'beɪsbɔ:l ］

n. 棒球

解　a game played with a bat and ball between two teams of 9 players

例　Baseball is a popular recreation for young boys who like to see how far they can hit the ball. 对于想看看自己能把球击多远的年轻人来说，棒球是一种受欢迎的消遣方式。

近　baseboard n. 护壁板；cardboard n. 硬纸板；aboveboard adj. 光明正大的

其他与“舞蹈”意义有关的词汇

tango n. 探戈舞

waltz n. 华尔兹

choreographer n. 舞蹈编排者

choreography n. 舞蹈编排；舞蹈

pirouette n. （舞蹈）脚尖立地的旋转

Group 20: base=low; foundation “低下的；基础”

base ［beɪs ］

adj. ① 卑鄙的 ② 低级的

解　① morally low or mean ② having little value when compared with something else; inferior

例　People were offended by his base jokes. 人们被他低俗的笑话激怒。

同　baseness n. 卑微

basic ［'beɪsɪk ］

adj. 基础的

解　of, relating to, or forming a base; fundamental

例　The basic ingredients for success include hard work and a pinch of luck. 成功的基本要素包括努力工作和少许的幸运。

debase ［dɪ'beɪs ］

v. ① 贬低，降格 ② 降值

解　① to make low or lower ② to lessen the value of

例　They debased themselves through greed. 他们因为贪婪而贬低了自己。

近　baste v. 涂油 （于烤肉上，以防烤干）；debate n./v. 辩论

basement ［'beɪsmənt ］

n. 地下室

解　the lowermost portion of a structure partly or wholly below ground level, often used for storage

例　It is advisable to store your wine in the basement so it will not be spoiled by the heat. 把酒储藏在地下室是可取的，这样酒就不会由于受热而变质。

Group 21: beat, bat=beat “打、击”

beater ［'bi:tə(r) ］

n. 搅拌器

解　device or utensil for beating eggs, cream, etc.

例　She used a beater to mix ingredients when making baked goods. 在制作烘焙食品时，她使用搅拌机把各种材料混合在一起。

abate ［ə'beɪt ］

v. ① 减轻，降低 ② 缓和

解　① to reduce in amount, degree, or intensity; lessen ② to fall off in degree or intensity; subside

例　When the rain abated , we went outside again. 雨变小了之后，我们又出去了。

构　a (=to) + bat (=to beat) + e

baton ［'bætən; (US)bə'tɒn ］

n. 接力棒；指挥棒

解　a slender wooden stick or rod passed from runner to runner in a relay race or used by a conductor to direct an orchestra

例　If one of the runners in the relay race dropped the baton , the whole relay team would be disqualified. 在接力赛中，如果其中一名队员掉了接力棒，那么整个接力队将失去比赛资格。

battle ［'bætəl ］

n. 战斗

解　a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

例　The general told his adversary that he may have won the battle, but not the war. 将军告诉他的敌人，他可能赢了这场战役，但赢不了整个战争。

近　belittle v. 轻视；贬低；brittle adj. 易碎的；脆弱的；bristle v. 毛发竖立，气势汹汹 n. 硬毛

combative ［'kɒmbətɪv ］

adj. 好斗的

解　having or showing a ready disposition to fight

例　The general first sent his most combative soldiers to fight. 将军首先派遣最能征善战的士兵参战。

同　combatant n. 战士

Group 22: bel=war “战争”

rebel ［ri'bel ］v. 造反，反抗［'rebəl ］ n. 反叛者

解　v. to break with established customs

n. a person who takes part in a rebellion in the hopes of improving conditions

例　It is natural for teenagers to rebel against their parents. 反抗父母是青少年的天性。

bellicose ［'belɪkəʊs ］

adj. 好战的；好斗的

解　having or showing a ready disposition to fight

例　The bellicose warrior always wanted to pick a fight with someone. 这个好斗的勇士总是喜欢寻衅打架。

rebellion ［rɪ'beljən ］

n. 叛乱

解　organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

例　The rebellion overthrew the king from his throne. 这场叛乱推翻了国王的统治。

belligerent ［bɪ'lɪʤərənt ］

adj. 好战的；寻衅的；（国家等）交战的

解　characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight; warlike

例　The man became belligerent when he drank too much beer. 这个男人喝多了啤酒之后就变得爱寻衅滋事。

同　belligerence n. 好战，好斗

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | rebellion | A. humiliate
2. ______ | beater | B. revolter
3. ______ | abate | C. food mixer
4. ______ | balloon | D. combat
5. ______ | debase | E. fundamental
6. ______ | battle | F. insurrection
7. ______ | rebel | G. cellar
8. ______ | bellicose | H. inflate
9. ______ | basement | I. combative
10. ______ | basic | J. lessen

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | bellicose | A. noble
12. ______ | battle | B. comply
13. ______ | base | C. decrease slowly
14. ______ | balloon | D. pacific
15. ______ | rebel | E. advanced
16. ______ | abate | F. peace
17. ______ | basic | G. intensify

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

battle | combative | balloon | rebel | debase
abate | baseball | basic | belligerent | base

18. Iron and lead are ______ metals; gold and silver are precious metals.

19. The ______ launched an attack against government forces.

20. The sails of the boat ______ in the wind.

21. Her confidence helped to ______ my fear.

22. The United States considered Germany a ______ nation during World War II.

23. She ______ him publicly with vulgar insults.

24. The sailor's ______ spirit made him an excellent boxer in the navy.

25. ______ was invented in the United States and is considered one of the country's national games.

26. The Germans fought the Americans in a ______ for control of the Rhine River.

27. We will cover ______ vocabulary in our first-year Spanish class.

参考答案

1. F
2. C
3. J
4. H
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. I
9. G
10. E
11. D
12. F
13. A
14. C
15. B
16. G
17. E
18. base
19. rebels
20. ballooned
21. abate
22. belligerent
23. debased
24. combative
25. Baseball
26. battle
27. basic

Lesson 6

音频

Group 23: bene=good “好，善”

beneficent ［bɪ'nefɪsənt ］

adj. 慈善的，仁慈的

解　doing or producing good

例　The beneficent donation helped many children learn how to read and write. 慈善捐助帮助许多孩子学会了读书和写字。

同　beneficence n. 行善，慈善

beneficial ［ˌbenɪ'fɪʃəl ］

adj. 有益的；有用的

解　favorable; helpful

例　Daily exercise is beneficial to your health. 每天锻炼对身体有益。

构　bene (=good) + fic (=to make, to do) + ial

benevolent ［bɪ'nevələnt ］

adj. 善意的，好意的

解　intending or showing kindness

例　The benevolent man gave his money and volunteered his time to help the poor and sick. 这位乐善好施的男士自愿捐钱并花时间来帮助那些穷人和病人。

同　benevolence n. 善行；善心，仁心

构　bene (=good) + vol (=will) + ent

benediction ［ˌbenɪ'dɪkʃən ］

n. 祝福；祈祷

解　the act of praying for divine protection, saying a blessing

例　The priest gave him a benediction for his good deeds. 牧师因他所做的善事而为他祈祷。

构　bene (=good) + dict (=to say) + ion

benefactor ［'benɪfæktə(r) ］

n. 行善者，捐助人

解　a person who helps people or institutions

例　Pip's benefactor paid for his education and helped him find a job. 皮普的捐助人为他支付了教育费用，并且帮他找到了一份工作。

构　bene (=good) + fact (=to do, to make) + or

其他与“好，善”意义有关的词汇

amicable adj. 友好的

amity n. 友好

goodwill n. 友好，善意

hospitality n. 好客，殷勤

charitable adj. 仁慈的，宽厚的

charity n. 仁慈，慈善；施舍

clemency n. 仁慈，宽厚

leniency n. 仁慈，怜悯

lenient adj. 宽大的；仁慈的

mercy n. 仁慈，宽恕，怜悯

philanthropy n. 慈善事业

Group 24: bi=double; two “两”

bifurcate ［'baɪfɜ:keɪt ］

v. 分为两支；分叉

解　to divide into two branches

例　The townspeople were bifurcated over whether or not to build a factory in the community. 小镇居民在是否在社区建造工厂这一问题上分为两派。

构　bi (=two) + furc (=fork) + ate

bilingual ［baɪ'lɪŋɡwəl ］

adj. 双语的 （能说两种语言的）

解　using or knowing two languages

例　Since his parents spoke English and Chinese, he grew up in a bilingual environment. 因为他的父母既说英语，又说中文，他从小在双语的环境中长大。

同　linguist n. 语言学家；linguistics n. 语言学

biped ［'baɪped ］

n. 两足动物

解　an animal with two feet

例　Humans are among the few species of bipeds on the planet. 人类是地球上少数的两足物种之一。

duality ［dju:'æləti ］

n. 两重性

解　dual condition or quality

例　His duality was expressed in two identities, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. 他的双重人格表现在两种身份上：杰基尔博士和海德先生。

duet ［dju:'et; (US)du:'et ］

n. 二重奏；二重唱

解　a musical composition for two performers

例　The two singers sang a duet together. 两位歌手一起演唱了二重唱。

近　duel n. 决斗；dulcet adj. 美妙的，悦耳的；lancet n. 柳叶刀，采血针

Group 25: body=body “身体”

full-bodied ［ˌfʊl'bɒdɪd ］

adj. （味道等）浓郁而强烈的

解　marked by richness and fullness of flavor

例　People enjoyed the Italian restaurant because of the full-bodied wine it served with the meals. 人们之所以喜欢这家意大利餐厅，是因为它提供用来佐餐的味道醇厚的葡萄酒。

antibody ［'æntɪbɒdi ］

n. 抗体

解　substance formed in the blood tending to inhibit or destroy harmful bacteria, etc.

例　The antibodies surrounded and killed the bacteria in his liver. 抗体包围并消灭了他肝脏里的细菌。

bodyguard ［'bɒdiɡɑ:d ］

n. 保镖，侍卫

解　someone who escorts and protects a prominent person

例　The actress' bodyguard was tall, dark and handsome. 这位女演员的保镖皮肤黝黑，又高又帅。

近　guard n. 哨兵 v. 保卫，保护；guarded adj. 谨慎的，提防的；guardian n. 护卫者；监护人；safeguard n. 防卫措施，防范措施

busybody ［'bɪzɪbɒdi ］

n. 爱管闲事的人，好事的人

解　a person who meddles in the affairs of others

例　She was a busybody at work, always having something to do. 她在工作上是个爱管闲事的人，总是有事情要做。

disembodied ［ˌdɪsɪm'bɒdid ］

adj. 无实质的，无实体的

解　not having a material body

例　Ghosts are usually thought of as disembodied spirits. 鬼魂通常被看做是无实体的灵魂。

Group 26: brev, bri=short “短；缩短”

abbreviate ［ə'bri:vɪeɪt ］

v. 缩写，缩短

解　to reduce in scope while retaining essential elements

例　John Paul abbreviated his name to J.P. 约翰·保罗把他的名字缩写成J.P.。

同　abbreviation n. 缩短，删节；缩写词，略语

构　ab <zad (=to) + brevi (=brief, short) + ate

brevity ［'brevəti ］

n. 简短，简洁

解　shortness or conciseness of expression

例　The students appreciated the brevity of their principal's speech. 校长的演讲简短有力，学生们非常欣赏。

abridge ［ə'brɪʤ ］

v. ① 删节 ② 缩短

解　① to reduce the length of (a written text); to condense ② to cut short; to curtail

例　Since the book was very long and detailed, he abridged it to make a new version. 由于这本书内容冗长、细节繁琐，他将其加以删减，形成了一个新的版本。

近　ridge n. 脊 （如屋脊、山脊等）；隆起物；bridge n. 桥；drawbridge n. 吊桥；badge n. 徽章；badger v. 不断纠缠，一再要求

构　a (=to) + bridg < brevi (=to shorten) + e

brief ［bri:f ］

n. 诉讼摘要；简报 adj. 简短的

解　n. a short statement; summary adj. lasting only a short time; using few words

例　The lawyer prepared a brief of the facts and the points of law in the case. 律师准备了这个案件的事实摘要和法律要点。

debrief ［di:'bri:f ］

vt. 询问，听取 （飞行员的情况汇报）

解　to question to obtain knowledge or intelligence after a mission has been completed, in order to record information

例　The government officials debriefed the President when he returned back from the negotiations overseas. 总统从海外谈判回来之后，政府官员听取了他所作的工作报告。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | benefactor | A. briefness
2. ______ | busybody | B. momentary
3. ______ | brief | C. helper
4. ______ | brevity | D. benevolent
5. ______ | beneficent | E. blessing
6. ______ | bodyguard | F. meddler
7. ______ | abbreviate | G. query
8. ______ | debrief | H. guard
9. ______ | benediction | I. abridge

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | brief | A. coalesce
11. ______ | benediction | B. long
12. ______ | beneficent | C. noxious
13. ______ | brevity | D. baleful
14. ______ | bifurcate | E. curse
15. ______ | beneficial | F. verbosity
16. ______ | abbreviate | G. extend

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

biped | bilingual | antibody | beneficial | abbreviate
benefactor | bifurcate | brief | bodyguard | beneficent

17. Many universities and institutions are named after their ______.

18. The body generates ______ to combat harmful microorganisms.

19. A ______ education enables people to see the world through the perspective of more than one language.

20. “Mister” is usually ______ as “Mr.”

21. Ever since his childhood, Clark Kent always had a ______ heart and wanted to aid people in need.

22. A butterfly's lifespan seems ______ compared to that of a human.

23. With a ______ branch and a piece of elastic rubber, he made a crude but effective slingshot（弹弓）.

24. The President's ______ were prepared to throw themselves in front of a bullet to save his life.

25. Eating an apple a day is ______ to your health.

26. Man is a featherless ______ .

参考答案

1. C
2. F
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. H
7. I
8. G
9. E
10. B
11. E
12. D
13. F
14. A
15. C
16. G
17. benefactors
18. antibodies
19. bilingual
20. abbreviated
21. beneficent
22. brief
23. bifurcated
24. bodyguards
25. beneficial
26. biped

Lesson 7

音频

Group 27: calc=stone “石头”

calcium ［'kælsɪəm ］

n. 钙

解　a soft, silvery-white metallic element

例　Milk is a good source of calcium for growing boys and girls. 牛奶富含钙质，对身体正在发育的孩子很有益处。

近　callous adj. 麻木的，无情的；结硬块的；callow adj. 年轻而无经验的，（人）未成熟的；（鸟）羽毛未丰的

calcification ［ˌkælsɪfɪ'keɪʃən ］

n. 石化，僵化

解　an inflexible, unchanging state

例　Calcification of his ligament caused a bone spur. 他的韧带钙化形成了骨刺。

recalcitrant ［rɪ'kælsɪtrənt ］

adj. 固执的，顽抗的

解　marked by stubborn resistance to authority

例　The recalcitrant solider disobeyed his orders. 这名顽抗的士兵违抗了他的命令。

同　recalcitrance n. 固执，顽抗

其他与“石头”意义有关的词汇

boulder n. 巨石，大鹅卵石

crystal n. 晶体，水晶

flint n. 打火石，燧石

granite n. 花岗石

limestone n. 石灰石

marble n. 大理石

pebble n. 小鹅卵石，石子

turquoise n. 绿松石 adj. 碧绿的

shale n. 页岩

quarry n. 采石场；猎物，追求物 v. 采石

ossified adj. 僵化的，石化的

Group 28: cand=white; glowing “白；发光”

candor ［'kændə(r) ］

n. 坦诚，坦率

解　the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech

例　She was moved by the candor in his expression of love for her. 她被他的表白中所流露出的坦诚所打动了。

candid ［'kændɪd ］

adj. 坦诚的

解　openly straightforward and direct without reserve or secretiveness

例　The successful businessman always believed that candid dialogue was the most efficient way to get what you want. 这位成功的商人一直相信坦诚的对话是达到目的最有效的方式。

candle ［'kændəl ］

n. 蜡烛

解　a stick of wax of tallow with a wick in it, burned to give light

例　Romantic restaurants normally have dimmed lighting, white tablecloth and candles on the tables. 浪漫的餐厅通常灯光暗淡，餐桌上布置着白色的桌布和蜡烛。

incandescent ［ˌɪnkæn'desənt ］

adj. ① 白热的，白炽的 ② 遇热发光的

解　① red-hot or white-hot; shining brightly ② glowing with heat

例　The embers of the fire were still incandescent even though the flames had disappeared. 尽管火已经灭了，灰烬仍然很炽热。

其他与“发光”意义有关的词汇

flash n./v. 闪光；闪现

glisten v. 闪烁，闪耀

glistening adj. 闪烁的

iridescent adj. 彩虹色的；闪光的

lightning n. 闪电

radiate v. 发光，放热

radiation n. 发光，散发

Group 29: cap=take; head “取；头”

capable ［'keɪpəbəl ］

adj. 有能力的，能干的

解　having fitness, power, or ability; able

例　She was such a capable teacher that the school appointed her as its principal the next year. 她是一位非常能干的老师，学校任命她从下一年开始担任校长。

同　incapable adj. 无能力的

incapacitate ［ˌɪnkə'pæsɪteɪt ］

v. 使无能，使无资格

解　to make unable to perform a certain action

例　His illness left him incapacitated for three days. 他的病使得他三天都下不了床。

近　debilitate v. 使衰弱

captious ［'kæpʃəs ］

adj. 吹毛求疵的

解　tending to find and call attention to faults

例　The old professor had a captious eye, enabling him to catch every mistake in his students' essays. 这位老教授眼光很犀利，能够发现学生论文中的任何一处错误。

capture ［'kæptʃə(r) ］

v. 逮捕；捕捉

解　to succeed in catching or seizing, esp. after a chase

例　He captured rabbits with a carrot and a metal trap. 他用一个胡萝卜和一个金属陷阱捕获了兔子。

captivate ［'kæptɪveɪt ］

v. 迷惑，吸引

解　fascinate, as by excellence, eloquence, or beauty

例　The movie captivated the audience and no one could take their eyes off it. 观众被电影深深吸引，没有人能将眼睛挪开。

capitulate ［kə'pɪtjʊleɪt ］

v. （有条件地）投降

解　to surrender under agreed conditions

例　The general in the fort capitulated under the condition that his soldiers could go free. 堡垒里的将军选择投降，条件是他的士兵们都被释放。

同　capitulation n. 投降

recapitulation ［ˌri:kəpɪtjʊ'leɪʃən ］

n. 扼要重述

解　a summary that repeats the substance of a longer discussion

例　The official 100-page report ended with a one-page recapitulation of the key points. 这份100页的官方报告的最后一页是要点概括。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | capture | A. review
2. ______ | capable | B. frankness
3. ______ | candor | C. surrender
4. ______ | recalcitrant | D. faultfinding
5. ______ | captious | E. apprehend
6. ______ | recapitulation | F. enchant
7. ______ | captivate | G. competent
8. ______ | candid | H. frank
9. ______ | capitulate | I. refractory

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | captivate | A. enable
11. ______ | capable | B. indirectness
12. ______ | calcification | C. release
13. ______ | candor | D. repulse
14. ______ | capture | E. insincere
15. ______ | incapacitate | F. unskilled
16. ______ | candid | G. resist
17. ______ | recalcitrant | H. flexibility
18. ______ | capitulate | I. submissive

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

captious | candor | recapitulation | calcium | candle
captivate | capitulate | recalcitrant | incapacitate | capture

19. Since he was ______ from drinking too much, he couldn't drive home and his friends called a taxi to take him home.

20. The sight of Saturn's rings ______ the spaceship's passengers.

21. The film critic's ______ was appreciated by some actors and resented by others.

22. The men ______ on the condition that they would be allowed to go away unharmed.

23. The ten ______ on the birthday cake stood for the boy's 10th birthday.

24. In chess, you lose when the other player ______ your king.

25. Every 1st of the month, each dean gave the university president a ______ of recent events in their faculties.

26. The great emperor had zero tolerance for ______ subordinates.

27. His criticisms were always ______; he never offered constructive suggestions.

28. ______ is a necessary mineral for the development of bone structure.

参考答案

1. E
2. G
3. B
4. I
5. D
6. A
7. F
8. H
9. C
10. D
11. F
12. H
13. B
14. C
15. A
16. E
17. I
18. G
19. incapacitated
20. captivated
21. candor
22. capitulated
23. candles
24. captures
25. recapitulation
26. recalcitrant
27. captious
28. Calcium

Lesson 8

音频

Group 30: cata=down; downwards “向下；相反”

cataclysmic ［ˌkætə'klɪzmɪk ］

adj. 灾难的

解　severely destructive

例　The poor economy has driven companies to a cataclysmic end. 萎靡的经济使许多公司遭受了灭顶之灾。

构　cata (=downwards) + clysm (=to wash) + ic

catastrophe ［kə'tæstrəfi ］

n. 大灾难，大祸

解　an event resulting in great loss and misfortune

例　The sinking of the Titanic was a historical catastrophe . 泰坦尼克号的沉没是历史上的一个重大灾难。

同　catastrophic adj. 大灾害的

构　cata (=downwards) + stroph (=to turn) + e

catalyze ［'kætəlaɪz ］

v. 催化，促进

解　to modify, especially increase, the rate of (a chemical reaction) by catalysis

例　Since the experiment was so slow, the chemist added a chemical to catalyze and speed the process. 由于实验反应发生得太慢，这位化学家添加了一种化学物质来催化并加速这一过程。

catalyst ［'kætəlɪst ］

n. 催化剂；促使事情发展的因素

解　a substance that initiates some event or chemical reactions

例　The introduction of an arbitrator served as a catalyst for the two parties to reach a peaceful accord. 仲裁人的介入促使双方达成了一项和平协议。

同　catalytic adj. 接触反应的

Group 31: cav=hole; hollow “洞；空的，凹的”

cave ［keɪv ］

n. 洞穴

解　a hollow space underground, especially one with an opening in the side of a hill or mountain

例　The cave was dark and filled with bats. 山洞很暗，到处都是蝙蝠。

近　carve v. 雕刻；（把肉等）切成片；curve n. 曲线

cavern ［'kævən ］

n. 大洞穴

解　a large cave or a large chamber in a cave

例　The cavern led to an underground city. 这个洞穴通往一座地下城市。

concave ［kɒn'keɪv ］

adj . 凹的

解　curving inward

例　The inside of his eyeglasses were concave . 他的眼镜内侧是凹的。

excavate ［'ekskəveɪt ］

v. 挖出，挖掘

解　to remove the inner part or the core of

例　The manager instructed the engineering team to carefully excavate the site. 经理指示工程队在现场小心挖掘。

构　ex (=out of) + cav (=hollow) + ate

Group 32: ced, cess=go; proceed “行走；前进”

accede ［æk'si:d ］

v. 应允，同意

解　agree or express agreement

例　If I accede to his demand for blackmail, I am afraid that I will be the victim of future demands. 如果我同意了他的勒索要求，我恐怕以后会遭到更多的勒索。

构　ac (=to) + ced (=to go) + e

accessible ［ək'sesəbəl ］

adj. ① 可接近的，易达到的 ② 可理解的

解　① capable of being reached or obtained ② capable of being read with comprehension

例　The professor was accessible for questions and discussions during his office hours. 在教授办公期间，可以向其提问或与其讨论问题。

构　ac (=to) + cess (=to go) + ible

accessory ［æk'sesəri ］

adj. 附属的，次要的 n. 附件；附属

解　adj. relating to something that is added but is not essential n. a subordinate or supplementary item; an adjunct

例　The woman loved to go shopping for wardrobe accessories , like shoes, purses and belts. 这位女士喜欢购买服饰搭配品，比如鞋子、手提包和腰带。

concede ［kən'si:d ］

v. ① 让步 ② 承认

解　① to make a concession; to yield ② to admit as true; acknowledge

例　I conceded that I had made a mistake. 我承认我犯了一个错误。

同　concession n. 让步；特许，特许权

构　con (=with) + ced (=to go) + e

excessive ［ɪk'sesɪv ］

adj. 过度的，过分的，过多的

解　beyond normal limits

例　The policeman was accused of using excessive force when he punched the innocent man. 这名警察拳击了这位无罪的男子，被指控为滥用武力。

同　excess n. 过多

构　ex (=beyond) + cess (=to go) + ive

antecedent ［ˌæntɪ'si:dənt ］

n. 先辈；前事 adj. 先行的

解　n. a preceding occurrence or cause or event adj. preceding in time or order

例　Scientists cannot agree on whether the egg or the chicken was the antecedent . 科学家们在“先有鸡还是先有蛋”这个问题上无法达成一致。

近　anterior adj. 较早的，以前的

构　ante (=before) + ced (=to go) + ent

recede ［rɪ'si:d ］

v. ① 倒退，后退 ② 撤回，撤退

解　① to move back and away from ② to retreat

例　We watched the harbor recede from view as our ship headed out to sea. 随着轮船驶入大海，码头渐渐从我们的视线中消失。

近　rescind v. 废除，取消

构　re (=back) + ced (=to go) + e

recess ［rɪ'ses ］

n. ① 壁凹 （墙上装架子、柜子等凹处）② 休息；休息、停顿等持续的时间

解　① a space set back or indented ② a pause from doing something (as work) ; the period of such cessation

例　During school recess , the children like to go to the playground and play games. 课间休息时，孩子们喜欢去操场上玩耍。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | rescission | A. subsidiary
2. ______ | excessive | B. approachable
3. ______ | catastrophe | C. extravagant
4. ______ | accede | D. cutting off
5. ______ | accessory | E. preceding
6. ______ | abscission | F. assent
7. ______ | antecedent | G. yield
8. ______ | cataclysmic | H. rescinding
9. ______ | concede | I. disastrous
10. ______ | accessible | J. calamity

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | catalyst | A. advance
12. ______ | accessory | B. fill in
13. ______ | recede | C. process of grafting
14. ______ | abscission | D. abstruse
15. ______ | concede | E. inhibitor
16. ______ | excavate | F. convex
17. ______ | concave | G. enactment
18. ______ | antecedent | H. of primary importance
19. ______ | rescission | I. refuse to grant
20. ______ | accessible | J. descendant

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

antecedent | accessible | abscission | concede | cave
cataclysmic | catalyst | accessory | catastrophe | excavate

21. Graverobbers are people who ______ buried bodies in search of valuables.

22. His father finally ______ to let him borrow the car for his first date.

23. The chemist used a ______ to speed up the experiment in front of the audience.

24. The government evaluated the possible ______ of funds to unproductive research projects.

25. An earthquake, flood, or fire is a ______.

26. The welcoming ceremony was an ______ to the first day of classes for the new students.

27. It is believed that prehistoric man lived in the shelter of ______.

28. Most cars come with optional ______.

29. Scientists theorize that a ______ meteor that hit the Earth was the cause of the extinction of dinosaurs.

30. City airports are usually ______ through major highways.

参考答案

1. H
2. C
3. J
4. F
5. A
6. D
7. E
8. I
9. G
10. B
11. E
12. H
13. A
14. C
15. I
16. B
17. F
18. J
19. G
20. D
21. excavate
22. conceded
23. catalyst
24. abscission
25. catastrophe
26. antecedent
27. caves
28. accessories
29. cataclysmic
30. accessible

Lesson 9

音频

Group 33: centr=center “中心”

central ［'sentrəl ］

adj. ① 中央的 ② 重要的

解　① at the center; near the center ② main; chief

例　The marketing proposal was central to the company's survival in the new markets. 这个营销计划对公司能否在新市场中生存至关重要。

concentrate ［'kɒnsentreɪt ］

v. 浓缩；集中精力 n. 浓缩液

解　v. to make dense or denser; focus one's attention on sth. n. substance or solution made by concentrating

例　The student concentrated only on his studies during the examination period. 在考试期间，这名学生把所有精力都集中在学习上。

同　concentrated adj. 集中精力的；concentration n. 集中

centrifuge ［'sentrɪfju:ʤ ］

v. 分离 n. 离心机

解　v. to rotate (something) in a centrifuge or to separate, dehydrate, or test by means of this apparatus

n. such apparatus used for this

例　The chemist used the centrifuge to extract the desired particles from the liquid. 这位化学家使用离心机从液体中提取所要的粒子。

近　refuge n. 庇护

构　centr (=center) + i + fuge (=to flee)

eccentric ［ɪk'sentrɪk ］

n. 古怪的人 adj. 古怪的，反常的

解　n. a person with an unusual or odd personality adj. conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual

例　The new science fiction park attracted many eccentrics who liked to wear alien costumes. 这个新的科幻公园吸引了许多喜欢穿着奇装异服的古怪的人。

同　eccentricity n. 古怪，怪癖；反常

构　ec (=out) + centr (=center) + ic

egocentric ［ˌi:ɡəʊ'sentrɪk ］

adj. 自我中心的，利己主义的

解　limited to or caring only about yourself and your own needs

例　During medieval times, many men held the egocentric belief that the sun revolved around the earth. 在中世纪，许多人信奉以自我为中心的观念，认为太阳围绕地球旋转。

同　egotist n. 自我主义者

Group 34: circ, cycl=circle; around “圆；环绕”

circular ［'sɜ:kjʊlə(r) ］

adj. 圆形的

解　shaped like a ring

例　The Board always met at a circular table where everyone was equal. 董事会通常举行圆桌会议，这样人人都是平等的。

circulate ［'sɜ:kjʊleɪt ］

v. 流通；发行；传播；循环

解　to cause to be distributed; to flow freely, as of air or liquids

例　The boy circulated newspapers to houses throughout the neighborhood. 男孩在小区内挨家投递报纸。

近　articulate v. 发音清晰；清楚地说话；接合；immaculate adj. 洁净的，无瑕的；maculated adj. 有斑点的

同　circulation n. 流通；循环

circuitous ［sə'kju(:)ɪtəs ］

adj. 迂回的，绕圈子的

解　marked by obliqueness or indirection in speech or conduct; deviating from a straight course

例　The taxi driver took the tourists on a circuitous path to the airport. 出租车司机载着乘客绕路来到机场。

同　circuity n. 迂回，绕行

recycle ［ˌri:'saɪkəl ］

v. 再循环利用

解　to use again after processing

例　All the families in this neighborhood recycle their plastics and aluminum cans. 这个居民区的所有家庭都对塑料和铝制罐进行了循环利用。

cyclical ［'sɪklɪkəl ］

adj. 循环的

解　recurring in cycles

例　The cyclical seasons of the year are reversed between the northern and southern hemispheres. 南半球和北半球的四季更替是颠倒的。

近　cynical adj. 玩世不恭的，愤世嫉俗的；cynic n. 玩世不恭的人，愤世嫉俗者；cynicism n. 犬儒主义，愤世嫉俗；cronyism n. 任人唯亲

cyclone ［'saɪkləʊn ］

n. 旋风，飓风

解　violent rotating windstorm

例　The cyclone swept through the town uprooting trees and knocking down houses. 飓风横扫小镇，把树连根拔起，并且摧毁了房屋。

cylinder ［'sɪlɪndə(r) ］

n. 圆柱体；气缸

解　a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes

例　Most people drink beverages from containers that are shaped like cylinders . 大多数人所喝的饮料都装在类似圆柱体的容器内。

encyclopedia ［enˌsaɪkləʊ'pi:dɪə ］

n. 百科全书

解　a reference work containing articles on various topics

例　The students used the encyclopedia to learn about different world topics. 学生使用百科全书来学习关于世界的不同主题。

Group 35: circum=around “环绕，周围”

circumference ［sə'kʌmfərəns ］

n. 圆周

解　the length of the closed curve of a circle

例　The circumference of the earth is about 25,000 miles. 地球的赤道周长大约为2.5万英里。

近　interference n. 干预

构　circum (=around) + fer (=to carry) + ence

circumlocution ［ˌsɜ:kəmlə'kju:ʃən ］

n. 迂回累赘的陈述

解　an indirect way of expressing something

例　The professor set a maximum number of 100 words for the essay so the students' circumlocution would not waste his time. 教授要求文章字数不能超过100字，这样他就不会因为学生的长篇赘述而浪费时间。

构　circum (=around) + locut (=to say) + ion

circumspect ［'sɜ:kəmspekt ］

adj. 慎重的，仔细的

解　cautious; well-considered; prudent

例　Investigating before taking any action, she tried always to be circumspect . 她在采取行动之前总会先进行调查，努力做到万无一失。

同　circumspection n. 谨慎小心

构　circum (=around) + spect (=to look)

circumvent ［ˌsɜ:kəm'vent ］

vt. ① 包围，智取 ② 绕行；避开

解　① to get the better of or defeat by trickery; to outwit ② to go around

例　The dishonest officer was always trying to circumvent the law. 这个不老实的官员总想设法规避法律。

构　circum (=around) + vent (=to come)

Group 36: cis=cut “切”

scissors ［'sɪzəz ］

n. 剪刀

解　a cutting implement having two crossed pivoting blades

例　The technician used scissors to cut the electrical wire. 技工用剪刀剪断了电线。

concise ［kən'saɪs ］

adj. 简洁的

解　expressing much in few words

例　Poetry is the most concise form of literature. 诗歌是一种最为凝练的文学形式。

构　con (=intensive) + cis (=to cut) + e

同　concision n. 简明，简洁

precis ［'preɪsi:; (US)preɪ'si: ］

n. 摘要，大纲

解　a summary of the main points of an argument or theory

例　The publishing magazine gave a precis on a new book that was published this summer. 这本出版方面的杂志对今年夏季出版的一本新书作了摘要。

precise ［prɪ'saɪs ］

adj. 精确的，准确的

解　exact in performance or amount; strictly correct

例　Legal contracts are usually written with precise language to avoid confusion and loopholes. 法律合同的措词通常很精确，这样可以避免混淆和漏洞。

同　precision n. 精确；imprecise adj. 不精确的

incise ［ɪn'saɪz ］

vt. 切割，雕刻

解　to make an incision into by carving or cutting

例　The cardiac surgeon incised the patient's diaphragm in order to reach his heart. 心脏外科医生切入患者的横膈膜以到达心脏。

同　incision n. 切割，切口

incisive ［ɪn'saɪsɪv ］

adj. 一针见血的

解　penetrating, clear, and sharp, as in operation or expression

例　The journalist wrote an incisive article about the political scandal. 这名记者写了一篇关于政治丑闻的尖锐的文章。

构　in (=in, into) + cis (=to cut) + ive

excise ［ek'saɪz ］

v. 切除；删去

解　to remove by erasing or crossing out

例　The doctor excised some scar tissue after the burn was healed. 烧伤痊愈之后，医生切除了一些瘢痕组织。

近　exercise n./v. 练习；运动，锻炼

构　ex (=out) + cis (=to cut) + e

其他与“切”意义有关的词汇

carve v. 雕刻；（把肉等）切成片

hamstring vt. 切断腿筋使成跛腿，使残废

sever v. 切断，脱离

slice v. 切开成片

truncate v. 把（某物）截短，去尾

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | precise | A. self-centered
2. ______ | circumspect | B. remove
3. ______ | circumference | C. distribute
4. ______ | central | D. perimeter
5. ______ | egocentric | E. condense
6. ______ | scissors | F. cautious
7. ______ | excise | G. roundabout
8. ______ | circuitous | H. clippers
9. ______ | circulate | I. accurate
10. ______ | concentrate | J. principal

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | concentrate | A. face directly
12. ______ | circuitous | B. dilute
13. ______ | circumvent | C. succinctness
14. ______ | circumlocution | D. minor
15. ______ | central | E. direct
16. ______ | circulate | F. hold

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

concentrate | circulate | circumlocution | concise | eccentric
circumvent | recycle | circumference | circuitous | incise

17. We took a ______ route home to avoid poor roads.

18. Turn on a fan to ______ the air.

19. The professor instilled ______ writing skills in his students by placing a word limit on his essay assignments.

20. The belt highway was built on the ______ of the city.

21. He ______ on his reading so that he would understand the story.

22. “The wife of your father's brother” is a ______ for “your aunt”.

23. He took a roundabout route to ______ the traffic.

24. It's wasteful to throw away plastic containers that can be ______ .

25. The medieval wood sculptor became well-known for ______ images of dragons and knights on his woodwork.

26. Her ______ habits made her friends feel uncomfortable.

参考答案

1. I
2. F
3. D
4. J
5. A
6. H
7. B
8. G
9. C
10. E
11. B
12. E
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. F
17. circuitous
18. circulate
19. concise
20. circumference
21. concentrated
22. circumlocution
23. circumvent
24. recycled
25. incising
26. eccentric

Lesson 10

音频

Group 37: cite, cit=call; set in motion “呼叫；驱策”

excited ［ɪk'saɪtɪd ］

adj. 激动的

解　marked by uncontrolled excitement or emotion

例　The office staff was excited about the upcoming new year holidays. 职员对即将到来的新年假期感到兴奋。

同　exciting adj. 令人兴奋的；excitement n. 兴奋，激动

incite ［ɪn'saɪt ］

v. 煽动；激发，刺激

解　to urge on; to stir up; to rouse

例　The speaker incited the audience to quick action. 演讲者激励听众要有强的行动力。

solicitous ［sə'lɪsɪtəs ］

adj. ① 热切的 ② 挂念的，关心的

解　① desirous; eager ② full of anxiety and concern

例　During her daughter's surgery, the solicitou s neighbor stayed in the hospital waiting to hear news of her daughter's health. 在她女儿手术期间，邻居心神不宁地待在医院里，急切等待着女儿健康的消息。

同　solicitation n. 恳求；教唆；solicitousness n. 关心；焦虑

recital ［rɪ'saɪtəl ］

n. ① 朗诵，背诵 ② 独奏会，独唱会

解　① a reciting ② a musical entertainment, given usually by a single performer

例　My music teacher will give a piano recital Tuesday afternoon. 周二下午，我的音乐老师将举办一场钢琴独奏会。

同　recite v. 背诵；recitation n. 背诵

resuscitate ［rɪ'sʌsɪteɪt ］

v. （使）复苏，（使）复兴

解　to restore to life or consciousness

例　The lifeguard pulled the drowning woman to shore and resuscitated her. 救生员将这个溺水的女人拖上岸并救活了她。

同　resuscitation n. 复活，复兴

其他与“叫”意义有关的词汇

screech v. 尖叫

shriek v. 尖叫

exclaim v. 大喊大叫

yell n. 大叫

bluster v. 咆哮，恐吓

rant v. 怒吼，咆哮

uproar n. 咆哮

Group 38: claim=cry out “呼喊，叫喊”

claim ［kleɪm ］

v. 声称；声称有权利 n. 声明

解　v. to assert or affirm strongly; to state to be true or existing n. an assertion of a right (as to money or property)

例　She claimed that the car accident was his fault. 她声称这场交通事故是他的责任。

acclaim ［ə'kleɪm ］

v. 称赞；欢呼

解　to praise vociferously; to clap one's hands or shout after performances to indicate approval

例　The mayor acclaimed the firefighters as the city's heroes for their bravery. 消防员们勇敢无畏，市长赞扬他们是这座城市的英雄。

近　acclimate v. 使适应

构　ac (=to) + claim (=to cry out)

disclaim ［dɪs'kleɪm ］

v. ① 放弃权利 ② 拒绝承认

解　① to give up all claim to ② to refuse to recognize one's own; deny connection with

例　They disclaimed ownership of the house and explained that they were only renting it. 他们否认拥有这座房屋的所有权，声称只是租用。

同　declamation n. 高谈阔论，高声说话；高调

构　dis (=not) + claim (=to cry out)

exclaim ［ɪk'skleɪm ］

v. 大喊大叫

解　to utter aloud, often with surprise, horror, or joy

例　The children exclaimed with delight at the sight of the Christmas presents. 看到圣诞礼物，孩子们高兴地欢呼起来。

同　exclamation n. 尖叫

Group 39: clud, clus=close, shut “关闭”

include ［ɪn'klu:d ］

v. 包含，包括

解　to have as a part, to be made up out of

例　The dinner included salad, soup, a main course and dessert. 晚餐包括沙拉、汤、主菜和甜点。

同　inclusion n. 包含

conclude ［kən'klu:d ］

v. ① 得结论 ② 结束

解　① to reach a conclusion after a discussion or deliberation ② to bring to a close

例　The police investigation concluded that the prisoners had escaped the jail through the sewage pipes. 警察通过调查得出了结论：囚犯是通过排污管从监狱里逃走的。

conclusive ［kən'klu:sɪv ］

adj. 结论性的；（事实、证据等）确凿的

解　final and deciding

例　The conclusive evidence affirmed the defendant's guilt. 确凿的证据证实了被告的罪行。

occlude ［ɒ'klu:d ］

v. 使闭塞，封闭；排除出去

解　to close up to block passage through

例　The navy occluded any ships from entering the restricted area. 海军封锁航道，禁止任何船只进入禁航区。

recluse ［rɪ'klu:s ］

n. 隐士 adj. 隐居的

解　n. one who lives in solitude adj. withdrawn from society; seeking solitude

例　The recluse lived in the woods, eating the plants from his garden and the meat of animals he hunted. 这个隐士居住在森林里，以自己菜园中种植的植物和狩猎所得的肉类为食。

同　reclusive adj. 隐遁的，隐居的

构　re (=back) + clus (=to shut) + e

seclusion ［sɪ'klu:ʒən ］

n. 隐居，隐遁；隔离

解　the act of secluding; isolation

例　A hermit likes to live in seclusion . 隐居者喜欢居住在与世隔绝的地方。

构　se (=away) + clus (=to shut) + ion

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | incite | A. agitated
2. ______ | acclaim | B. deny
3. ______ | conclude | C. stir up
4. ______ | occlude | D. finish
5. ______ | excited | E. involve
6. ______ | resuscitate | F. applaud
7. ______ | disclaim | G. cry
8. ______ | recluse | H. revive
9. ______ | include | I. obstruct
10. ______ | exclaim | J. hermit

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | conclude | A. begin
12. ______ | claim | B. criticize
13. ______ | include | C. renounce
14. ______ | acclaim | D. vague
15. ______ | conclusive | E. exclude

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

include | solicitous | recital | excited | exclaim
incite | seclusion | resuscitate | acclaim | claim

16. The settlers ______ the land and the river as theirs.

17. A ______ passer-by offered to change my flat tire for me.

18. She lives in ______ apart from her friends.

19. The crowd ______ the winning team.

20. After studying abroad for four years, the student was ______ to return home, see his family and eat home-cooked meals.

21. A successful treaty must ______ the concerns of all involved parties.

22. Tickets for the ______ of the world-famous pianist sold out in a couple of hours.

23. She ______ with joy at the sight of her newborn baby.

24. The controversial national policy ______ riots around the country.

25. The doctor ______ the man who was overcome by gas.

参考答案

1. C
2. F
3. D
4. I
5. A
6. H
7. B
8. J
9. E
10. G
11. A
12. C
13. E
14. B
15. D
16. claimed
17. solicitous
18. seclusion
19. acclaimed
20. excited
21. include
22. recital
23. exclaimed
24. incited
25. resuscitated

Lesson 11

音频

Group 40: contra=against “反对；相反”

contradict ［ˌkɒntrə'dɪkt ］

vt. 同…矛盾，同…冲突

解　to be contrary to; to disagree with

例　The defendant contradicted his words and was accused of perjury. 被告的陈述与之前的供词相矛盾，被指控作伪证。

同　contradiction n. 矛盾

构　contra (=against) + dict (=to say)

contradictory ［ˌkɒntrə'dɪktəri ］

adj. 自相矛盾的

解　in disagreement

例　Her contradictory statements raised suspicion of her honesty. 她自相矛盾的陈述让人对她的诚实起了怀疑。

contrast ［'kɒntrɑ:st ］n. ［kən'trɑ:st ］v. 对比，对照

解　n. a great difference v. to compare (two things) so as to show their differences

例　Her dark hair is a sharp contrast to her sister's light hair. 她的深色头发和她姐姐的浅色头发形成了鲜明的对比。

contravene ［ˌkɒntrə'vi:n ］

v. 违背 （法规、习俗等）

解　go against rules and laws

例　The rebellious student contravened the school's formal uniform policy and attended class in casual clothes. 这名叛逆的学生违背学校要求统一着装的规定，穿着休闲服就来上课了。

近　intervene v. 介入，干涉

构　contra (=against) + vene (=to come)

Group 41: counter=against “反对；相反”

counterargument ［'kaʊntəˌɑ:gjʊmənt ］

n. 辩论，抗辩

解　an argument in opposition to another

例　The winning team of the debate contest had the best arguments and counterarguments . 这场辩论赛的获胜队拥有最好的论据和反论据。

同　argue v. 争论，争辩；argument n. 争论；论（据、证、点）；argumentative adj. 好争辩的

counterfeit ［'kaʊntəfɪt ］

v. 伪造，仿造 n. 伪造物；伪钞

解　v. to make a copy of with the intent to deceive

n. a copy that is presented as the original

例　This twenty-dollar bill looks genuine, but it is really a counterfeit . 这张20美元的钞票看起来很像真的，但其实是假钞。

近　forfeit v. 丧失，被罚没收 n. 丧失物；surfeit n. 过多，过度，过饱 v. 使吃饱

构　counter (=against) + feit (=to make)

countermand ［ˌkaʊntə'mɑ:nd ］

v. 取消订货；撤回（命令）

解　to withdraw or cancel (an order or command)

例　The general countermanded the air strike when it was discovered that the target had many innocent civilians. 当发现袭击地点有很多无辜的平民时，将军下令取消了空袭。

构　counter (=against) + mand (=to order)

encounter ［ɪn'kaʊntə(r) ］

v. 遭遇

解　to meet unexpectedly

例　The king's soldiers encountered heavy resistance from the Cyclops. 国王的士兵遭遇了库克罗普斯顽强的抵抗。

构　en (=to make ) + counter (=against)

Group 42: cracy=rule; government “统治；政体”

autocracy ［ɔ:'tɒkrəsi ］

n. 独裁统治，独裁政体

解　a political system governed by a single individual

例　The autocracy of the country allowed one man's opinion and prejudices to rule millions. 这个国家的独裁统治可以让一个人的主张与偏见统治百万民众。

aristocracy ［ˌærɪs'tɒkrəsi ］

n. 贵族阶级

解　a privileged class holding hereditary titles

例　Earls, duchesses, and princes belong to the aristocracy . 伯爵、公爵夫人和王子都属于贵族阶级。

bureaucracy ［bjʊə'rɒkrəsi ］

n. 官僚，官僚政治

解　governmental officialism or inflexible routine

例　Many people fear that the constant introduction of federal agencies will create a government of bureaucracy . 许多人担心长期采用联邦政府机制会形成官僚政府。

构　bureau (=desk; office) + cracy (=power; to rule)

democracy ［dɪ'mɒkrəsi ］

n. 民主，民主统治

解　a political system governed by the people or their representatives

例　Voting is not a privilege but a natural right for all citizens in a democracy . 在民主政体中，投票不属于特权，而是所有公民的自然权利。

gerontocracy ［ˌʤerən'tɒkrəsi ］

n. 老人统治

解　government by old people

例　Many native American tribes were governed under gerontocracies . 许多印第安人部落由老人统治。

technocracy ［tek'nɒkrəsi ］

n. 技术统治

解　a form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control

例　A group of computer engineers dreamed of creating a technocracy based on the Internet. 一些电脑工程师梦想创建一个基于互联网的技术统治政府。

Group 43: cre=grow; make “增长；产生”

creative ［kri:'eɪtɪv ］

adj. 有创造力的

解　having the ability or power to create

例　Creative business strategies are necessary for a company to compete in the world markets. 创新性的商业策略对公司参与国际市场竞争至关重要。

同　creativity n. 创造力

creature ［'kri:tʃə(r) ］

n. 生物 （尤指动物）

解　any living person or animal

例　She loves all the earth's creatures . 她热爱地球上的所有生物。

accrete ［æ'kri:t ］

v. 自然增加（因不停地生长而增大）

解　to make larger or greater, as by increased growth

例　Over time the trees' roots accreted into one. 随着时间流逝，这些树的根长到了一起。

同　accretion n. 自然的增加；增加物

构　ac (=to) + cre (=to grow) + te

concrete ［'kɒnkri:t ］

adj. 具体的 n. 混凝土

解　adj. not abstract or imaginary n. a strong hard building material composed of sand, gravel, cement and water

例　The student used specific examples to give a concrete image of his story. 这个学生利用多个详尽的例子，使他的故事有了一个具体的形象。

Group 44: cred=believe, trust “相信，信任”

discredit ［dɪs'kredɪt ］

v. ① 败坏名声，丧失名誉 ② 怀疑

解　① to damage the reputation of ② to cast doubt on

例　Her poor performance in the orchestra discredited her fame as the best singer in the world. 她在管弦乐队的糟糕表现败坏了她作为世界最出色歌手的好名声。

构　dis (=not) + cred (=to believe) + it

credible ［'kredəbəl; -ɪbəl ］

adj. 可信的

解　capable of being believed

例　The mother accepted her son's credible excuse as to why he arrived home late. 母亲接受了儿子之所以晚回家的可靠理由。

同　credibility n. 可靠性，可信性

credence ［'kri:dəns ］

n. 相信，信任

解　belief

例　The credence of the woman's testimony led to the jury's verdict of not guilty. 这人女人证词的可信度使陪审团认定她无罪。

credentials ［krɪ'denʃəlz ］

n. 证明，证书

解　documents attesting to the truth of certain stated facts

例　His credentials include an MBA degree and over 10 years of work as a manager in a multinational company. 他的证明文件包括工商管理学硕士学位以及在跨国公司担任经理逾10年的证明材料。

credulous ［'kredjʊləs ］

adj. 轻信的，易信的

解　disposed to believe on little evidence

例　The credulous policeman was tricked by the cunning robber and let him go free. 这名容易轻信他人的警察被狡猾的盗贼所欺骗，将他放走了。

同　credulity n. 轻信，易信

Group 45: crimin=crime; guilty “罪行；犯罪”

criminal ［'krɪmɪnəl ］

n. 罪犯 adj. 刑事的，犯罪的

解　n. someone who has committed (or been legally convicted of) a crime adj. relating to crime or its punishment

例　The criminal had been set up and was truly innocent. 经过审查，这名嫌疑犯确实是无辜的。

同　criminality n. 罪行，犯罪

recriminate ［rɪ'krɪmɪneɪt ］

v. 反责，反控

解　to return an accusation against someone

例　The company defended that it had not infringed on any trademarks and recriminated the newspaper of libel. 这家公司辩称没有侵犯任何商标权，并反责报纸诬陷。

构　re (=again, back) + crimin (=crime) + ate

incriminate ［ɪn'krɪmɪneɪt ］

v. 归罪于，控告；牵连

解　to accuse of a crime; to show to be guilty

例　The robber's confession incriminated two others who helped to rob the bank. 盗贼的供词牵连出了其他两名协助抢劫银行的同伙。

同　incrimination n. 连累，控告

构　in + crimin (=guilty) + ate

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | contravene | A. inculpate
2. ______ | autocracy | B. bureaucratism
3. ______ | credulous | C. certificate
4. ______ | incriminate | D. gullible
5. ______ | discredit | E. repeal
6. ______ | bureaucracy | F. disgrace
7. ______ | contradict | G. infringe
8. ______ | countermand | H. cement
9. ______ | concrete | I. counter
10. ______ | credentials | J. autarchy

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | criminal | A. McCoy
12. ______ | contradict | B. support
13. ______ | counterfeit | C. wear away
14. ______ | accrete | D. lawful
15. ______ | concrete | E. abstract
16. ______ | discredit | F. democracy
17. ______ | contrast | G. confirm
18. ______ | autocracy | H. similarity

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

democracy | creature | credulous | contravene | counterfeit
encounter | contrast | contradictory | technocracy | concrete

19. From logical thinking, we can conclude that only one of the two ______ arguments can be right.

20. She was so ______ that the other children could easily fool her.

21. The hikers ______ many unexpected dangers on their trip.

22. Microsoft's e-government programming has allowed ______ to be a regulated reality for countries worldwide.

23. A daisy is a ______ example of a composite flower.

24. By invading the neutral nation, the dictator ______ his earlier pledge to guarantee its independence.

25. The unidentified ______ in the dark lake was thought to be a sea monster.

26. With the aid of modern technological advances, many countries have issued new currency notes that are more diff icult to ______.

27. In a ______ the people rule through elected representatives who attend to the business of the government.

28. Make the lettering light so it will ______ with the dark background.

参考答案

1. G
2. J
3. D
4. A
5. F
6. B
7. I
8. E
9. H
10. C
11. D
12. G
13. A
14. C
15. E
16. B
17. H
18. F
19. contradictory
20. credulous
21. encountered
22. technocracy
23. concrete
24. contravened
25 creature
26. counterfeit
27. democracy
28. contrast

Lesson 12

音频

Group 46: cur=care; take care “关心”

cure ［kjʊə(r) ］

v./n. 治疗，治愈

解　v. to make well; to bring back to health n. treatment intended to relieve or remove disease or any bad condition

例　She took the prescribed medicine to cure her cold. 她吃了医生开的药来治疗感冒。

近　curl n. 卷发；curt adj. （言词、行为）简短而草率的；curb n. 马路镶边石；马勒 v. 控制

curative ［'kjʊərətɪv ］

adj. 医疗的

解　tending to cure or restore to health

例　The pharmaceutical company created a new curative ointment for minor cuts and sunburn. 这家医药公司开发出了一款治疗轻微伤口和太阳灼伤的新型软膏。

curator ［kjʊə'reɪtə(r) ］

n. 博物馆馆长

解　the custodian of a collection (as a museum or library)

例　The museum curator organized exhibitions and auctions that brought much fame and high profits. 博物馆馆长组织了一系列展览和拍卖活动，为该馆赢得了广泛的声誉，并带来了可观的收入。

curious ［'kjʊərɪəs ］

adj. 好奇的

解　eager to investigate and learn more (sometimes about others' concerns)

例　A curious mind is a sponge for new information. 好奇的头脑就像海绵，不断吸收新的信息。

同　curiosity n. 好奇心

epicure ［'epɪkjʊə(r) ］

n. 美食家（享乐主义者）

解　a person devoted to refined sensuous enjoyment (especially good food and drink)

例　The epicure lived an exorbitantly expensive life. 这个享乐主义者过着一种过于奢侈的生活。

procure ［prə'kjʊə(r) ］

v. （努力）取得，获得

解　to get by special effort

例　The man filed an application to procure a business license from the relevant authorities. 这位男士向相关部门申请营业执照。

构　pro (=before) + cur (=to take care) + e

其他与“热心，关心”意义有关的词汇

ardent adj. 热心的，热烈的

ardor n. 热情，狂热

aspiration n. 渴望，热望

avid adj. 渴望的，热心的

crave v. 渴望，热望

fervent adj. 有热情的，热烈的；热的

fervid adj. 热情的

fervor n. 热诚，热心

fester n. 热诚，热心

heartiness n. 热诚，诚挚

passion n. 热情，激情

passionate adj. 热情的

solicitous adj. 热切的；挂念的，关心的

mania n. 狂热；癫狂

solicitude n. 热心，关心

zeal n. 热心，热情，狂热

zealot n. 狂热分子，热心者

zealous adj. 狂热的，一心一意的

zest n. 热心，兴趣

Group 47: cur=run “跑”

current ［'kʌrənt ］

n. 潮流；水流；气流 adj. 现代的，当前的

解　n. a steady flow (usually from natural causes) adj. occurring in or belonging to the present time

例　The river's current is too strong for us to swim across. 河水水流太湍急了，我们没办法游过去。

recurrent ［rɪ'kʌrənt ］

adj. 反复出现的

解　occurring again and again

例　We brought the car to a mechanic because the overheating engine was a recurrent problem. 由于发动机过热的毛病反复出现，于是我们把车送到机械师那里修理。

同　recurring adj. 重复发生的

concur ［kən'kɜ:(r) ］

v. ① 同意 ② 同时发生

解　① to be in agreement ② to be in accord

例　The directors concurred to accept a new company policy that would increase professionalism. 董事会成员同意接受一项新的公司政策，这项政策可以使公司更加专业化。

同　concurrence n. 同时发生的事

构　con (=together) + cur (=to run)

occurrence ［ə'kʌrəns ］

n. 事件，发生的事情

解　an event that happens

例　Solar eclipses are rare occurrences that draw the attention of many people. 日食很少发生，发生时会吸引很多人的注意。

Group 48: curs=run “流；跑”

cursory ［'kɜ:səri ］

adj. 草率的，粗略的

解　hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough

例　The chief editor was not responsible for reviewing cursory details such as spelling mistakes in the book, but more the general tone and subject matter. 主编不负责修改书中由于疏忽造成的细节错误，比如拼写错误，而更多的是负责大体风格和主题的确定。

构　curs (=to run) + ory (=relating to)

precursory ［pri(:)'kɜ:səri ］

adj. 先驱的，先兆的

解　warning of future misfortune

例　The black cat walking across the path was a precursory sign of bad luck. 黑猫从路上穿过是不祥之兆。

构　pre (=before) + curs (=to run) + ory

excursive ［ɪk'skɜ:sɪv ］

adj. 离题的，散漫的

解　 (of e. g. speech and writing) tending to depart from the main point or cover a wide range of subjects

例　Politicians often give excursive answers to sensitive questions that they do not want to answer. 对于不愿回答的敏感问题，政客们总是不作正面回答。

discursive ［dɪ'skɜ:sɪv ］

adj. 散漫的，离题的

解　wandering from one point or subject to another; digressing

例　They were annoyed and bored by his discursive remarks. 他东拉西扯的评论让他们既恼怒又厌烦。

构　dis (=apart) + curs (=to run) + ive

incursion ［ɪn'kɜ:ʃən ］

n. 袭击，侵入

解　temporary invasion

例　The incursion of the foreign army on the island was an act of war. 外国军队侵入岛屿是一种战争行为。

构　in (=into) + curs (=to run) + ion

其他与“流出，流动”意义有关的词汇

emanative adj. 流出的，发射性的

dash v. 奔流；猛冲

flush v. 淹没；奔流；脸红

overflow v. 漫流，流溢

torrent n. 急流

trickle v. 一滴滴地流，徐徐地流

meander v. 蜿蜒而流；漫步

exude v. 使慢慢流出，四溢

effusive adj. 感情奔放的；流出的

influx n. 流入

Group 49: dec=fitting “适当的；得体的”

decent ［'di:snt ］

adj. ① 体面的 ② 相当好的，像样的

解　① proper and right; respectable ② good enough

例　The decent thing to do is to pay for the damage you have done. 最合适的做法是赔偿你所造成的损失。

同　decency n. 体面

indecency ［ɪn'di:snsi ］

n. 粗鄙，下流

解　the quality of being indecent

例　The vulgar man spoke with indecency in front of women and children. 这个粗俗的男人当着妇女和孩子的面说话很下流。

decorous ［'dekərəs ］

adj. 有礼貌的，符合礼节的，相称的

解　characterized by propriety and dignity and good taste in manners and conduct

例　The princess was raised to have very decorous manners. 公主自小被培养出一种高雅的举止。

decorum ［dɪ'kɔ:rəm ］

n. 礼貌，礼节

解　propriety in manners and conduct

例　Decorum is required in the court or the judge will ask you to leave. 在法庭上要举止得体，否则法官会请你离开。

decorate ［'dekəreɪt ］

v. 装饰

解　to make more attractive by adding ornament, color, etc.

例　She decorated her office with flowers and hearts. 她用鲜花和心形饰物装扮了自己的办公室。

同　decoration n. 装饰

其他与“适当的；得体的”意义有关的词汇

adequate adj. 适当的，足够的

apposite adj. 相关的；适当的，贴切的

appropriateness n. 适当

apt adj. 适当的

condign adj. （指惩罚）严厉而适当的，罪有应得的

felicitous adj. （话语等）适当的，得体的

opportune adj. 合适的，适当的

seemly adj. 适当的；有礼貌的

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | curious | A. repeated
2. ______ | decorate | B. fairly good
3. ______ | decent | C. courteous
4. ______ | occurrence | D. decency
5. ______ | current | E. inquisitive
6. ______ | cure | F. digressive
7. ______ | recurrent | G. adorn
8. ______ | excursive | H. heal
9. ______ | decorum | I. stream
10. ______ | decorous | J. occasion

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | incursion | A. relinquish
12. ______ | precursory | B. unseemly
13. ______ | epicure | C. retreat
14. ______ | cure | D. archaic
15. ______ | procure | E. a person indifferent to food
16. ______ | concur | F. succinct
17. ______ | decorous | G. derivative
18. ______ | discursive | H. fastidious
19. ______ | cursory | I. gainsay
20. ______ | current | J. worsen

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

cure | decorum | curious | occurrence | indecency
procure | concur | cursory | excursive | curative

21. People need to take a driver's education course and a test on traffic laws in order to ______ a driver's license.

22. “I was so pressed for time that I couldn't give the lengthy report more than a ______ reading,” the busy executive confessed.

23. Shocked by the unruly behavior, the teacher criticized the class for its lack of ______.

24. The gel from the leaves of aloe vera plants is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry because of its ______ properties on sunburns.

25. Since it was not a topless beach, she was arrested for public ______ when she walked around without her bikini top（比基尼上装）.

26. I ______ with his opinion about how to spend money, but I didn't want to give him any.

27. The doctor prescribed medicine to ______ my illness.

28. It was difficult to understand the main idea of the novel because of the ______ way it was written.

29. The moon landing was an unforgettable ______.

30. Little children are very ______ and they ask many questions.

参考答案

1. E
2. G
3. B
4. J
5. I
6. H
7. A
8. F
9. D
10. C
11. C
12. G
13. E
14. J
15. A
16. I
17. B
18. F
19. H
20. D
21. procure
22. cursory
23. decorum
24. curative
25. indecency
26. concurred
27. cure
28. excursive
29. occurrence
30. curious

Lesson 13

音频

Group 50: dem=people “人民”

democracy ［dɪ'mɒkrəsi ］

n. 民主，民主统治

解　a political system governed by the people or their representatives

例　People have the right to elect their political representatives in a democracy . 在民主国家，人民有权选举政治代表。

同　democratic adj. 民主的

demagogue ［'deməɡɒɡ ］

n. 煽动家，群众领导者

解　an orator who appeals to the passions and prejudices of his audience

例　He was accused of being a demagogue because he made promises which aroused futile hopes in his listeners. 他的承诺让听众燃起希望后又落空，因此他被指责为一名政治煽动家。

demography ［di:'mɒɡrəfi ］

n. 人口统计学，人口学

解　the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

例　Local surveys of the town's demography report that the number of people has doubled within the last four years. 当地城镇人口统计报告显示，该地人口数量在过去四年里翻了一番。

endemic ［en'demɪk ］

adj. 地方性的，某地特有的

解　native to or confined to a certain region

例　People planning to visit that country are advised to have vaccinations for any endemic diseases. 打算去那个国家的人们被告诫要接种疫苗，以防感染当地的疾病。

构　en (=in) + dem (=people) + ic

epidemic ［ˌepɪ'demɪk ］

n. 传染病 adj. 传染性的，流行性的

解　n. epidemic disease adj. spreading rapidly among many people in the same place for a time

例　The epidemic disease spread throughout the city and into neighboring towns in a matter of days. 这种传染病在整个城市里传播，没过几天就传播到了邻县。

pandemic ［pæn'demɪk ］

adj. （病）大范围流行的

解　epidemic over a wide geographical area

例　Before modern medical advances, the pandemic outbreak of chickenpox spread throughout the world killing thousands of people. 在现代医学还不发达的时候，水痘疫情在全世界大面积爆发，夺走了数以千计的生命。

Group 51: dent=tooth “牙齿”

dent ［dent ］

n. 凹痕

解　a hollow made by a blow or pressure

例　The accident left a large dent in the side of the car. 这场事故在汽车的侧面留下了一大片凹痕。

dentist ［'dentɪst ］

n. 牙医

解　a person qualified to practice dentistry

例　A dentist fills cavities in teeth, cleans, straightens, or extracts them, and supplies artificial teeth. 牙医的工作包括填充蛀牙，清洗、矫正或拔出牙齿，以及植入人工假牙。

denture ［'dentʃə(r) ］

n. 假牙

解　a dental appliance that artificially replaces missing teeth

例　The old man relied on his dentures to eat food. 这个老人依赖假牙进食。

indent ［ɪn'dent ］

vt. 使成锯齿形，使成犬牙状

解　to make notches or jags in (an edge, line, border, etc.)

例　His punch indented a hole in the wall. 他用穿孔机在墙上钻了一个洞。

rodent ［'rəʊdənt ］

n. 啮齿类动物（如鼠等）

解　of a group of mammals with large front teeth especially adapted for gnawing

例　Rats, mice, and squirrels are all rodents . 老鼠和松鼠都属于啮齿类动物。

Group 52: dict=say; assert “说话；断言”

indict ［ɪn'daɪt ］

v. 控告，起诉

解　to charge with a crime

例　The police found his fingerprints at the scene of the crime and indicted him for a criminal offense. 警察在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹，于是控告他犯罪。

同　indictment n. 起诉

verdict ［'vɜ:dɪkt ］

n. 判决，决定

解　the decision of a trial jury

例　The jury gave the judge their verdict on the defendant. 陪审团告诉法官他们对被告的判决结果。

valediction ［ˌvælɪ'dɪkʃən ］

n. 告别演说，告别词

解　a speech or statement made as a farewell

例　The president gave a valediction at the party in honor of his last days in office. 在纪念其任期即将结束的宴会上，总统发表了告别演说。

vindicate ［'vɪndɪkeɪt ］

v. 为…平反；证明…正确

解　to clear of guilt; to justify or prove the worth of, especially in light of later developments

例　After the defendant was found not guilty, he sued the plaintiff to vindicate his reputation. 在被告被证明无罪之后，他对原告提起了诉讼以恢复自己的名誉。

vindictive ［vɪn'dɪktɪv ］

adj. 报复性的，报复心强的

解　bearing a grudge; wanting revenge

例　Her vindictive nature would not let her forgive and forget easily. 她天生报复心很强，无法轻易原谅他人、放下过去。

benediction ［ˌbenɪ'dɪkʃən ］

n. 祝福；祈祷

解　blessing; the asking of God's blessing at the end of a religious service

例　The bride and groom received a benediction from the priest. 新郎和新娘收到了神父的祝福。

dictionary ［'dɪkʃənəri ］

n. 字典

解　book that explains the words of a language or a language of some special subject

例　You can use this dictionary to find out the meaning, spelling, or pronunciation of a word. 你可以使用这个词典查找单词的释义、拼写或者发音。

predict ［prɪ'dɪkt ］

v. 预言，预测

解　to make a prediction about, to tell in advance

例　The weatherman predicted a sunny day for tomorrow. 天气预报员预测明天是晴天。

同　prediction n. 预言，预报；predictable adj. 可预言的，可预知的；平庸的；predictive adj. 预言的

其他与“说话”意义有关的词汇

archaism n. 古词，古语

argot n. 行话，职业术语

cant n. 隐语，术语

jargon n. 胡言乱语；行话；黑话

slang n. 俚语；行话

colloquialism n. 口语，俗语

euphemism n. 委婉语；委婉的说法

pun n. 双关语

articulate v. 清楚说话；接合 adj. 发音清晰的

enunciate v. 清晰发音；（清楚地）表达

babble v. 说蠢话；牙牙学语

belabour v. 过分冗长地说；痛打

chatter v. 喋喋不休

garrulous adj. 唠叨的，多话的

loquacious adj. 唠叨的，喋喋不休的

drawl v. 慢吞吞地说

slur v. 含糊不清地说；恶语相加

waffle v. 含糊其辞，胡扯

mutter n./v. 轻声低语；咕哝

murmur n./v. 小声抱怨；咕哝

stammer v. 结结巴巴地说；口吃

stutter v. 结结巴巴地说

drivel n./v. 胡言乱语，（说）傻话

gibberish n. 胡言乱语，快速而不清楚的言语

jabber v. 快而不清楚地说

rattle v. 急促地谈

reiterate v. 重申，反复地说

hum n./v. 嗡嗡说话（声）

intercede v. 说好话，代求情

parlance n. 谈话，说法

prate v. 瞎扯，胡说

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | indict | A. republic
2. ______ | predict | B. charge
3. ______ | epidemic | C. conclusion
4. ______ | democracy | D. foretell
5. ______ | endemic | E. widespread
6. ______ | verdict | F. agitator
7. ______ | demagogue | G. indigenous

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
8. ______ | endemic | A. foreign
9. ______ | vindicate | B. curse
10. ______ | benediction | C. greeting
11. ______ | indict | D. exculpate
12. ______ | valediction | E. impugn

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

demagogue | verdict | valediction | endemic | rodent
democracy | vindicate | benediction | dent | epidemic

13. Red Cross volunteers distributed free injections to control the cholera （霍乱）______.

14. The verdict of “not guilty” ______ them.

15. It was common during medieval days for priests to offer soldiers a ______ before battles.

16. The chief aim of most ______ is to get power and money for themselves alone.

17. The jury took five days to reach a ______.

18. In a ______, the power of the government rests with the people.

19. The top student gave the ______ at the graduation ceremony.

20. The crash put a ______ in my bicycle fender.

21. This disease is ______ in this part of the world; more than 80 percent of the population was at one time or another affected by it.

22. Predatory birds such as the owl and hawk usually feed on wild ______ .

参考答案

1. B
2. D
3. E
4. A
5. G
6. C
7. F
8. A
9. E
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. epidemic
14. vindicated
15. benediction
16. demagogues
17. verdict
18. democracy
19. valediction
20. dent
21. endemic
22. rodents

Lesson 14

音频

Group 53: domin, domit=master “控制，支配”

dominate ［'dɒmɪneɪt ］

v. 控制，支配

解　to have control over

例　The dinosaurs dominated the planet before humans. 在人类出现以前，恐龙主宰着地球。

同　domination n. 控制，支配

dominant ［'dɒmɪnənt ］

adj. ① 显性的 ② 统治的，主要的

解　① (of groups of physical qualities passed on from parent to child) able to appear in the child even if only in the genes of one parent ② most powerful or influential; controlling

例　Humans are the most dominant species on the planet today. 如今，人类是地球上最主要的物种。

近　dome n. 圆屋顶；doomed adj. 命中注定的

predominant ［prɪ'dɒmɪnənt ］

adj. 占优势的；显著的

解　having greatest ascendancy, importance, influence, authority, or force

例　The United States is the predominant nation in the western hemisphere. 美国是西半球占支配地位的国家。

构　pre (=before) + domin (=to master) + ant

domineering ［ˌdɒmɪ'nɪərɪŋ ］

adj. 极权的，作威作福的，跋扈的

解　inclined to domineer; arrogant; overbearing

例　I dislike the domineering attitude of people who always want things done their own way. 我不喜欢有些人专横跋扈的态度，他们总希望事情按照自己想要的方式来处理。

indomitable ［ɪn'dɒmɪtəbəl ］

adj. 不可征服的，坚强不屈的

解　impossible to subdue

例　The businesswoman had an indomitable spirit, allowing her to succeed in the business world. 这位女商人有着不屈不挠的精神，这使得她在商界获得了成功。

构　in (=not) + domit (=to master) + able

Group 54: duc, duct=lead “领导”

duct ［dʌkt ］

n. 管道

解　tube, pipe, or channel for carrying liquid, air, etc.

例　The duct around the electrical wire will help prevent people from being electrocuted. 电线周围的胶管可以防止人触电致死。

近　duck n. 鸭子

aqueduct ［'ækwɪˌdʌkt ］

n. 引水渠，渡槽

解　an artificial channel or large pipe for bringing water from a distance; a structure that supports such a channel or pipe

例　The inland town built an aqueduct to transport water from the river to houses. 这个内陆城镇建造了一个引水渠，用来把水从河里输送到各家各户。

近　aquatic adj. 水生的，水中的

conductor ［kən'dʌktə(r) ］

n. 指挥家，乐队指挥

解　the person who leads a musical group; director of an orchestra, chorus, etc.

例　The conductor waved his arms around in the air as the symphony played on. 随着交响乐开始演奏，指挥家在空中挥舞着手臂。

misconduct ［mɪs'kɒndʌkt ］

n. 行为不端

解　bad behavior

例　The boy's misconduct in class led to his punishment. 男孩因为在班里行为不端而受到了惩罚。

conducive ［kən'dju:sɪv ］

adj. 有助于…的

解　helpful; contributing to

例　Exercise and proper eating habits are conducive to good health. 锻炼和合理的饮食习惯有益健康。

近　seductive adj. 诱人的，有魅力的

构　con (=together) + duc (=to lead) + ive

inducement ［ɪn'dju:smənt ］

n. 引诱物，诱因

解　something which provides encouragement to do something

例　He drank coffee as an inducement to stay awake. 他靠喝咖啡来保持清醒。

同　induce v. 诱导；引起

irreducible ［ˌɪrɪ'dju:səbəl ］

adj. 不能复归的，不能削减的；【数】不可约分的

解　impossible to reduce to a desired, simpler, or smaller form or amount

例　The most irreducible coin in the American currency is the one-cent penny. 美国货币中的最小面值是一美分。

deduce ［dɪ'dju:s ］

vt. 推论，演绎出

解　to reach (a conclusion) by reasoning; infer

例　The students deduced the answer by eliminating all other possibilities. 学生们通过排除其他可能的选项推断出了正确答案。

构　de (=down) + duc (=to lead) + e

deduct ［dɪ'dʌkt ］

v. 扣除

解　to make a subtraction

例　The restaurant manager warned the waitress not to break the dishware or it would be deducted from her salary. 餐厅经理警告女服务员不要打碎餐具，否则餐具的费用就要从她的薪水中扣除。

deductive ［dɪ'dʌktɪv ］

adj. 演绎的

解　involving inferences from general principles

例　Sherlock Holmes relied on deductive reasoning to solve most of the mysteries he investigated. 福尔摩斯依靠演绎推理法来破解他所研究的大多数谜题。

educate ［'edju(:)keɪt ］

v. 教育

解　to develop in knowledge or skill by teaching, training, or study; to teach

例　The parents educated their children in proper etiquette. 这对父母教孩子形成了良好的礼节。

同　educated adj. 受过教育的；education n. 教育；educator n. 教师

Group 55: dur=last “持续”

enduring ［ɪn'djuərɪŋ ］

adj. 持久的

解　unceasing

例　She held an enduring love for the soldier and waited years and years for his return. 她深爱着这个士兵，多年来一直在等他回来。

同　endure v. 持久；忍受；endurance n. 忍耐；忍受力，耐久力

durable ［'djʊərəbəl ］

adj. 耐久的，耐用的

解　able to withstand wear, decay, etc.

例　Work clothes are made of durable fabric. 工作服由耐用的布料制成。

同　durability n. 耐久性

构　dur (=to last) + able

duration ［djʊə'reɪʃən ］

n. 持续时间

解　length of time; time during which anything continues

例　The storm was sudden and of short duration . 这场风暴来得突然，持续的时间也很短。

indurate ［'ɪndjʊəreɪt ］

v. 使坚固，使僵硬

解　to become harden or unfeeling

例　The farmer's hands were indurated by the years of hard work. 这个农民的双手因为多年辛苦劳作而变得粗糙。

obdurate ［'ɒbdjʊrɪt ］

adj. 固执的，顽固的

解　stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing

例　The obdurate liar had told so many lies he could not differentiate between what was true or false. 这个顽固的骗子满口谎话，连他自己都分不清楚哪些是真的哪些是假的。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | durable | A. governing
2. ______ | indomitable | B. control
3. ______ | dominate | C. obstinate
4. ______ | deduce | D. invincible
5. ______ | deduct | E. infer
6. ______ | obdurate | F. subtract
7. ______ | dominant | G. reliable

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
8. ______ | enduring | A. have no control over
9. ______ | inducement | B. tractable
10. ______ | dominate | C. subordinate
11. ______ | predominant | D. factorable
12. ______ | irreducible | E. transitory
13. ______ | indurate | F. fragile
14. ______ | obdurate | G. deterrent
15. ______ | durable | H. soften

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

conducive | deduce | dominate | educate | duration
domineering | misconduct | conductor | dominant | deduct

16. Even though there were very few clues, Sherlock Holmes ______ the identity of the criminal.

17. Usually, the ______ wolf in the pack becomes the leader.

18. The ______ of the movie is three hours.

19. The natural surroundings of the school made it ______ to quiet studying.

20. The talkative man ______ the conversation.

21. The objective of teaching is to ______ people.

22. The overtime work hours ______ from the time he could spend with his wife and children at home.

23. The ______ king ordered the execution of anyone who would challenge him.

24. The children were punished for their ______.

25. The train ______ announced “All aboard!” as the final call before the departure.

参考答案

1. G
2. D
3. B
4. E
5. F
6. C
7. A
8. E
9. G
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. H
14. B
15. F
16. deduced
17. dominant
18. duration
19. conducive
20. dominated
21. educate
22. deducted
23. domineering
24. misconduct
25. conductor

Lesson 15

音频

Group 56: ear=ear “耳朵”

earplug ［'ɪəplʌɡ ］

n. 耳塞

解　an object made of a soft, pliable material, such as cotton or rubber, and fitted into the ear canal to block the entry of water or sound

例　Don' t forget to put in your earplugs when you go swimming. 游泳的时候别忘了戴上耳塞。

earring ［'ɪərɪŋ ］

n. 耳环，耳饰

解　jewelry to ornament the ear, usually clipped to the earlobe or fastened through a hole in the lobe

例　On the day she got her ears pierced, her mother bought her a pair of diamond earrings . 在她打耳洞的那天，她母亲给她买了一对钻石耳环。

earshot ［'ɪəʃɒt ］

n. 听力范围

解　distance at which a sound can be heard; range of hearing

例　We shouted, but he was already out of earshot and could not hear us. 我们大声地叫喊，可是他离得太远，已经听不到了。

eavesdropper ［'i:vzˌdrɒpə(r) ］

n. 偷听者

解　a secret listener to private conversations

例　The eavesdropper was an undercover police detective trying to overhear a conversation to get clues to a crime. 偷听者是一位卧底警探，他试着从对话中听出犯罪案件的线索。

earsplitting ［'ɪəspli:tɪŋ ］

adj. 震耳欲聋的

解　loud and shrill enough to hurt the ears

例　The music that the rock band played was not only horrible; it was also earsplitting . 这个摇滚乐队演奏的音乐不仅糟糕透顶，简直到了震耳欲聋的地步。

Group 57: en “使…进入某种状态，使成为…”

enable ［ɪ'neɪbəl ］

v. 使能够

解　to render capable or able for some task

例　The invention of the telephone enabled people to communicate around the world in seconds. 电话的发明使世界各地的人们在数秒之内就能交流。

同　ability n. 能力；disability n. 残废；无能

ennoble ［ɪ'nəʊbəl ］

v. ① 使高贵 ② 使受尊敬

解　① to raise to a noble rank ② to raise the respect of others for; to dignify

例　The king ennobled the soldier with knighthood. 国王授予这位士兵骑士爵位。

ensemble ［ɒŋ'sɒŋbəl ］

n. ① 大合唱 ② 合奏；全体

解　① the chorus of a ballet company ② a group of musicians playing or singing together

例　Two violins, a cello, and a viola made up the string ensemble . 这个弦乐合奏由两把小提琴、一把大提琴和一把中提琴组成。

enfranchise ［ɪn'fræntʃaɪz; en- ］

v. ① 给予选举权 ② 释放（奴隶）

解　① to grant voting rights ② to grant freedom to, as from slavery or servitude

例　Ratified in August of 1920, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution enfranchised women, and they began to vote in local and national elections. 美国宪法第十九条修正案于1920年8月批准生效，它赋予了妇女选举权，之后妇女们开始在当地和国家选举中进行投票。

engulf ［ɪn'ɡʌlf ］

v. 卷入，吞噬

解　to swallow up; to overwhelm

例　The wild forest fire engulfed trees and bushes. 森林大火吞噬了树木和灌木丛。

enhance ［ɪn'hɑ:ns; -hæns ］

vt. 提高，增强

解　to make greater; to add to; to heighten

例　The gardens enhanced the beauty of the house. 花园提升了房子的美感。

构　en (=in) + hance (=high)

enlarge ［ɪn'lɑ:ʤ ］

v. 增大，扩大

解　to make larger

例　She used an electron microscope to enlarge the image of the cells. 她用电子显微镜来放大细胞的影像。

enrich ［ɪn'rɪtʃ ］

v. 使丰富，充实

解　to make rich or richer

例　His new love enriched his life with joy and happiness. 他的新恋情使他的生活充满了快乐和幸福。

Group 58: equ=equal; same “相等；相同”

adequate ［'ædɪkwɪt ］

adj. 适当的，足够的

解　enough to meet a purpose

例　The student's work was not outstanding, but it was adequate for a passing grade. 这名学生的成绩不算优秀，但是足以及格。

同　adequacy n. 足够；inadequacy n. 不充分

构　ad (=to) + equ (=equal) + ate

equal ［'i:kwəl ］

adj. 相等的，均等的

解　the same in amount, size, number, value, or rank

例　Ten dimes are equal to one dollar. 十个十美分的硬币等于一美元。

equate ［ɪ'kweɪt ］

v. 与…相提并论，视为同等，等同

解　to treat or regard as equal

例　He said nothing, but the expression on his face equated to a refusal. 他虽然一句话都没说，但是脸上的表情相当于拒绝了。

同　equation n. 方程式

equitable ［'ekwɪtəbəl ］

adj. 公平的，公正的

解　fair; just

例　It is equitable to pay a person good wages for work well done. 对出色完成工作的人给予丰厚的报酬是公平的。

equable ［'ekwəbəl; 'i:k- ］

adj. ① （脾气）温和的 ② 稳定的，不变的

解　 ① free from unpleasant extremes ② steady

例　The good-natured traffic officer had an equable disposition. 这位和蔼的交警性格很温和。

equity ［'ekwɪti ］

n. 公正，公平

解　fairness or impartiality; justice

例　The two companies negotiated the details of their cooperation until both parties were satisfied with the equity . 两家公司对合作的细节进行了商讨，最后双方都对结果的公平性表示满意。

同　inequity n. 不公平

equilibrium ［ˌi:kwɪ'lɪbrɪəm ］

n. 均衡，平衡

解　a stable situation in which forces cancel one another

例　The acrobat in the circus maintained equilibrium on a tightrope. 马戏团的杂技演员在钢丝上保持着平衡。

equivalent ［ɪ'kwɪvələnt ］

adj. 相等的，等值的

解　equal in amount or value

例　Nodding your head is equivalent to saying yes. 点头就相当于同意。

同　equivalence n. 相等，等价，等值

equanimity ［ˌi:kwə'nɪməti; ˌekwə- ］

n. 镇定，沉着

解　evenness of mind or temper

例　Despite the highly stressful time, John's e quanimity reassured his subordinates that he would make a prudent decision no matter what happened. 尽管时间非常紧张，约翰的镇定使下属相信不管发生什么事，他都会作出审慎的决定。

构　equ (=equal, same) + anim (=mind, life, breath) + ity

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | equanimity | A. snooper
2. ______ | equal | B. allow
3. ______ | eavesdropper | C. fair
4. ______ | enlarge | D. identical
5. ______ | equable | E. balance
6. ______ | enable | F. sufficient
7. ______ | adequate | G. magnify
8. ______ | equilibrium | H. franchise
9. ______ | enfranchise | I. temperate
10. ______ | equitable | J. composure

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | ensemble | A. deplete
12. ______ | enrich | B. different
13. ______ | equity | C. unjust
14. ______ | equal | D. unfairness
15. ______ | equanimity | E. enfetter
16. ______ | equitable | F. solo
17. ______ | enhance | G. panic
18. ______ | enfranchise | H. lessen

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

enhance | equal | equity | eavesdropper | enable
ennoble | adequate | enlarge | engulf | enrich

19. A wave ______ the small boat.

20. To be healthy one must have an ______ diet.

21. His MBA studies ______ him to take on greater responsibilities in his profession.

22. The balloon ______ as we pumped air into it.

23. The growth of a city often ______ the value of land close to it.

24. The judge was noted for the ______ of her decisions.

25. Little did they know that an ______ was listening to their private conversation.

26. The stock markets during the internet boom ______ many people.

27. All persons are considered ______ before the law.

28. A good deed ______ the person who does it.

参考答案

1. J
2. D
3. A
4. G
5. I
6. B
7. F
8. E
9. H
10. C
11. F
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. G
16. C
17. H
18. E
19. engulfed
20. adequate
21. enabled
22. enlarged
23. enhances
24. equity
25. eavesdropper
26. enriched
27. equal
28. ennobles

Lesson 16

音频

Group 59: esthet=feel “感觉”

aesthete ［'i:sθi:t; 'esθi:t ］

n. 审美家

解　one who professes great sensitivity to the beauty of art and nature

例　The aesthete collected over one hundred pieces of artwork from around the world. 这位审美家从世界各地收集了100多件艺术品。

同　aesthetics n. 美学

anesthetic ［ˌænɪs'θetɪk ］

n. 麻醉剂 adj. 麻醉的

解　n. a drug that causes temporary loss of bodily sensations adj. characterized by insensibility

例　The doctor will give you some anesthetic before the surgery so you won't feel the pain. 在手术前，医生会给你注射麻醉剂，这样你就不会感觉疼了。

近　analgesic n. 止痛剂，镇痛剂 adj. 止痛的

anesthesia ［ˌænɪs'θi:zjə ］

n. 麻醉，麻木

解　loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of unconsciousness

例　The anesthesia around his mouth allowed him to be unconscious when the dentist extracted his teeth. 他的嘴巴周围被麻醉，这样在医生给他拔牙时他就不会感觉疼痛。

其他与“感觉”意义有关的词汇

perceive v. 察觉，发觉

perceptive adj. 感觉敏锐的

palpable adj. 明显的，易觉察的

sensation n. 感觉，知觉；轰动（的事件）

sentient adj. 有知觉的；知悉的

tactile adj. 有触觉的

intuition n. 直觉

intuitive adj. 直觉的；凭直觉得到的

Group 60: eu=well “好”

eulogy ［'ju:ləʤi ］

n. 颂词，颂文

解　a formal expression of praise

例　Senator Robert Kennedy gave a compelling eulogy at the funeral of Martin Luther King. 参议员罗伯特·肯尼迪在马丁·路德·金的葬礼上发表了一篇引人注目的颂词。

构　eu (=well) + logy (=to speak)

eulogize ［'ju:ləʤaɪz ］

v. 称赞，颂扬

解　to praise formally and eloquently

例　Before presenting the prize, it is customary for the principal to eulogize the recipient. 在颁奖之前，按照惯例，校长要对获奖人进行一番赞扬。

构　eu (=well) + log (=speech) + ize

euphoria ［ju:'fɔ:rɪə ］

n. 欣快症，幸福愉快感

解　a feeling of great (usually exaggerated) elation

例　Hiking to the mountain peak gave him a sense of achievement and euphoria . 徒步登上山顶使他有了一种成就感和愉悦感。

构　eu (=well) + phor (=to carry) + ia

euphonious ［ju:'fəʊnɪəs ］

adj. 悦耳的

解　having a pleasant sound

例　The sound of birds chirping in the morning is euphonious for many people. 清晨的鸟叫声让许多人感觉悦耳。

构　eu (=well) + phon (=sound) + ious

Group 61: ex=out “出去”

exit ［'eksɪt; -zɪt ］

v. 出去 n. 出口

解　v. leave, go n. outlet

例　Everyone exited the building when the fire alarm went off. 火警响起的时候，所有人都跑出了大楼。

exigent ［'eksɪʤənt ］

adj. ① 紧急的 ② 苛求的

解　① needing quick action or help ② requiring precise accuracy

例　The driver in the car accident needed exigent medical attention and was driven to a hospital. 遭遇车祸的司机迫切需要医疗护理，随即被开车送往了医院。

构　ex (=out) + ig (=to drive) + ent

exile ［'eksaɪl; 'eɡz- ］

n./v. 驱逐出，放逐

解　to expel from a country

例　The dictator was overthrown and lived in exile until he died. 独裁者被打倒后，一生过着流亡的生活。

external ［ek'stɜ:nəl ］

adj. 外部的

解　relating to or on the outside

例　Ron was in charge of the university's external affairs such as fundraising and recruiting. 罗恩负责大学的外事工作，例如募资和招聘。

同　externalize v. 使具体化，使形象化

extort ［ɪk'stɔ:t ］

v. 勒索，强索

解　to obtain by force or improper pressure

例　Blackmailers try to extort money from their victims. 勒索者试图从受害者手中强索钱财。

同　extortionist n. 敲诈勒索者

构　ex (=out) + tort (=to twist)

extract ［ɪk'strækt ］

v. 提炼；拔出；提取

解　draw or pull out, usually with some force or effort

例　The dentist extracted all four of her wisdom teeth. 牙医把她的四颗智齿全拔掉了。

同　extraction n. 血统；拔出，提取

extradition ［ˌekstrə'dɪʃən ］

n. 引渡逃犯

解　surrender of a fugitive or prisoner by one state, nation, or authority to another

例　The lawyers opposed the extradition of their client on the grounds that for more than five years he had been a model citizen. 律师反对引渡其委托人，理由是五年多以来他一直是模范公民。

exploit ［ɪk'splɔɪt ］

v. 开发利用；剥削

解　to make use of; to make unfair or selfish use of

例　A mine is exploited for its minerals. 矿山被用来开采矿物。

extricate ［'ekstrɪkeɪt ］

v. 拯救，救出

解　to set free from entanglements, difficulties, embarrassing situations, etc.; to release

例　Jim tried to extricate himself from the heated argument by saying he had to go to the bathroom. 为了从激烈的争吵中脱身，吉姆借口说要去趟卫生间。

构　ex (=out) + tric (=petty obstacle) + ate

同　extricable adj. 能救出的，能脱险的

exodus ［'eksədəs ］

n. 大批离去，成群外出

解　a departure of a large number of people or animals

例　The forest fire saw a mass exodus of wildlife leaving the woods. 森林大火使大批野生动物离开了森林。

构　ex (=out) + od < hod (=way) + us

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | exploit | A. distill
2. ______ | exit | B. utilize
3. ______ | eulogize | C. banish
4. ______ | exigent | D. free
5. ______ | extract | E. depart
6. ______ | extricate | F. melodious
7. ______ | euphonious | G. laud
8. ______ | exile | H. exterior
9. ______ | external | I. demanding

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | exodus | A. entrance
11. ______ | exit | B. enmesh
12. ______ | eulogy | C. deferrable
13. ______ | exigent | D. cacophonous
14. ______ | extract | E. internal
15. ______ | extricate | F. influx
16. ______ | euphonious | G. depression
17. ______ | euphoria | H. embed
18. ______ | external | I. denunciation

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

exodus | eulogy | exit | exigent | exploit
extricate | anesthetic | euphonious | exile | extort

19. When the cat came in, the mice made a hasty ______.

20. Nations ______ their colonies, taking as much wealth out of them as they could.

21. His monotonous voice acted like an ______; his audience would soon fall asleep.

22. I______ the kitten that was caught in the net.

23. The defeated rebel was ______ for his crimes.

24. The bully ______ lunch money from the other students.

25. ______ are usually written to express someone's achievements in a poetic way.

26. I joined the mass ______ for drinks during the interval.

27. The employee focused on her ______ work before anything else.

28. Italian and Spanish are ______ languages, making their songs nice to listen to.

参考答案

1. B
2. E
3. G
4. I
5. A
6. D
7. F
8. C
9. H
10. F
11. A
12. I
13. C
14. H
15. B
16. D
17. G
18. E
19. exit
20. exploited
21. anesthetic
22. extricated
23. exiled
24. extorted
25. Eulogies
26. exodus
27. exigent
28. euphonious

Lesson 17

音频

Group 62: fac=face “面容”

facade ［fə'sɑ:d ］

n. 建筑物的正面，外表

解　the face or front of a building

例　The facade of the church had often been photographed by tourists because it was more interesting than the rear. 游客经常对教堂的正面拍照，因为它比背面更有意思。

facetious ［fə'si:ʃəs ］

adj. 轻浮的，好开玩笑的

解　cleverly amusing in tone, joking inappropriately

例　Your facetious remarks are not appropriate at this serious moment. 在这个严肃的时刻，你的诙谐言论不合时宜。

barefaced ［'beəfeɪst ］

adj. ① 面部无遮盖物的 ② 公然自傲的；厚颜无耻的

解　① having no covering over the face ② undisguisedly bold; brazen

例　The barefaced bank robbers were daring enough to walk into the bank without masks, knowing that the video camera would capture their identities. 劫匪竟敢公然走进银行，明知监控摄像头会拍下他们，也没有戴面具。

deface ［dɪ'feɪs ］

v. 毁坏外观；丑化，使失面子

解　to mar or spoil the appearance of

例　The newspaper article about the president's scandal defaced his image in the public's eye. 报纸上的这篇关于总统丑闻的报道损害了总统在公众心目中的形象。

构　de (=away) + fac (=face) + e

efface ［ɪ'feɪs ］

v. 擦掉，抹去

解　to obliterate by rubbing out

例　Even one hundred years would never efface her memory of his abuse. 即使过去一百年，她被他虐待的记忆也无法被抹去。

构　ef < ex (=out) + fac (=face) + e

preface ［'prefəs ］

n. ① 序言 ② 开端

解　① a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book ② beginning

例　The preface of the autobiography explained how the book was written. 这部自传的序言说明了这本书是如何写成的。

surface ［'sɜ:fɪs ］

n. 表面

解　the outside of anything

例　The surface of the wooden boat needs to be waxed before we can set it in the water. 在下水前，木船的表面需要打蜡。

Group 63: fact, fect=do, make “做”

factual ［'fæktjʊəl ］

adj. 事实的，实际的

解　concerned with facts; consisting of facts

例　The witness pledged in the court to give a factual account of what she had seen. 目击证人在法庭上宣誓对自己所看到的一切作真实陈述。

近　faculty n. （大学的）院系；全体教师

affected ［ə'fektɪd ］

adj. 做作的，不自然的；假装的

解　speaking or behaving in an artificial way to make an impression; pretended

例　His affected mannerisms irritated many of us who had known him before his promotion. 我们中的很多人在他升职之前就已认识他；他升职后的矫揉造作惹恼了大家。

同　affectation n. 做作，装模作样；虚假

affection ［ə'fekʃən ］

n. 亲情；爱，爱情；钦慕之情

解　friendly feeling; tenderness; love

例　The secret lovers could not openly express their affection in public. 这对秘密恋人无法在公开场合表达爱意。

affectionate ［ə'fekʃənɪt ］

adj. 充满深情的，挚爱的

解　having or displaying warmth or affection; loving

例　The dog was very active and affectionate at the sight of its owner. 看见主人后，这只狗变得非常活跃，开始讨主人欢心。

disaffect ［ˌdɪsə'fekt ］

v. 使不满，使叛离

解　to arouse enmity or indifference where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness

例　The inconsiderate words she spoke to him disaffected him and created a feeling of resentment. 她对他说的话没有体谅他的感受，这让他十分不满，心中产生一股怨恨。

同　disaffected adj. （政治上）不满的，叛离的；disaffection n. 政治上不满，叛离

defect ［'dɪ:fekt ］

n. 缺陷

解　a shortcoming or failing in a person or thing; fault or blemish

例　A hearing aid helps to overcome defects in hearing. 助听器有助于克服听力障碍。

同　defection n. 背叛，脱党，变节；defective adj. 有缺陷的

构　de (=from) + fect (=to do, to make)

feckless ［'fekləs ］

adj. 无目标的，无责任心的

解　not fit to assume responsibility

例　A company run by a feckless manager will not survive in such a competitive market. 一个由毫无责任感的管理者来经营的公司是无法在竞争如此激烈的市场中生存下去的。

infection ［ɪn'fekʃən ］

n. 感染

解　a causing of disease in people, animals, and plants by the introduction of germs or viruses

例　Without proper medical treatment, a deep cut can turn into an unwanted infection . 伤口如果很深又得不到正确的医疗护理，就可能受到不必要的感染。

disinfect ［ˌdɪsɪn'fekt ］

v. 杀菌，消毒

解　to destroy microorganisms or pathogens by cleansing; to sterilize

例　The nurse disinfected the surgeon's tools after every surgery. 在每次手术之后，护士都会给外科医生的手术工具消毒。

同　disinfection n. 消毒，灭菌

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | disinfect | A. humorous
2. ______ | affected | B. irresponsible
3. ______ | facetious | C. flaw
4. ______ | superficial | D. fumigate
5. ______ | defect | E. shameless
6. ______ | deface | F. erase
7. ______ | barefaced | G. shallow
8. ______ | feckless | H. fondness
9. ______ | affection | I. disfigure
10. ______ | efface | J. unnatural

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | disaffect | A. profound
12. ______ | factual | B. dislike
13. ______ | efface | C. win over
14. ______ | superficial | D. etch
15. ______ | affection | E. serious
16. ______ | affected | F. fictional
17. ______ | facetious | G. natural

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

facetious | feckless | disinfect | affectionate | surface
deface | preface | efface | defect | factual

18. The coin had been handled so many times that its date had been ______.

19. Since the movie was based on a true story, the events in it were really ______.

20. Medical equipment needs to be carefully ______ to prevent the spread of harmful disease.

21. He ______ my living room walls with those horrible drawings to express his artistic personality.

22. She adores her kitten because it's so ______.

23. The textbook's ______ introduced the author and the purpose of the book.

24. His ______ comments made everyone smile, but they cost him his job.

25. The cloth had holes and other ______.

26. The ______ of the placid lake looked like a mirror of the sky.

27. The ______ student was usually tardy and always turned in assignments late.

参考答案

1. D
2. J
3. A
4. G
5. C
6. I
7. E
8. B
9. H
10. F
11. C
12. F
13. D
14. A
15. B
16. G
17. E
18. effaced
19. factual
20. disinfected
21. defaced
22. affectionate
23. preface
24. facetious
25. defects
26. surface
27. feckless

Lesson 18

音频

Group 64: fail, fall, fault=err; deceive “犯错误；欺骗”

failing ［'feɪlɪŋ ］

n. 弱点；缺点

解　weakness; defect

例　We all have our failings —no one is perfect. 我们都有缺点，毕竟人无完人。

failure ［'feɪljə(r) ］

n. 失败；失灵，故障

解　a lack of ability to do or become successful; failing

例　Failure is natural, since we are all human, but the ability to rise from that failure is what differentiates winners from losers. 我们都是凡人，所以失败是自然的，但是能否从失败中站起来则是区分胜利者和失败者的关键。

fallacy ［'fæləsi ］

n. 谬误，错误

解　a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning

例　The testimony of the eyewitness was considered a fallacy because he was blind. 这位目击者的证词被认为是错误的，因为他是一位盲人。

同　fallacious adj. 谬误的；欺骗的

fallible ［'fæləbəl ］

adj. 会犯错的，易犯错的

解　likely to fail or be inaccurate

例　I know I am fallible , but I feel confident that I am right this time. 我知道我经常犯错，但是我相信我这次一定是对的。

同　fallibility n. 易犯错误；不可靠性；infallible adj. 绝不会错的；绝对可靠的

fault ［fɔ:lt ］

n. ① 断层 ② 过错，缺点

解　n. ① break in the continuity of layers of rock ② failure to perform a task or fulfill an obligation

例　She told the judge that the car accident was his fault , not hers. 她告诉法官那起交通事故是他的责任，而非她的。

default ［dɪ'fɔ:lt ］

n./v. ① 拖欠债务 ② 未履行责任

解　① failure to meet a financial obligation ② failure to perform a task or fulfill an obligation

例　She was in default of her bank loan and risked losing her house as collateral if she did not pay. 她拖欠银行贷款，如果不还清，就有可能失去用来抵押的房子。

faultless ［'fɔ:ltləs ］

adj. 完美无缺的

解　without a single fault or defect; perfect

例　The student's math test was faultless and he got a perfect score. 这名学生在数学测验中一道题都没有错，获得了满分。

faultfinder ［'fɔ:ltfaɪndə ］

n. 吹毛求疵者

解　someone who is critical of the motives of others

例　No one likes a boss who is a faultfinder . 没有人喜欢吹毛求疵的老板。

近　find v. 找到；finding n. 调查结果

其他与“欺骗”意义有关的词汇

beguile v. 欺骗，诱骗

bilk v. 欺骗

chicanery n. 狡诈，狡猾；欺诈

cozen v. 诱骗，哄骗

deceive v. 欺骗

deception n. 欺骗

deceptive adj. 欺骗性的

defraud v. 骗取，诈取

delude v. 欺骗，哄骗

double-cross n. 出卖，欺骗

duplicity n. 欺骗，口是心非

fraud n. 欺诈，欺骗；骗子

fraudulent adj. 欺骗的，不诚实的

guile n. 狡猾；诡计，欺骗

gull v. 欺骗 n. 海鸥

gullible adj. 易受骗的，轻信的

hoax n./v. 欺骗

imposture n. 冒名顶替，欺骗

inveigle v. 诱骗，诱使

swindle v. 诈骗，骗取

charlatan n. 江湖郎中，骗子

cajole v. （以甜言蜜语）哄骗

wheedle v. （用花言巧语）哄骗

coax v. 哄诱，巧言诱哄

fast-talking adj. 花言巧语的

Group 65: fend, fens=strike “打击”

defend ［dɪ'fend ］

v. 防护，防卫；辩护

解　to protect against a challenge or attack

例　The tigress would defend her babies with her life. 雌虎会用生命来保护她的幼崽。

同　defense n. 防御，保卫

defendant ［dɪ'fendənt ］

n. 被告

解　a person against whom an action is brought in a court of law

例　The defendant was deemed not guilty and did not even have to pay a fine. 被告被认为无罪，甚至都不用缴纳罚金。

offend ［ə'fend ］

v. 冒犯，伤害

解　to hurt the feelings of; to make angry; to displease

例　My friend was offended by my laughter. 我的笑声冒犯了朋友。

同　offense n. 冒犯，得罪；错事

offensive ［ə'fensɪv ］

adj. 令人不快的，得罪人的

解　violating or tending to violate or offend against

例　She slapped him in the face because of his offensive comment about her weight. 她掴了他一个耳光，因为他说的一些关于她的体重的话冒犯了她。

fender ［'fendə(r) ］

n. 挡泥板；护舷垫

解　metal frame over the wheel of a car, truck, bicycle, etc., that protects the wheel and reduces splashing in wet weather

例　He did not realize his bike's back fender had fallen off and the bike splashed rainwater all over his back. 他没有意识到自行车后轮的挡泥板脱落了，整个背部都被轮子溅起的泥水弄脏了。

Group 66: ferv=boil “沸，热”

fervent ［'fɜ:vənt ］

adj. 有热情的；热的；热烈的

解　characterized by intense emotion; impassioned

例　She expressed her feelings for him in a fervent love letter sealed with a kiss. 她在一封热情洋溢的情书里表达了对他的爱，然后以吻封缄。

构　ferv (=to boil; bubble) + ent

fervor ［'fɜ:və(r) ］

n. 热诚，热心

解　glowing ardor

例　He tackled his first day at work with great fervor . 他用极大的热情来迎接他工作的第一天。

fervid ［'fɜ:vɪd ］

adj. 热情的

解　characterized by intense emotion; ardent

例　The fervid poet wrote love sonnets that impassioned both women and men. 这位热情的诗人所写的爱情十四行诗打动了男男女女。

effervescent ［ˌefə'vesnt ］

adj. ① 冒泡的 ② 兴奋的

解　① giving off bubbles of gas; bubbling ② lively and gay

例　He had forgotten to close the soda bottle yesterday and the soda was no longer effervescent . 他昨天忘记将苏打水的瓶盖拧上，今天苏打水已经没有气泡了。

其他与“热”意义有关的词汇

sweltering adj. 酷热的

torrid adj. 酷热的

scorching adj. 灼热的

Group 67: fic=do, make “做”

official ［ə'fɪʃəl ］

n. 官员

解　person who holds a public position or who is in charge of some public work or duty

例　The mayor is a government official . 市长是政府官员。

officiate ［ə'fɪʃɪeɪt ］

v. 执行职务

解　to perform the duties of any office or position

例　When he was assassinated, John F. Kennedy was cut short of officiating his United States presidency. 约翰·F. 肯尼迪不幸遇刺，他的美国总统生涯也随之终结。

构　of < ob (=intensive) + fic (=to do, to make) + iate

officious ［ə'fɪʃəs; ɔ'f- ］

adj. 爱管闲事的；爱发命令的，好忠告的

解　intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner

例　Dan always makes an officious nuisance of himself by shouting orders, handing out papers and giving people unwanted advice. 丹总爱管闲事，比如大声指挥，分发文件，给别人不需要的意见，这让人很讨厌他。

构　of < ob (=in the way) + fic (=to do, to make) + ious

superficial ［ˌsju:pə'fɪʃəl ］

adj. 表面的，肤浅的

解　not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually

例　This essay will only give you a superficial understanding of the subject; several years of research are necessary to really understand it. 这篇文章只能让你对这个主题有个肤浅的了解，要想真正理解它，你还需要花费几年的时间进行好好研究。

构　super (=above, over) + fic (=to make, to do) + ial

Group 68: fid=trust, faith “相信”

fidelity ［fɪ'delɪti ］

n. 忠实，忠诚

解　the quality of being faithful; loyalty

例　His girlfriend broke up with him because she said he had no sense of fidelity . 他的女朋友和他分手了，因为她说他对她已经没有忠诚可言。

同　infidelity n. 不忠实，不贞

perfidy ［'pɜ:fɪdi ］

n. 不忠，背叛

解　betrayal of a trust

例　The king's most trusted soldiers waited until he was asleep before committing the perfidy of stabbing him. 国王最信任的士兵等他睡着之后背叛并刺杀了他。

同　perfidious adj. 不忠的，背信弃义的

构　per (=to violate) + fid (=faith) + y

affidavit ［ˌæfɪ'deɪvɪt ］

n. 书面证词，宣誓书

解　statement written down and sworn to be true

例　An affidavit is usually made before a judge or notary public. 签署宣誓书时通常需一名法官或者公证人在场。

confident ［'kɒnfɪdənt ］

adj. 自信的，有信心的

解　sure of oneself

例　Willie was so confident that he had passed the exam that he did not even bother to check the answers before handing in his answer sheet. 威利对通过考试十分有把握，甚至在交答卷之前都没有检查一下。

同　confidence n. 信心；self-confident adj. 有自信的

构　con (=completely) + fid (=trust) + ent

confidant ［ˌkɒnfɪ'dænt ］

n. 心腹朋友，知己

解　trusted friend

例　She had many friends but only one confidant to whom she recounted her deepest secrets. 她有许多朋友，但是只有一个知心朋友可以用来倾诉她心里最深处的秘密。

同　confidante n. 知心女友

confidential ［ˌkɒnfɪ'denʃəl ］

adj. 机密的

解　told or written as a secret

例　Only highly trusted employees could look at the confidential report. 只有被高度信任的员工才能看这份机密报告。

构　con (=completely) + fid (=trust) + ential

diffident ［'dɪfɪdənt ］

adj. 缺乏自信的，羞怯的

解　lacking self-confidence

例　The new kid at school was very diffident and would sit in the corner while the other boys and girls played games outside. 这个新来的小孩非常羞怯，当别的小孩在外面玩耍的时候，他总是一个人坐在角落里。

同　diffidence n. 羞怯

构　dif < dis (=not) + fid (=trust) + ent

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | confidant | A. insulting
2. ______ | fervid | B. meddlesome
3. ______ | defend | C. loser
4. ______ | failure | D. assured
5. ______ | default | E. intimate friend
6. ______ | offensive | F. timid
7. ______ | officious | G. guard
8. ______ | diffident | H. betrayal
9. ______ | confident | I. zealous
10. ______ | perfidy | J. unpaid debt

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | confidential | A. please
12. ______ | fervor | B. public
13. ______ | fidelity | C. imperfect
14. ______ | fallacy | D. bold
15. ______ | faultless | E. valid argument
16. ______ | offend | F. fulfill an obligation
17. ______ | perfidy | G. apathy
18. ______ | default | H. uncertain
19. ______ | confident | I. loyalty
20. ______ | diffident | J. disloyalty

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

failure | fervid | offensive | defend | officiate
fault | fidelity | fallible | offend | affidavit

21. The senator ______ herself against the accusations by holding a press conference to tell her side of the story.

22. ______ to their owners is one of the reasons that dogs are favorite household pets.

23. ______ to make timely payments can result in the repossession of your car.

24. We need an emcee（司仪，主持人）to ______ at the conference.

25. His indecent comments ______ her and she asked him to leave.

26. There is an old saying that pencils are made with erasers because everyone is ______.

27. The witness' testimony was contrary to his ______ and he was guilty of perjury.

28. “Shut up” is an ______ remark.

29. The speaker's ______ words stirred the crowd to action.

30. Carelessness is her greatest ______.

参考答案

1. E
2. I
3. G
4. C
5. J
6. A
7. B
8. F
9. D
10. H
11. B
12. G
13. J
14. E
15. C
16. A
17. I
18. F
19. H
20. D
21. defended
22. Fidelity
23. Failure
24. officiate
25. offended
26. fallible
27. affidavit
28. offensive
29. fervid
30. fault

Lesson 19

音频

Group 69: fin=end “结束；目的”

confine ［kən'faɪn ］

vt. 限制，禁闭

解　to keep within limits; to restrict; to keep in; to shut in

例　The farmer confined the pigs with a fence so they wouldn' t run away. 农夫把猪关在栅栏里，这样它们就不会跑掉。

同　confinement n. 监禁

构　con (=together) + fin (=end) + e

define ［dɪ'faɪn ］

v. 下定义

解　to make clear the meaning of; to explain

例　An English-Chinese dictionary can define words but can not truly explain the cultural significance behind them. 英汉词典可以给单词下定义，但是无法真正解释其背后的文化意义。

definite ［'defɪnət ］

adj. 确定的

解　clear or exact; not vague

例　I expect a definite answer, either yes or no. 我期待一个确切的答案，要么是，要么不是。

同　indefinite adj. 不清楚的，模糊的；不确定的

definitive ［dɪ'fɪnɪtɪv ］

adj. 最后的，确定的，权威性的

解　supplying or being a final or conclusive settlement; conclusive

例　Carl Sandburg's Abraham Lincoln may be regarded as the definitive work on the life of the Great Emancipator. 卡尔·桑德堡所写的《亚伯拉罕·林肯》可以被认为是把这位伟大的解放者的生平诠释得最好的作品。

构　de (=intensive) + fin (=end) + itive

definition ［ˌdefɪ'nɪʃən ］

n. ① 定义 ② （轮廓等）清晰，明确

解　① a statement of the meaning of a word, phrase, or term, as in a dictionary entry ② the state of being closely outlined or determined

例　Their marriage was doomed to fail because they each had a different definition of commitment. 他们的婚姻注定要失败，因为他们各自对承诺有着不同的定义。

finality ［faɪ'nælɪti ］

n. 结束

解　the state or quality of being final or complete

例　His boss ended the conversation with a tone of finality and he went back to work. 他的老板用结束的语气停止了谈话，于是他回去干活了。

finale ［fɪ'nɑ:li ］

n. 终曲；乐曲的最后部分

解　conclusion

例　It is not until we reach the finale of this play that we can understand the author's message. 直到看到剧本的结尾处，我们才理解了作者想要传达的信息。

infinite ［'ɪnfɪnət ］

adj. 无穷的，无限的

解　without limits or bounds; endless

例　The number of stars in the universe is almost infinite . 宇宙中星星的数量几乎是无穷的。

同　finite adj. 有限的

构　in (=not) + fin (=end) + ite

infinity ［ɪn'fɪnəti ］

n. 无限的时间或空间

解　boundless or immeasurable extension or duration

例　The infinity of the universe transcends logic. 宇宙的无穷无尽超越了逻辑的范畴。

infinitesimal ［ɪnˌfɪnə'tesɪməl ］

adj. 极微小的

解　infinitely or immeasurably small; tiny

例　High-powered microscopes have made infinitesimal objects visible. 高性能的显微镜使得极微小的物体变得可见。

affinity ［ə'fɪnəti ］

n. 亲密关系；吸引力

解　a natural attraction or feeling of kinship

例　She had a strong affinity for chocolate when she was depressed and she could not resist eating it. 当她情绪低落时，巧克力对她来说有一种强烈的吸引力，她忍不住要去吃。

构　af (=to, near) + fin (=end) + ity

其他与“结尾；终点”意义有关的词汇

coda n. 音乐尾声，尾声

denouement n. （小说的）结尾，结局

epilogue n. 尾声；收场白；后记

peroration n. 演讲结尾部分，结论

terminate v. 终止，结束

termination n. 终结

terminus n. （火车、汽车）终点站

interminable adj. 无尽头的

Group 70: flect, flex=bend “弯曲”

flex ［fleks ］

v. 弯曲

解　to bend

例　She flexed her stiff arm slowly. 她慢慢地弯曲僵硬的胳膊。

近　flax n. 亚麻；apex n. 顶点，最高点；appendix n. 附录；阑尾

flexible ［'fleksəbəl ］

adj. ① 灵活的 ② 柔软的，易弯曲的

解　① able to adjust readily to different conditions ② able to flex, able to bend easily

例　Leather, rubber, and wire are flexible . 皮革、橡胶和金属丝是可以弯曲的。

同　flexibility n. 弹性，灵活性；柔韧性；inflexible adj. 顽固的；不灵活的，僵硬的

deflect ［dɪ'flekt ］

v. 偏离，使偏斜，转向

解　to turn from a straight course or fixed direction; avert

例　Engineers deflected the runaway train onto a secondary track. 工程师把失控的火车转到备用轨道上。

构　de (=away) + flect (=to bend)

reflect ［rɪ'flekt ］

v. ① 反射 ② 仔细考虑

解　① to turn back or throw back (light, heat, sound, etc. ) ② to think carefully

例　Take time to reflect before making a decision. 在作决定之前，花点时间思考一下。

同　reflection n. 反射；思考；reflective adj. 深思熟虑的；反射的

其他与“弯曲”意义有关的词汇

askew adj. 弯曲的，歪斜的

bend v. 弯曲

curved adj. 弯曲的

devious adj. 不正直的；弯曲的

lithe adj. 柔软的，易弯曲的

pliable adj. 易弯的，柔软的

sinuous adj. 弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的

tortuous adj. 弯弯曲曲的；不直接阐明的

warp n./v. 翘起，弯曲

yielding adj. 弯曲自如的，灵活的

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | deflect | A. limit
2. ______ | infinitesimal | B. ending
3. ______ | definite | C. deviate
4. ______ | confine | D. certain
5. ______ | finale | E. likeness
6. ______ | flexible | F. microscopic
7. ______ | reflect | G. elastic
8. ______ | affinity | H. ponder

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
9. ______ | flexible | A. vague
10. ______ | infinity | B. limited
11. ______ | definite | C. stiff
12. ______ | infinite | D. gigantic
13. ______ | affinity | E. bounded space
14. ______ | reflect | F. aversion
15. ______ | infinitesimal | G. absorb

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

finality | affinity | reflect | infinitesimal | deflect
confine | definition | definite | define | flexible

16. In the twentieth century, physicists have made their greatest discoveries about the characteristics of ______ objects like the atom and its parts.

17. A dictionary ______ words.

18. The actor's ______ voice accommodated itself to every emotion.

19. For two years he was ______ in prison.

20. She felt an ______ with all who suffered; their pains were her pains.

21. She refused with ______; we knew that she would not change her mind.

22. I need some time alone to ______ on what just happened.

23. Let's establish a ______ time and place for the game.

24. The wind ______ the arrow's flight.

25. One ______ of “home” is “the place where a person or family lives”.

参考答案

1. C
2. F
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. G
7. H
8. E
9. C
10. E
11. A
12. B
13. F
14. G
15. D
16. infinitesimal
17. defines
18. flexible
19. confined
20. affinity
21. finality
22. reflect
23. definite
24. deflected
25. definition

Lesson 20

音频

Group 71: flu=flow “流动”

fluent ［'flu(:)ənt ］

adj. 流利的

解　able to speak or write clearly and easily

例　A language student cannot be truly fluent without living in the country where the language is spoken daily. 对于学语言的学生来说，如果没有在每天使用这种语言的国家生活过，很难真正把外语说得流利。

构　flu (=to flow) + ent

affluent ［'æflʊənt ］

adj. 富裕的，丰富的

解　rich; having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value

例　Mr. Wilson must be very wealthy because his address is in the most affluent neighborhood in the city. 威尔逊先生一定很富有，因为他的住址位于这个城市的富人区。

同　affluence n. 富裕，富足

confluence ［'kɒnflʊəns ］

n. 汇流处；合流，汇流

解　the place where two things come together; a flowing together

例　The land near the confluence of the river would often get flooded when it rained heavily. 当雨下得很大时，河流汇合点附近的这片土地经常被淹没。

构　con (=together) + flu (=to flow) + ence

influence ［'ɪnflʊəns ］

n./v. 影响

解　n. power of acting on others and having an effect without using force v. to have an influence on

例　Use your influence to persuade your friends to join our club. 利用你的影响力来说服你的朋友们加入我们的俱乐部吧。

influential ［ˌɪnflʊ'enʃəl ］

adj. 有影响力的

解　having much influence

例　The influential politician was widely respected by both parties as well as the general public. 这位有影响力的政治家受到两个政党和普通群众的广泛尊敬。

fluid ［'flu(:)ɪd ］

n. 液体，流体 adj. 流动的，不固定的

解　n. substance that flows adj. able to flow as gases and liquids do

例　The triathlete was dehydrated because he didn't consume enough fluids during the race. 这位参加三项全能比赛的运动员脱水了，因为他在比赛期间没有补充足够的水分。

同　fluidity n. 流动性，液体性

influx ［'ɪnflʌks ］

n. 流入

解　flowing into

例　The influx of refugees into the country has taxed the relief agencies severely. 难民涌入这个国家，给救济机构带来了沉重的压力。

mellifluous ［mə'lɪflʊəs ］

adj. （声音、音乐等）流畅的，甜美的

解　sweetly or smoothly flowing

例　The poet always attracted a large audience to her public readings not really because of the quality of her poetry, but because of her mellifluous voice. 这位诗人总是能吸引大量的观众去参加她的公开读书会，这不是因为她的诗歌质量很高，而是因为她的嗓音甜美。

superfluous ［ˌsju:'pɜ:flʊəs ］

adj. 多余的，过剩的

解　more than is needed, desired, or required; unnecessary

例　The writing professor assigned a word limit to his essay assignment so students would be less likely to use superfluous words. 写作课教授对给学生布置的写作作业设置了字数限制，这样学生们就不太可能出现字数过多的情况。

同　superfluity n. 多余，累赘

fluctuate ［'flʌktjʊeɪt ］

v. 波动；（使）起伏，变化

解　to rise and fall; to change continually; to waver

例　The temperature fluctuates from day to day. 气温每天都在变化。

同　fluctuation n. 波动，变动

Group 72: fore=before “前面；预先”

forebear ［'fɔbə(r) ］

n. 祖先

解　a person from whom you are descended

例　Amanda did a genealogy study to find out who her forebears were. 阿曼达研究了家谱，想知道谁是她的祖先。

foreboding ［fɔ:'bəʊdɪŋ ］

n. 不祥预感，预兆

解　an unfavorable omen

例　The knight had a foreboding that something bad would happen if he entered the dragon's lair. 骑士有一种不祥的预感：如果自己进入龙穴，就会有不好的事情发生。

foresee ［fɔ:'si: ］

v. 预见

解　to realize beforehand; to anticipate

例　Nostradamus claimed he could foresee the future and wrote a famous book of all his prophecies. 占卜者诺斯特罗达姆声称自己能预测未来，并写了一本很著名的书，将自己所有的预言都囊括在内。

同　foresight n. 预见，先见，深谋远虑

forestall ［fɔ:'stɔ:l ］

v. 预先阻止，先发制人

解　to prevent by taking action in advance

例　By setting up a prenuptial agreement, the prospective bride and groom hoped to forestall any potential arguments about money in the event of a divorce. 通过制定婚前协议，这对将要结婚的新人希望能够提前避免将来万一离婚可能带来的财产纠纷。

构　fore (=before) + stall (=to put)

其他与“预见；预示”意义有关的词汇

prescience n. 先见之明，预见

prescient adj. 预知的，有先见之明的

presentiment n. 预感

prophesy v. 预言，预告

prophet n. 预言者

premonition n. 预感

adumbrate v. （对将来事件）预示

bode v. 预示

prefiguration n. 预示；预想

augury n. 占卜；预言，征兆

omen n. 征兆，预兆（指凶兆）

ominous adj. 凶兆的，不祥的

symptom n. 病兆，症状

precursory adj. 先驱的，先兆的

sibyl n. 女巫，女预言家，女先知

Group 73: form=shape “形状”

deform ［dɪ'fɔ:m ］

v. 使变形

解　to cause to assume a crooked or angular form

例　They left their favorite CD on the dashboard and the heat from the summer sun deformed it. 他们把最喜欢的那张CD放在了汽车的仪表板上，结果它被夏天的太阳给晒变形了。

构　de (=away) + form (=form)

transform ［træns'fɔ:m ］

v. 使…变形，变化

解　to change in structure, appearance, or character

例　Do you really think that you can transform your appearance by wearing your hair differently? 你真的认为换个发型就能改变你的形象吗？

构　trans (=across) + form (=form)

formality ［fɔ:'mæləti ］

n. 礼节，仪式；拘泥形式

解　something required by custom or rule; outward form; stiffness of manner, behavior, or arrangement

例　At a wedding there are many formalities . 婚礼上有许多仪式。

formation ［fɔ:'meɪʃən ］

n. 编队，队形

解　an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit

例　The band marched in perfect parade formation . 乐队以完美的队形进场。

formulate ［'fɔ:mjʊleɪt ］

v. 明确表达

解　to express clearly and exactly

例　If I were called on to formulate one basic rule for successful living, it would be Aristotle's: know yourself! 如果要我明确说出成功生活的一项基本的规则，我觉得应该是亚里士多德的那句话：认识你自己！

同　formulation n. 公式化表达；陈述；reformulate v. 重新系统表达

conform ［kən'fɔ:m ］

v. 使一致；遵守，顺从

解　to obey or be in accordance with established rules

例　The professor told the students blatantly that they can either conform to his rules or fail. 教授明确告诉学生，如果他们不遵从他制定的规则就会不及格。

同　conformity n. 符合，一致；遵从

conformist ［kən'fɔ:mɪst ］

n. 遵奉习俗者，墨守成规的人

解　someone who conforms to established standards of conduct

例　He was not a conformist and refused to follow the status quo. 他不是一个墨守成规的人，拒绝维持现状。

同　nonconformist n. 我行我素的人，不遵循社会常规的人 adj. 不遵循社会常规的

performance ［pə'fɔ:məns ］

n. ① 演出，表演 ② 行为，行动

解　① the giving of a play, concert, circus, or other show ② thing performed; act

例　His peerless performance won him a prize. 他无与伦比的表演使他获得了一个奖项。

同　performer n. 表演者

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | fluid | A. expressive
2. ______ | superfluous | B. wealthy
3. ______ | forestall | C. redundant
4. ______ | formation | D. premonition
5. ______ | fluent | E. conflux
6. ______ | foreboding | F. liquid
7. ______ | foresee | G. disfigure
8. ______ | deform | H. arrangement
9. ______ | affluent | I. envision
10. ______ | confluence | J. deter

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | conform | A. solid
12. ______ | forestall | B. halting
13. ______ | fluent | C. impoverished
14. ______ | fluid | D. raspy
15. ______ | mellifluous | E. oppose
16. ______ | affluent | F. descendant
17. ______ | fluctuate | G. precipitate
18. ______ | forbear | H. stabilize

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

formulate | performance | influential | deform | formality
influence | superfluous | foresee | fluctuate | influx

19. The price of wheat ______ from year to year.

20. ______ friends helped her get a good job.

21. She ______ her opinion and wrote an article in the newspaper's editorial section.

22. Wearing shoes that are too tight may ______ the feet.

23. What we read ______ our thinking.

24. After all the ______, the two businessmen finally sat down to talk business.

25. The wicked witch looked through her crystal ball to ______ the future.

26. Hawaii always experiences an ______ of tourists during the summer holidays.

27. The child's kicks and screams are a disgraceful ______.

28. Please try not to include so many ______ details in your report; just give me the bare facts.

参考答案

1. F
2. C
3. J
4. H
5. A
6. D
7. I
8. G
9. B
10. E
11. E
12. G
13. B
14. A
15. D
16. C
17. H
18. F
19. fluctuates
20. Influential
21. formulated
22. deform
23. influences
24. formalities
25. foresee
26. influx
27. performance
28. superfluous

Lesson 21

音频

Group 74: fort, forc=strong “强大；力量”

effortless ［'efətləs ］

adj. 不费力的

解　requiring or showing little or no effort; easy

例　The cat pounced on the mouse with an effortless leap. 猫轻轻一跳，扑过去抓住了老鼠。

fortify ［'fɔ:tɪfaɪ ］

v. 加强

解　to make strong or stronger

例　The castle was fortified before it was attacked. 在遭到袭击前，城堡被加固了。

同　fortification n. 加强

fortitude ［'fɔ:tɪtju:d ］

n. 坚强

解　courage in facing pain, danger, or trouble; firmness of spirit

例　The spy's fortitude kept him from revealing his country's secrets when he was captured and questioned. 这名间谍拥有坚强的意志，在他被捕获并遭受拷问时，都没有泄露自己国家的机密。

forcibly ［'fɔ:səbəli ］

adv. 强行地

解　made or done by force; using force

例　The foreign traveler complained that he had been forcibly held by the local police without good reason. 这名外国游客控诉称，他被当地警察在没有正当理由的情况下强行扣留。

enforce ［ɪn'fɔ:s ］

vt. 强迫；执行，实施

解　to force obedience to; to cause to be carried out; force

例　The police enforced the law on the rioters. 警察对暴徒强制执行法律。

reinforce ［ˌri:ɪn'fɔ:s ］

v. 加强力量，增援

解　to strengthen or support

例　To stop the intruder from breaking in, she reinforced the door with her furniture. 为了阻止侵入者破门而入，她用家具抵住了房门。

构　re (=again) + in (=in) + forc (=strong) + e

Group 75: fract=break “打碎”

fractious ［'frækʃəs ］

adj. （脾气）易怒的，好争吵的

解　irritable, peevish

例　The headmaster warned the fractious student that if he caused any more trouble he would be expelled from school. 校长警告这名爱惹是生非的学生，如果他再制造麻烦，就将被开除。

fracture ［'fræktʃə(r) ］

v. （使）破碎；骨折 n. ① 骨折；折断 ② 裂口

解　v. to break; to crack n. ① a breaking of a bone or cartilage ② breaking

例　The doctor told him that his arm hurt so much because it had suffered a bone fracture and he would need to wear a cast for two months. 医生告诉他，他的胳膊骨折了，伤得非常严重，需要打两个月的石膏。

refractory ［rɪ'fræktəri ］

adj. ① 倔强的，难驾驭的 ② （病）难治的

解　① resisting control, discipline, etc., willful; stubborn ② not yielding to treatment

例　The refractory child would not sit still and drove his babysitter crazy. 这个不听话的小孩不愿安静地坐着，都快把保姆逼疯了。

构　re (=again) + fract (=to break) + ory

infraction ［ɪn'frækʃən ］

n. 违法

解　a breaking of a law or obligation; violation

例　The company was sued for its infraction of the copyrights of a rival company. 该公司因侵犯其竞争对手的版权而被起诉。

构　in (=in, into, against) + fract (=to break) + ion

其他与“碎，碎屑”意义有关的词汇

shatter v. 粉碎

mince v. 剁碎，切碎；小步走路

brittle adj. 易碎的；脆弱的

fragile adj. 易碎的；易坏的

friable adj. 易碎的，脆弱的

cracking n. 敲碎

crumble v. 弄碎，压碎；崩毁

crush v. 碾碎

chip n. 碎片

detritus n. 碎屑，无价值之物

scrap n. 小片，碎屑 v. 废弃

sawdust n. 锯末，锯屑

filing n. 锉屑

crumb n. 饼屑，面包屑；小量

gravel n. 碎石，砂砾

shard n. （陶器等的）碎片，破片

shred n. 碎布条

Group 76: front=forehead; face “前额；正面”

frontier ［'frʌntɪə(r) ］

n. 边疆

解　an international boundary or the area along such a boundary

例　The frontier between the United States and Canada is not fortified. 美国和加拿大之间的边界没有修建防御工事。

up-front ［ʌp'frʌnt ］

adj. ① 提前的 （指支付工资）② 坦率的

解　① paid or due in advance ② straightforward; frank

例　He would do the work only if he was paid up-front . 只有预先支付了薪水，他才愿意做这份工作。

affront ［ə'frʌnt ］

v. 侮辱，冒犯

解　to insult someone openly and on purpose

例　The boy affronted his sister by calling her a pig. 男孩侮辱他妹妹，说她是头猪。

构　af (=to) + front (=forehead, face)

confront ［kən'frʌnt ］

v. ① 面对，面临 ② 对抗

解　① to be or come face to face with ② to be opposite to

例　If you confront your problems honestly and openly, instead of trying to hide them, you will have a better chance of solving them. 如果你诚实、坦然地面对自己的问题，而不是试图隐瞒它们，那么你解决这些问题的可能性就更大。

同　confrontation n. 对抗

构　con (=together) + front (=forehead, face)

effrontery ［e'frʌntəri ］

n. 厚颜无耻；无礼

解　impudence; shameless, boldness

例　She had the effrontery to insult the guest. 她竟敢厚颜无耻地辱骂客人。

构　ef < ex (=out) + front (=forehead) + ery

Group 77: funct=perform “活动”

functional ［'fʌŋkʃənəl ］

adj. ① 实用的 ② 有功能的；在起作用的

解　① practical ② having a function; working

例　The functional wings of an insect are those used for flying. 昆虫翅膀的功能是飞翔。

functionary ［'fʌŋkʃənəri ］

n. 公务员；小职员

解　official

例　The functionary at the reception was responsible for making sure guests had tickets. 接待处的职员负责对来宾进行检票。

dysfunctional ［dɪs'fʌnkʃənəl ］

adj. 功能紊乱的；（人际关系）不良的，不和睦的

解　maladjusted; not following the normal patterns of social behaviour

例　Both parents were alcoholics and were considered dysfunctional . 这对父母都是酗酒者，关系不和睦。

malfunction ［mæl'fʌŋkʃən ］

n. 故障，障碍 v. 发生故障

解　n. an improper functioning; failure to work or perform v. to function badly; to work or perform improperly

例　The computer virus spread through the office intranet and caused the malfunction of the computers. 这种电脑病毒在办公室内网传播，使许多电脑发生故障。

perfunctory ［pə'fʌŋktəri ］

adj. 草率的，敷衍的

解　done as a duty or routine but without care or interest; doing things without concern or solicitude

例　He overlooked many weaknesses when he inspected the factory in a perfunctory manner. 他视察工厂的时候敷衍了事，忽视了许多问题。

构　per (=falsely) + funct (=to perform) + ory

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | enforce | A. impudence
2. ______ | infraction | B. workable
3. ______ | functional | C. unenthusiastic
4. ______ | frontier | D. obstinate
5. ______ | fractious | E. boundary
6. ______ | fortify | F. breach
7. ______ | effrontery | G. fortify
8. ______ | perfunctory | H. bad-tempered
9. ______ | reinforce | I. compel
10. ______ | refractory | J. strengthen

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | dysfunctional | A. respect
12. ______ | affront | B. enervate
13. ______ | reinforce | C. impractical
14. ______ | fortify | D. normal
15. ______ | effrontery | E. avoid
16. ______ | functional | F. undermine
17. ______ | confront | G. cement
18. ______ | fracture | H. flatter

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

effortless | fractious | effrontery | affront | enforce
malfunction | functional | refractory | confront | infraction

19. Mr. Bao was often ______ in the morning, and especially so if he had not gotten enough sleep.

20. A chair is a highly ______ piece of furniture.

21. Reckless driving is an ______ of the law.

22. The calculus question was ______ work for the mathematics expert.

23. Fire investigators confirmed it was the overheating in the machinery that caused the ______.

24. We have laws to ______ the payment of income taxes.

25. For her to accuse me of being selfish after I have sacrificed so much to further her career is sheer ______.

26. The minister was outraged by the ______ on his character.

27. The ______ horse was eliminated from the race when he refused to obey the jockey （职业赛马骑师）.

28. She ______ her fears by entering the haunted house.

参考答案

1. I
2. F
3. B
4. E
5. H
6. J
7. A
8. C
9. G
10. D
11. D
12. H
13. F
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. E
18. G
19. fractious
20. functional
21. infraction
22. effortless
23. malfunction
24. enforce
25. effrontery
26. affront
27. refractory
28. confronted

Lesson 22

音频

Group 78: fus=pour “流，泻”

suffuse ［sə'fju:z ］

v. （色彩等）弥漫，染遍

解　to spread over

例　A blush suffused her cheeks when we teased her about her boyfriend. 当我们用她的男朋友跟她开玩笑时，她的脸颊一下子就红了。

diffuse ［dɪ'fju:z ］

adj. 漫射的，散漫的 v. 散布，（光等）漫射

解　adj. spread out, not concentrated in one place v. pour out or spread widely

例　The rumors diffused around the audience that the speaker was the prime minister. “演讲者就是首相”的传言在观众中传播开来。

effusive ［ɪ'fju:sɪv ］

adj. ① 过分表达感情的 ② 流出的

解　① showing too much feeling too demonstrative and emotional ② overflowing

例　Every visitor noticed that her effusive welcome was not sincere. 每个来访者都注意到，她过分表现出来的欢迎并不是真诚的。

构　ef < ex (=out) + fus (=to pour) + ive

infuse ［ɪn'fju:z ］

v. 灌输；使…充满

解　to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions

例　The new manager infused enthusiasm and responsibility in the staff. 新上任的经理向员工灌输了热情与责任。

profuse ［prə'fju:s ］

adj. 丰富的，大量的

解　produced or growing in extreme abundance

例　Pressure must be applied to a wound to stop profuse bleeding. 必须按压伤口，才能防止出血过多。

同　profusion n. 丰富，大量；浪费

构　pro (=forth) + fus (=to pour) + e

defuse ［di:'fu:z ］

v. 从（爆破装置）中卸除引信

解　to remove the fuse from (an explosive device)

例　The movie reached its climax when the spy had to defuse the atomic bomb before it blew up. 在间谍不得不在原子弹爆炸前拆除引信时，影片达到了高潮。

近　fuse n. 导火索 v. 融合；fusion n. 融合；fusillade n. （枪炮）齐射，连发；fuss n./v. 大惊小怪

Group 79: gen=birth; creation “出生；产生”

generality ［ˌʤenə'ræləti ］

n. 概说；大多数；大部分

解　a general or vague statement; the greater portion or number; the majority

例　Politicians are known to give generalities instead of specific responses when answering difficult questions from reporters. 众所周知，在回答记者们提出的刁难问题时，政治家通常会笼统作答，而不会给出确切的答案。

generalization ［ˌʤenərəlaɪ'zeɪʃən ］

n. 概括

解　a general idea, statement, principle, or rule

例　That all Americans have blonde hair and blue eyes is a rampant generalization . 人们通常将所有美国人的特征都泛泛归纳为金发碧眼。

generic ［ʤɪ'nerɪk ］

adj. 种类的，类属的

解　shared by or including a whole group or class

例　Generic products tend to be much cheaper than brand name products. 非专利产品往往比品牌产品便宜得多。

genial ［'ʤi:niəl ］

adj. 和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的

解　cheerful, friendly, and good-tempered

例　It is easier to get along with genial people than rude people. 与友好的人相处要比与粗鲁的人相处简单得多。

同　geniality n. 和蔼，温和

congenial ［kən'ʤi:niəl ］

adj. 意气相投的

解　having similar tastes and interests; getting on well together

例　Congenial companions made the trip pleasant. 意气相投的伙伴使旅途变得愉快。

构　con (=with) + gen (=birth) + ial

generation ［ˌʤenə'reɪʃən ］

n. ① 产生，发生 ② 一代，一代人

解　① bringing into being; generating ② all the people born about the same time

例　This heirloom has been passed down from mother to daughter for over ten generations . 这件传家宝从母亲传到女儿，整整传了十几代人。

generator ［'ʤenəreɪtə(r) ］

n. 发电机

解　a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy and produces either direct or alternating current

例　Our family bought a power generator for our house so that when a rainstorm cuts off our electricity next time, we can go along as though nothing had happened. 我们家买了一台发电机，这样当下次因风暴而断电的时候，我们就可以照常生活，不受任何影响。

近　progenitor n. 祖先，始祖

engender ［ɪn'ʤendə(r) ］

v. 产生，引起

解　to cause to exist

例　Janet used fertilizer when watering her garden in order to engender giant tomatoes. 为了让西红柿长得大一点，珍妮特在浇灌菜园时使用了化肥。

构　en (=to make) + gen (=birth, creation) + der

regenerate ［rɪ'ʤenəreɪt ］

v. 改过自新；再生 adj. 改过自新的，新生的

解　v. to be formed or shaped anew adj. born again spiritually; formed anew morally

例　Unlike humans who have to rely on prosthetics many insects can naturally regenerate a limb if it breaks off. 人类必须依赖修复术才能使自己康复；许多昆虫则不同，它们可以在肢体受到损坏时自然地重新生长出来。

degenerate ［dɪ'ʤenəreɪt ］

v. ① 退化，退步 ② 堕落

解　① become worse; deteriorate ② to sink into a low intellectual or moral state

例　The abandoned house degenerated into a pile of wood after many years. 许多年后，这所被废弃的房子最终变成了一堆木头。

构　de (=down) + gen (=birth, creation) + erate

Group 80: gnor, gnos=know “知道”

ignorant ［'ɪɡnərənt ］

adj. ① 无知的 ② 不知道的，消息不灵通的

解　① lacking basic knowledge ② unaware or uninformed

例　Because Barbara had been ill, she was ignorant of the change in the date for the final examination. 由于芭芭拉生病了，她不知道期末考试的时间已经发生了变化。

同　ignorance n. 愚昧无知

构　i < in (=not) + gnor (=to know) + ant

agnostic ［æɡ'nɒstɪk ］

n. 不可知论者

解　a person who doubts truth of religion

例　Rebelling against the religious training of his youth, he was for many years an agnostic. 他年轻的时候就反抗宗教培训，多年来一直是个不可知论者。

构　a (=not) + gnos (=to know) + tic

diagnose ［'daɪəɡnəʊz ］

v. 诊断

解　find out the nature of by examination and careful study; identify

例　The doctor diagnosed the disease as measles. 医生将这种疾病诊断为麻疹。

近　nose n. 鼻子；嗅觉；nostrum n. 秘方药，万灵丹

Group 81: grad=step; degree “步；级”

retrograde ［'retrəɡreɪd ］

adj. 倒退的，后退的 v. 倒退

解　adj. moving backward; becoming worse v. move or go backward

例　Instead of advancing, our civilization seems to have retrograded in ethics and culture. 我们的文明没有进步，似乎反而在道德和文化方面倒退了。

downgrade ［'daʊnɡreɪd ］

v. 贬低

解　to rate lower in value or esteem

例　He downgrades people he does not like, in spite of their merits. 他对他不喜欢的人统统进行贬低，不管他们有什么优点。

low-grade ［ləʊ'ɡreɪd ］

adj. 低品质的

解　of inferior quality

例　Purchasing low-grade gasoline can save you money in the short term, but may ruin your car and cost you a lot in the long run. 从短期来看，购买低品质的汽油可以为你省钱，但是从长远来看，却会毁坏你的汽车，而且会让你花费更多的钱。

gradual ［'ɡrædjʊəl ］

adj. 逐渐的

解　changing step by step; moving little by little

例　A child's growth into an adult is gradual . 从儿童到成人是一个逐渐变化的过程。

其他与“步子”意义有关的词汇

gait n. 步态，步法

pace n. 步调

lope v. 大步慢跑；轻快地迈着大步 n. 轻快的步伐

stride v. 大步行走，阔步

out-of-phase adj. 不同步的

asynchronous adj. 异步的，非同时性的

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | retrograde | A. doubter
2. ______ | regenerate | B. instill
3. ______ | suffuse | C. general
4. ______ | infuse | D. renew
5. ______ | genial | E. illiterate
6. ______ | gradual | F. sociable
7. ______ | agnostic | G. continual
8. ______ | degenerate | H. moving backwards
9. ______ | generic | I. decay
10. ______ | ignorant | J. pervade

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | diffuse | A. meager
12. ______ | engender | B. strengthen
13. ______ | gradual | C. eradicate
14. ______ | degenerate | D. sudden
15. ______ | profuse | E. focus
16. ______ | genial | F. unpleasant

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

engender | generic | diffuse | diagnose | congenial
generalization | genial | infuse | gradual | generation

17. We enjoyed the restaurant's ______ atmosphere.

18. Don't forget to close the top of the soft drink bottle or the carbonation will ______ and it will taste flat.

19. Your parents and their friends belong to one ______; you and your friends belong to the next ______.

20. You have made the mistake of thinking that his behavior is ______; actually, very few in his group behave the way he does.

21. The physician ______ the patient's cough as bronchitis（支气管炎）.

22. The coach ______ the players with enthusiasm.

23. The student's ______ improvement was a sign of her determination to always succeed.

24. Bruce's ______ smile assured me that I could trust him to be a sympathetic friend.

25. To receive praise for real accomplishments ______ self-confidence in a child.

26. That all private school students are rich is a hasty ______ that does not take into account scholarships.

参考答案

1. H
2. D
3. J
4. B
5. F
6. G
7. A
8. I
9. C
10. E
11. E
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. A
16. F
17. genial
18. diffuse
19. generation
20. generic
21. diagnosed
22. infused
23. gradual
24. congenial
25. engenders
26. generalization

Lesson 23

音频

Group 82: grand=great “大；伟大”

grandeur ［'ɡrænʤə(r) ］

n. 宏伟壮丽，伟大

解　the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand

例　The backpackers delighted in the grandeur of the wilderness. 背包客们喜欢旷野的壮丽景色。

grandiose ［'ɡrændɪəʊs ］

adj. 宏伟的，浮夸的

解　impressive because of unnecessary largeness or grandeur

例　His grandiose words were always backed up with little action, which made people lose their faith in him. 他总是夸夸其谈而行动甚少，使得人们都对他失去了信任。

同　grandiosity n. 宏伟，浮夸

grandiloquent ［ɡræn'dɪləkwənt ］

adj. 夸张的，浮夸的

解　speaking in or characterized by a pompous style

例　The politician could never speak simply; she was always grandiloquent . 这个政客从来不会言简意赅地说话；她总是言语夸张，让人不明所以。

同　grandiloquence n. 夸大之辞

aggrandize ［ə'ɡrændaɪz ］

v. ① 增大，扩大（权势、地位、财富）② 赞美

解　① to make someone or a nation greater in power, wealth, rank, etc. ② to praise

例　Professor Osborne told the student that her question aggrandized the scope of today's class topic and he would explain the answer to her after class. 奥斯本教授告诉这名学生，她的问题超过了今天课堂主题的范围，他会在课后为她解答。

构　ag (=to) + grand (=great) + ize

Group 83: grat=thank; pleasing “感激；高兴”

gratify ［'ɡrætɪfaɪ ］

v. 使高兴，使满足

解　to give pleasure or satisfaction to; to give what is desired; to please

例　The mother bought her crying son the robot toy in order to gratify him. 为了让哭闹的儿子高兴，妈妈给他买了个机器人玩具。

同　gratification n. 满足；喜悦

gratitude ［'ɡrætɪtju:d ］

n. 感激

解　kindly feeling because of a favor received; desire to do a favor in return; thankfulness

例　The guests expressed their gratitude to the host by bringing a bottle of wine to the party. 为了感谢主人的款待，客人们带了瓶酒来参加聚会。

gratis ［'ɡreɪtɪs ］

adj. 免费的

解　free

例　Breakfast was gratis for hotel guests. 入住酒店的客人可以免费享用早餐。

gratuity ［ɡrə'tju:əti ］

n. 赏钱，小费

解　an award (as for meritorious service) given without claim or obligation

例　The restaurant automatically charged a 15% gratuity for a group of ten or more guests. 饭店对10人或10人以上的客人自动收取15%的小费。

gratuitous ［ɡrə'tju(:)ɪtəs ］

adj. ① 无缘无故的 ② 免费的

解　① without cause ② free

例　The opening ceremony offered gratuitous souvenirs for the visitors to take home with them. 开幕式为来宾提供免费的纪念品，他们可以带回去留作纪 念。

Group 84: greg=collect; group “收集；群体”

aggregate ［'æɡrɪɡeɪt ］

v. ① 聚集，集合 ② 合计

解　① to collect into a mass ② to sum; total

例　When her monthly expenses were aggregated , they amounted to double her salary. 她每月的开销合计起来是她收入的两倍。

同　disaggregate v. 分散

构　ag (=to) + greg (=to collect) + ate

congregate ［'kɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt ］

v. 聚集，集合

解　to move together

例　Everyone at the bar congregated around the big-screen TV when the football game started. 足球比赛开始的时候，酒吧里的所有人都聚集在了大屏幕电视机前。

同　congregation n. 聚集；集会；集合在一起的群众

近　conglomerate adj. 成团的 v. 聚集

gregarious ［ɡrɪ'ɡərɪəs ］

adj. ① 群居的 ② 爱社交的

解　① living in flocks, herds, or other group ② seeking and enjoying the company of others

例　The gregarious girl always seemed to have friends calling her. 这个爱社交的女孩似乎总有朋友打电话来找她。

同　gregariousness n. 喜爱社交，合群

Group 85: gress=walk “行走”

aggressive ［ə'ɡresɪv ］

adj. ① 好斗的；侵略性的 ② 敢作敢为的，有闯劲的

解　① marked by combative readiness ② having or showing determination and energetic pursuit of one's ends

例　We need an aggressive mayor to solve our city's problems. 我们需要一个敢作敢为的市长来解决本市的问题。

同　aggression n. 进攻，侵略

构　ag (=to) + gress (=to walk) + ive

digress ［daɪ'ɡres ］

v. 离题，把（话题）叉开

解　to turn aside esp. from the main subject of attention or course of argument

例　The conversation on politics at dinner digressed into an argument about which dessert tasted better. 晚餐时，大家原本关于政治的讨论最后演变成了关于哪个甜点更可口的争论。

同　digression n. 离题；枝节；digressive adj. 离题的

构　di < dis (=apart) + gress (=to walk)

progressive ［prə'ɡresɪv ］

adj. ① 进步的 ② 循序渐进的

解　① making progress; advancing to something better; moving forward ② proceeding in steps; continuing steadily by increments

例　The national economy has seen progressive reform within the last few years. 在过去短短几年的时间里，国家经济发生了渐变式的变化。

regressive ［rɪ'ɡresɪv ］

adj. 退步的，退化的，回归的

解　tending to return or revert

例　The unemployed banking executive preferred to wait for any opening in his profession rather than to take a regressive job. 这个失业的银行经理宁愿等待他所从事的行业出现职位空缺，也不愿找一个稍差一些的工作。

同　regression n. 退化

transgress ［træns'ɡres; trænz- ］

v. 违反，违背；冒犯

解　to go beyond (a proper or legal limit)

例　The safety rules for the science lab are based on long experience, and if you transgress them, you may have to pay a heavy price. 科学实验室的安全条例是基于长期的经验而制定的，如果违反了条例，可能就要付出沉重的代价。

同　transgression n. 违规，违背

构　trans (=across) + gress (=to walk)

egress ［'i:ɡres ］

n. 出口，出去 v. 外出

解　n. a place or means of going out v. to go out

例　The egress in case of a fire is on either side of the hallway and down the stairs. 发生火灾时的紧急出口位于走廊的两侧和楼梯的下面。

构　e (=out) + gress (=to walk)

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | digress | A. magnificence
2. ______ | transgress | B. improving
3. ______ | grandeur | C. pompous
4. ______ | congregate | D. deviate
5. ______ | aggressive | E. flamboyant
6. ______ | progressive | F. violate
7. ______ | gregarious | G. appreciation
8. ______ | gratitude | H. belligerent
9. ______ | grandiose | I. sociable
10. ______ | grandiloquent | J. assemble

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | egress | A. disparage
12. ______ | progressive | B. aloof
13. ______ | aggrandize | C. plainness
14. ______ | gratuitous | D. regressive
15. ______ | aggressive | E. disappoint
16. ______ | gregarious | F. unpretentious
17. ______ | congregate | G. warranted
18. ______ | gratify | H. scatter
19. ______ | grandeur | I. entrance
20. ______ | grandiloquent | J. defensive

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

grandiose | egress | gregarious | gratis | gratitude
gratuitous | aggregate | gratify | digress

21. The wine and cheese were ______ at the art exhibition, provided you paid for a ticket.

22. She always had so many ideas in her head that conversations with her would ______ to many different topics.

23. Granite is made of small particles ______ into one substance.

24. The pompous aristocrats had a ______ way of speaking to each other.

25. The store's employees use a different ______ from the customers.

26. Since you've never seen me play tennis, your assumption that you can beat me is quite ______.

27. Her award for being a model student at the graduation ceremony ______ her parents.

28. He is not ______, and spends most of his time alone.

29. I wish to express my ______ for your help.

参考答案

1. D
2. F
3. A
4. J
5. H
6. B
7. I
8. G
9. E
10. C
11. I
12. D
13. A
14. G
15. J
16. B
17. H
18. E
19. C
20. F
21. gratis
22. digress
23. aggregated
24. grandiose
25. egress
26. gratuitous
27. gratified
28. gregarious
29. gratitude

Lesson 24

音频

Group 86: hab, habit=live; have “居住；有”

habitable ［'hæbɪtəbəl ］

adj. 可居住的

解　fit to live in; able to be inhabited

例　The distant planet's habitable lands raised inquiries about the presence of life forms. 这个遥远的星球存在可居住的土地，这激发起了人们对其上是否有生命形式存在的探询。

habituate ［hə'bɪtjueɪt ］

vt. 使习惯于，使熟悉于

解　to make used; accustom

例　He never became habituated to American food and often cooked his own meals. 他一直没有习惯美国的饮食，总是自己下厨。

habitual ［hə'bɪtjʊəl ］

adj. 习惯的，惯常的

解　done by habit; caused by habit; regular

例　He can't get started in the morning without his habitual cup of coffee. 早上不习惯性地喝一杯咖啡的话，他就没法开始工作。

habitat ［'hæbɪtæt ］

n. （动植物的）生活环境，产地，栖息地

解　place where an animal or plant naturally lives or grows

例　The jungle is the habitat of monkeys. 丛林是猴子的栖息地。

cohabit ［kəʊ'hæbɪt ］

vi. （男女）同居（尤指未婚而同居者）

解　to live together as husband and wife do

例　They cohabited for two years until they could not bear each other any more. 他们同居了两年，直到无法再忍受彼此。

rehabilitate ［ˌri:(h)ə'bɪlɪteɪt ］

v. 修复，恢复（原状、名誉等）

解　to restore to one's former position

例　The athlete needed at least two weeks to rehabilitate his leg. 这名运动员至少需要两周的时间来恢复腿伤。

同　rehabilitation n. （身心等）康复，恢复；改邪归正

构　re (=again) + hab (=to have; to live) + ilitate

Group 87: hand=hand “手”

handily ［'hændɪli ］

adv. 轻易地

解　in an easy manner

例　The prolific factory handily met and welcomed the increased market demands for more Christmas gifts. 这个工厂产量很高，很轻松地就满足了市场对圣诞礼物的大量需求，并希望越多越好。

handle ［'hændəl ］

n. 把手，把柄 v. 处理

解　n. a part of a thing made to be held or grasped by the hand v. to deal with

例　Spoons, pitchers, hammers, and pails have handles . 调羹、水罐、锤子和提桶都有把手。

handcuff ［'hændkʌf ］

n. 手铐

解　a metal loop that can be locked around the wrist, usually used in pairs

例　The policemen put handcuffs on the thief as soon as they caught him on the bus. 警察在公共汽车上逮捕了小偷后，立刻给他戴上了手铐。

handshake ［'hændʃeɪk ］

n. 握手

解　act of clasping and shaking of each other's hands in friendship, agreement, greeting, etc.

例　A firm handshake with good eye contact is considered a prerequisite for the start of a good job interview. 有力的握手和良好的眼神交流是面试成功的先决条件。

handwriting ［'hændraɪtɪŋ ］

n. 笔迹，书法

解　writing by hand; manner or style of writing

例　He recognized his mother's handwriting on the envelope. 他认出信封上的字是母亲所写。

offhand ［ˌɒf'hænd ］

adj. 即兴的，当场的

解　without preparation

例　His offhand speech was given without notes or preparation. 他的即兴演讲是在没有草稿、没作事先准备的前提下进行的。

Group 88: hap=chance; luck “机会；运气”

hapless ［'hæpləs ］

adj. 不幸的

解　unlucky

例　It was a hapless day for him; everything seemed to be going wrong. 今天对他来说是不幸的一天，好像什么事情都不顺利。

mishap ［'mɪshæp ］

n. 不幸，坏运气

解　an instance of misfortune; mischance

例　When his basketball broke the window, Bruce immediately apologized and paid for the mishap . 布鲁斯的篮球把窗玻璃打碎了，他立即道歉并赔偿了损失。

haphazard ［hæp'hæzəd ］

adj. ① 偶然的 ② 随便的

解　① dependent upon or characterized by chance ② random

例　His haphazard approach to study resulted in him missing many homework assignments. 他对待学习的随意态度导致他有很多家庭作业都没有完成。

构　hap (=chance) + hazard (=game of chance)

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | habitat | A. unfortunate
2. ______ | offhand | B. easily
3. ______ | haphazard | C. misadventure
4. ______ | handily | D. routine
5. ______ | habitual | E. unprepared
6. ______ | rehabilitate | F. knob
7. ______ | handle | G. by chance
8. ______ | hapless | H. restore
9. ______ | mishap | I. environment

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | haphazard | A. premeditated
11. ______ | habitual | B. systematic
12. ______ | offhand | C. with difficulty
13. ______ | hapless | D. occasional
14. ______ | handily | E. lucky

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

handwriting | cohabit | rehabilitate | habitat | mishap
habitable | habituate | hapless | handle | haphazard

15. The former criminal was ______ and became a respected citizen.

16. To save energy, we may have to become ______ to lower temperatures indoors and decrease the use of private cars.

17. The ______ of leaving his keys in his car caused the groom to be late to the wedding.

18. The natural ______ of many wild animals are vanishing.

19. His ______ was shaky and completely illegible.

20. His ______ reading left him unacquainted with the authors of the books.

21. Be sure to hold the pot by its ______ because it is boiling hot.

22. The harsh and dry weather of the desert makes it ______ only for certain plants like the cactus.

23. The ______ baseball team lost their tenth game in a row.

24. After ______ for five years, she was anxious for him to propose（求婚）to her.

参考答案

1. I
2. E
3. G
4. B
5. D
6. H
7. F
8. A
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. E
14. C
15. rehabilitated
16. habituated
17. mishap
18. habitats
19. handwriting
20. haphazard
21. handle
22. habitable
23. hapless
24. cohabiting

Lesson 25

音频

Group 89: head=head “头”

heading ［'hedɪŋ ］

n. ① 航向 ② 标题

解　① direction toward which an aircraft or ship is moving ② something written or printed at the top of a page or at the beginning of a chapter, topic, etc.

例　A letterhead and a chapter title are types of headings . 信笺的抬头和章节标题都是标题的不同形式。

headstrong ［'hedstrɒŋ; (US)-strɔ:ŋ ］

adj. 不听命令的，顽固的，任性的

解　habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition

例　The headstrong woman insisted she was right. 这个顽固的女人坚持认为自己是对的。

hot-headed ［ˌhɒt'hedɪd ］

adj. 急躁的，鲁莽的

解　characterized by undue haste and lack of thought or deliberation

例　Tyrone became very hot-headed if someone joked about his ethnicity. 如果有人拿蒂龙的种族开玩笑的话，他会变得非常冲动。

figurehead ［'fɪɡəhed ］

n. 傀儡领袖，名义领袖

解　a head or chief in name only

例　The army invaded the country and picked as a figurehead a local person that people could relate to. 军队入侵了这个国家，从当地人之中挑选了一个大家都比较熟悉的人作为名誉领袖。

Group 90: heart=heart “心”

heartfelt ［'hɑ:tfelt ］

adj. 衷心的

解　very sincere

例　He expressed his heartfelt sympathy to her for the death of her father. 她的父亲去世了，他对她表达了深切的慰问。

heartiness ［'hɑ:tinəs ］

n. 热诚，诚挚

解　the quality of hearty sincerity

例　The owners of the little inn always provided service to their guests with heartiness . 这家小旅馆的主人总是热心地为客人提供服务。

fainthearted ［ˌfeɪnt'hɑ:tɪd ］

adj. 懦弱的，胆小的

解　lacking courage; cowardly

例　The fainthearted boy was too scared to fight the older boy who bullied him. 这个胆小的男孩很害怕，不敢与欺负他的大男孩打架。

构　faint adj. 无力的；微弱的

lighthearted ［ˌlaɪt'hɑ:tɪd ］

adj. 快乐的，无忧无虑的

解　free from worry

例　The boss did not offer the lighthearted woman the position of manager because of his fear that she would be irresponsible. 老板没有让这个总是无忧无虑的女人担任经理一职，因为他担心她会没有责任心。

stouthearted ［ˌstaʊt'hɑ:tɪd ］

adj. 勇敢的

解　having courage; brave

例　Armed with a stouthearted spirit, the little boy was able to knock the giant down. 小男孩用刚毅的精神鼓舞自己，然后把巨人打倒了。

hearten ［'hɑ:tən ］

vt. 鼓励，激励

解　to cheer up; to encourage

例　This good news will hearten you. 这个好消息会使你振作起来。

Group 91: hydr=water “水”

hydrate ［'haɪdreɪt ］

v. 使成水化物，与水化合 n. 水化物

解　v. to add water or moisture n. any chemical compound made when certain substances chemically unite with water

例　The purpose of this experiment is to determine the empirical formula of a hydrate . 这个实验的目的是确定一种水化物的实验式。

近　hydrogen n. 氢气

dehydrate ［ˌdi:haɪ'dreɪt ］

v. ① 除去水分 ② （使）脱水

解　① to take water or moisture from; dry ② lose water or moisture

例　After traveling in the desert for five hours without water, they were dehydrated . 他们在沙漠中走了五个小时没有喝水，最后都脱水了。

同　dehydration n. 脱水，干燥

carbohydrate ［ˌkɑ:bəʊ'haɪdreɪt ］

n. 水化合物

解　substance made from carbon dioxide and water by green plants in sunlight

例　Athletes usually eat meals packed with carbohydrates before a big event in order to get the energy they need. 在重大比赛开始之前，运动员通常吃一些富含碳水化合物的膳食来获得所需的能量。

同　carbonated adj. 碳化的

其他与“水”意义有关的词汇

drip n. 水滴

droplet n. 小水滴，小雨滴

puddle n. 水坑，水洼

aquatic adj. 水生的，水中的

awash adj. 与水面齐平的，被浪冲打的

waterproof adj. 防水的

cistern n. （抽水马桶的）贮水池

aqueduct n. 引水渠，渡槽

faucet n. 水龙头

floodgate n. 水门，水闸

flooding n. 泛滥，水灾

current n. 潮流；水流；气流

eddy n. 漩涡，涡流

rapids n. 急流，湍流

whirlpool n. 漩涡

dew n. 露珠

drain v. 排水

drainage n. 排水；污水

sewer n. 排水沟，下水道

wade v. 涉水

saliva n. 唾液，口水

sprinkler n. 洒水车；洒水装置

watershed n. 分水岭，分界

reconstitute v. 加水使还原

Group 92: hyper=excess; excessively “超过；太多”

hyperactivity ［ˌhaɪpɜ:'æktɪvɪti ］

n. 多动症

解　having behavior characterized by constant overactivity

例　The boy's hyperactivity was intensified when he ate sweets. 在吃糖果的时候，这个男孩的多动症症状更加明显。

hyperbole ［haɪ'pɜ:bəli ］

n. 夸张法

解　extravagant exaggeration

例　“I could eat a horse” is a hyperbole commonly used to express extreme hunger. “我可以吃下一匹马” 是一种夸张的说法，通常用来形容极度 饥饿。

同　hyperbolic adj. 夸张法的

构　hyper (=excessively) + bol (=to throw) + e

hypercritical ［ˌhaɪpə'krɪtɪkəl ］

adj. 苛求的，吹毛求疵的

解　finding too much to criticize; excessively exacting

例　The father was hypercritical of his eldest son in order to make him tough. 为了让孩子变得坚强，父亲对他的长子要求十分严苛。

近　hypocritical adj. 虚伪的，伪善的

构　hyper (=excessively) + cri (=to judge) + tical

Group 93: hypo =under; beneath; below “下面；次等”

hypocritical ［ˌhɪpə'krɪtɪkəl ］

adj. 虚伪的，伪善的

解　professing feelings or virtues one does not have

例　His hypocritical smile did not fool me; I knew he was trying to get my job. 他虚伪的笑容骗不了我；我知道他想得到我的工作。

hypocrite ［'hɪpəkrɪt ］

n. ① 伪善者 ② 伪君子

解　① person who pretends to be very good or religious ② person who is not sincere; pretender

例　The policeman who took bribes was not only a hypocrite but a criminal as well. 这名受贿的警察不仅是个伪君子，更是一名罪犯。

同　hypocrisy n. 伪善，造作

hypochondria ［ˌhaɪpə'kɒndrɪə ］

n. 忧郁症，疑病症

解　chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments

例　Hypochondria often involves experiences of real pain when illness is neither present nor likely. 疑病症患者通常会在没有生病也不可能生病的情况下感到疼痛。

hypothesis ［haɪ'pɒθəsɪs ］

n. 假设，假说

解　a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena

例　A hypothesis can only become a scientific law after it has been replicated and proven consistent under different isolated conditions. 只有在不同的、独立的条件下被反复证明是一致的，假说才能成为科学定理。

同　hypothetically adv. 假设地

构　hypo (=under) + thesis (=placed)

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | hyperbole | A. timid
2. ______ | hypocritical | B. bold
3. ______ | fainthearted | C. exaggeration
4. ______ | lighthearted | D. too critical
5. ______ | heading | E. sincere
6. ______ | hypercritical | F. carefree
7. ______ | hypothesis | G. stubborn
8. ______ | heartfelt | H. insincere
9. ______ | headstrong | I. direction
10. ______ | stouthearted | J. conjecture

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | heartfelt | A. discourage
12. ______ | hearten | B. courageous
13. ______ | hypocritical | C. depressed
14. ______ | dehydrate | D. honest
15. ______ | fainthearted | E. tractable
16. ______ | lighthearted | F. saturate with water
17. ______ | headstrong | G. pusillanimous
18. ______ | stouthearted | H. feigned

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

dehydrate | heading | hyperbole | lighthearted | headstrong
carbohydrate | hearten | hypocritical | heartfelt | fainthearted

19. The ______ girl's fear of heights prevented her from taking up rock climbing.

20. The ______ of newspaper articles tend to be eye-catching.

21. High fevers ______ the body.

22. Everybody at the party was ______.

23. This salesman uses ______ in describing his product; it is wise to discount his claims.

24. The ______ child did just what we told him not to do.

25. The general's speech to the soldiers before the battle inspired and ______ them.

26. It is ______ to insult your friends behind their backs.

27. She gave us her ______ thanks for helping.

28. Sugar and starch are ______.

参考答案

1. C
2. H
3. A
4. F
5. I
6. D
7. J
8. E
9. G
10. B
11. H
12. A
13. D
14. F
15. B
16. C
17. E
18. G
19. fainthearted
20. headings
21. dehydrate
22. lighthearted
23. hyperbole
24. headstrong
25. heartened
26. hypocritical
27. heartfelt
28. carbohydrates

Lesson 26

音频

Group 94: -ia “某种病”

dyslexia ［dɪs'leksɪə ］

n. 阅读障碍

解　impaired ability to read

例　The child suffered from dyslexia and needed a special tutor to learn how to read. 这个小孩患有阅读障碍，需要一个特殊的家庭教师来教他怎样阅读。

amnesia ［æm'ni:zjə ］

n. 健忘症，记忆缺失

解　loss of memory

例　The man who hit his head suffered from amnesia and could not even remember his name. 这个男人在头部被撞后就失忆了，甚至连自己的名字都想不起来了。

anemia ［ə'ni:mɪə ］

n. 贫血症

解　a deficiency of red blood cells

例　Since she suffered from anemia , she was restricted to a special diet to keep her blood oxygenated. 她患有贫血症，只能吃一些特定的食物来使血液氧化。

hemophilia ［ˌhi:mə'fɪlɪə ］

n. 血友病

解　congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding

例　After being diagnosed with hemophilia , he had to be careful not to get cut or he could bleed to death. 在被确诊为血友病之后，他必须小心翼翼地避免被割伤，否则他会流血不止而死亡。

近　hemorrhage n. 【医】出血

hysteria ［hɪ'stɪərɪə ］

n. 歇斯底里症；过度兴奋

解　uncontrollable fear or outburst of emotion

例　A false report of aliens landing on Earth caused mass hysteria . 外星人登陆地球的虚假报道引发了群众的恐慌。

insomnia ［ɪn'sɔmnɪə ］

n. 失眠症

解　an inability to sleep, chronic sleeplessness

例　She could not sleep for one week because of a bad case of insomnia . 由于严重失眠，她已经一个礼拜都睡不着觉了。

近　insignia n. 徽章；袖章

mania ［'meɪnjə; -nɪə ］

n. 狂热；躁狂

解　an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action; insanity

例　Strictly, mania is a kind of madness which makes people violent. 严格来说，躁狂是一种使人们变得暴力的疯狂行为。

同　maniac n. 【医】躁狂者，疯子

nostalgia ［nɒs'tælʤɪə ］

n. ① 思乡病 ② 怀旧之情

解　① homesickness ② longing for the past

例　Looking at her childhood pictures brought her a sense of nostalgia . 看着小时候的照片，她产生了一种怀旧之情。

同　nostalgic adj. 怀旧的，思乡的

paranoia ［ˌpærə'nɒɪə ］

n. 偏执狂，妄想狂；多疑症

解　a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur

例　He had a severe case of paranoia and always looked over his shoulder to see if anyone was following him. 他有重度妄想症，总是朝身后观望，看看是否有人跟踪自己。

同　paranoid adj. 过分怀疑的；偏执狂的

Group 95: -ics “学科”

ethics ［'eθɪks ］

n. 伦理学；道德规范

解　the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation

例　The habitual liar had no sense of ethics . 这个习惯说谎的人已经丧失了道德感。

同　ethical adj. 道德的

构　eth (=custom) + ics

genetics ［ʤɪ'netɪks ］

n. 遗传学

解　the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

例　The Human Genome Project is a world-scale research project among leading scientists to decipher the genetics of humans. 这个人类基因组项目是一个世界级的研究项目，汇集了一批顶尖的科学家来破译人类的基因密码。

同　genealogy n. 家谱，血统；族谱学；geneticist n. 遗传学家

linguistics ［lɪŋ'ɡwɪstɪks ］

n. 语言学

解　the study of language or languages

例　She had majored in linguistics in college in order to assist people with speech impediments. 为了帮助言语有障碍的人士，她在大学修了语言学专业。

metaphysics ［ˌmetə'fɪzɪks ］

n. 形而上学，玄学

解　branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of existence, truth, and know-ledge

例　Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value. 形而上学是哲学的分支，主要研究现实的本质，包括意识和物质、物质和属性以及事实和价值之间的关系。

mnemonics ［ni:'mɒnɪks ］

n. 记忆法，记忆术

解　a system to develop or improve the memory

例　After his course in mnemonics , he could remember all the names of the people he met. 在学完记忆法的课程之后，他能记住所有见过面的人的名字。

Group 96: insul=island “岛屿”

insulate ［'ɪnsjʊleɪt ］

v. 使绝缘；使隔离

解　to cover or separate something with non-conducting materials; to isolate

例　The polar bear's fur insulates it from the arctic cold. 北极熊的皮毛能抵御极寒。

构　insul (=island) + ate (=to make)

insularity ［ˌɪnsjʊ'lærəti; 'ɪnsə- ］

n. 岛国性格，孤陋寡闻，心胸狭窄

解　narrow-mindedness; isolation

例　The insularity of the islanders manifested itself in their suspicion of anything foreign. 岛上居民的褊狭性表现在他们怀疑一切外来事物。

insulin ［'ɪnsjʊlɪn; (US)'ɪnsəlɪn ］

n. 胰岛素

解　a hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

例　Without his injection of insulin , the diabetic patient would die. 如果不注射胰岛素，这个糖尿病患者就会丧命。

peninsula ［pɪ'nɪnsjʊlə; -sə- ］

n. 半岛

解　a large mass of land projecting into a body of water

例　The peninsula offered people beaches. 半岛为人们提供了海滩。

近　penicillin n. 青霉素

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | insulate | A. longing
2. ______ | ethics | B. separate
3. ______ | insomnia | C. madness
4. ______ | nostalgia | D. science of morals
5. ______ | mania | E. sleeplessness

Exercise 2 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

nostalgia | insulate | anemia | linguistics | peninsula
paranoia | genetics | amnesia | ethics | insomnia

6. DNA is the map of the ______ behind life forms.

7. He refused to join us in a midnight cup of coffee because he claimed it gave him ______.

8. A ______ is a piece of land almost surrounded by water, or extending far out into the water.

9. The spy's state of vigilance turned into a state of ______.

10. Because she was suffering from ______, the police could not get the young girl to identify herself.

11. The rubber around the wire ______ the electricity and prevented people from getting hurt.

12. The lawyer violated the ______ of his profession.

13. The doctor prescribed her iron supplements to fortify her blood since she had ______.

14. A researcher of ______, she studied how deaf children can learn how to speak.

15. The first settlers found so much work to do that they had little time for ______.

参考答案

1. B
2. D
3. E
4. A
5. C
6. genetics
7. insomnia
8. peninsula
9. paranoia
10. amnesia
11. insulated
12. ethics
13. anemia
14. linguistics
15. nostalgia

Lesson 27

音频

Group 97: integr=whole “完整”

integrate ［'ɪntɪɡreɪt ］

v. 使成整体

解　to make whole; to make into one unit

例　The revolutionary artist integrated eastern and western art. 这位具有革新精神的艺术家将东西方的艺术融合在了一起。

近　disinter v. 挖出，掘土

disintegrate ［dɪs'ɪntɪɡreɪt ］

v. 分裂成小片，瓦解

解　to break into parts or small bits

例　A nuclear war could disintegrate the world as we know it. 我们都知道，一场核战争会毁灭世界。

同　disintegration n. 分裂，瓦解

integral ［'ɪntɪɡrəl ］

adj. ① 完整的 ② 构成整体所必需的

解　① entire ② necessary to make something complete; essential

例　Steel is an integral part of a modern skyscraper. 钢铁是现代摩天大楼不可缺少的组成部分。

integrity ［ɪn'teɡrɪti ］

n. ① 完整 ② 正直，诚实

解　① wholeness; completeness ② honesty or sincerity; uprightness

例　A person of integrity is respected. 正直的人受人尊敬。

Group 98: inter=between “在…之间；相互”

interval ［'ɪntəvəl ］

n. 间隔，空隙

解　the time between two events

例　The runner practiced by sprinting and jogging in intervals . 这个跑步者通过快跑与慢跑相结合的方式来训练。

近　internal adj. 内部的

intermittent ［ˌɪntə'mɪtənt ］

adj. 断断续续的，间歇的

解　coming at intervals

例　You cannot hope to make good at this job by exerting intermittent efforts; you must do your best every day and every hour of the day. 如果你总是三天打鱼两天晒网，你就不可能做好这份工作。你必须每时每刻都付出自己最大的努力。

构　inter (=between) + mit (=to send) + tent

intermission ［ɪntə'mɪʃən ］

n. 暂停，间歇

解　a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something

例　There were two intermissions during the orchestra concert so the audience could rest and the musicians could reorganize. 管弦音乐会期间有两次幕间休息，这样观众可以休息一会儿，乐师也可以休整一下。

interrupt ［ˌɪntə'rʌpt ］

vt. 中断；打断，打扰

解　to break the continuity of; break in upon a person's action, speech, etc.

例　It is not polite to interrupt when someone is talking. 打断别人说话是不礼貌的。

同　interruption n. 打断

构　inter (=between) + rupt (=to break)

intercede ［ˌɪntə'si:d ］

v. 调解

解　to act to reconcile

例　The referee had to intercede in the fight between the two basketball players. 裁判不得不对两个篮球运动员之间的冲突进行调解。

同　intercessor n. 代为求情者，调解人

构　inter (=between) + ced (=to go) + e

interfere ［ˌɪntə'fɪə(r) ］

v. 干涉

解　to come between so as to be a hindrance or obstacle

例　It is not customary for people to interfere in the issues between husband and wife. 人们通常不会干涉夫妻之间的事情。

同　interference n. 干预

interim ［'ɪntərɪm ］

adj. 暂时的 n. 中间时期，过渡时期

解　for the meantime; temporary n. time between; the meantime

例　After the previous director suddenly passed away, an interim director was selected until the trustees could vote on the candidates for the position. 前任董事突然去世了，董事会选定了一个临时董事，在董事会成员对竞选董事职位的候选人作出表决之前来处理相关事务。

interject ［ˌɪntə'ʤekt ］

vt. 插嘴，突然插入

解　to insert between other elements

例　The newspaper reporter tried to interject a question while the spokesman was speaking. 发言人正在讲话的时候，一名记者试图插入一个问题。

同　interjection n. 感叹词；突然呼喊，感叹

interloper ［'ɪntələʊpə(r) ］

n. 闯入者；（为图私利）干涉他人事务者

解　intruder

例　The merchant thought of his competitors as interlopers who were stealing his trade. 这位商人把他的竞争对手看成是想抢他生意的侵入者。

interpolate ［ɪn'tɜ:pəleɪt ］

v. 插入（额外的事）；篡改

解　to insert words into texts or a conversation

例　She talked so much that I could not interpolate a single remark. 她说个不停，我一句话都插不进去。

同　interpolation n. 插入；篡改

intersperse ［ˌɪntə'sp:s ］

v. 点缀，散布

解　to place at intervals in or among

例　The grass was interspersed with beds of flowers. 草地被花坛点缀着。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | interpolate | A. periodic
2. ______ | interfere | B. break
3. ______ | integrate | C. intrude
4. ______ | intermittent | D. essential
5. ______ | interval | E. decompose
6. ______ | intercede | F. interject
7. ______ | integral | G. uprightness
8. ______ | integrity | H. interlude
9. ______ | disintegrate | I. mediate
10. ______ | interrupt | J. combine

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | interim | A. constant
12. ______ | interfere | B. assist
13. ______ | integrity | C. resume
14. ______ | intermittent | D. permanent
15. ______ | interrupt | E. fragmentation

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

integrity | interrupt | intercede | disintegrate | interject
interval | integral | interim | integrate | intermittent

16. Although the thermometer did not indicate that the boy had a fever, there was an ______ fever that came and went every couple of hours.

17. Adding yeast to the mix is an ______ step to making a delicious cake.

18. The debate between the lawyers became so heated that the judge had to ______.

19. Some stars explode and ______ into pieces in a rare celestial phenomenon called a supernova（超新星）.

20. His nap was ______ by a blasting car horn.

21. She had no ______ and no one trusted her.

22. The company will not consider our proposal until next week; in the ______, let us proceed as we have in the past.

23. She tried to ______ all their activities into one program.

24. Every now and then the speaker ______ a joke to keep us smiling.

25. The ______ between the two halves of a football game is called half-time.

参考答案

1. F
2. C
3. J
4. A
5. H
6. I
7. D
8. G
9. E
10. B
11. D
12. B
13. E
14. A
15. C
16. intermittent
17. integral
18. intercede
19. disintegrate
20. interrupted
21. integrity
22. interim
23. integrate
24. interjected
25. interval

Lesson 28

音频

Group 99: judg, judic=judge “判断”

judgment ［'ʤʌʤmənt ］

n. ① 判断 ② 判决

解　① result of judging; opinion or estimate ② act of judging, especially a decision, decree, or sentence given by a judge in a court of law

例　In my judgment dogs make better pets than cats. 我认为狗比猫更适合当宠物。

judicial ［ʤu:'dɪʃəl ］

adj. 法庭的；法官的

解　of or by judges; of courts or the administration of justice

例　The Supreme Court is the highest authority in the judicial system and has the power to overturn the decisions of lower courts. 最高法院是司法体系中最具权威性的机关，它有权推翻下级法院作出的裁决。

judicious ［ʤu:'dɪʃəs ］

adj. 聪明的，明智的；有判断力的

解　sensible; showing sound judgment

例　With 20 years of experience, the manager made calculated and judicious business decisions. 经理有20年的从业经验，能够作出准确而审慎的商业决策。

同　judiciousness n. 明智

adjudicate ［əˌʤu:dɪ'keɪt ］

v. 判决，宣判，裁定

解　to hear and settle (a case) by judicial procedure; to study and settle (a dispute or controversy)

例　The claims of the surviving victims of the crash will be adjudicated by an international commission. 坠机幸存者的索赔要求将由国际委员会裁决。

同　adjudicator n. 裁决者

构　ad (=to) + judic (=to judge) + ate

prejudice ［'preʤʊdɪs ］

n. 偏见 v. 损害

解　n. unreasonable attitude for or against something; bias　v. to affect injuriously or detrimentally by a judgment or an act

例　Companies in the United States are not allowed to hold any prejudices towards people of different races when recruiting employees. 美国公司在招聘员工的时候不允许有种族歧视。

Group 100: jur=swear; law “发誓；法律”

jury ［'ʤʊəri ］

n. 陪审团

解　a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law

例　After two days of debate, the jury passed their verdict to the judge. 经过两天的讨论，陪审团将裁决结果告诉了法官。

jurist ［'ʤʊərɪst ］

n. 法理学家

解　a legal scholar versed in civil law or the law of nations

例　The newspaper consulted a jurist in order to report on the implications resulting from the new law. 为了报导新法的含义，这家报纸咨询了一名法理学家。

perjury ［'pɜ:ʤəri ］

n. 伪证，假誓

解　false testimony while under oath

例　When several witnesses appeared to challenge his story, he was indicted for perjury . 当几位目击者出庭来质疑他的陈述的时候，他被控告作了伪证。

构　per (=falsely) + jur (=to swear) + y

同　perjure v. 作伪证，发假誓

abjure ［æb'ʤʊə(r) ］

v. 发誓放弃，誓绝

解　to renounce upon oath

例　Most aliens must abjure foreign citizenship before becoming an American citizen. 在成为美国公民之前，大多数外国人必须承诺放弃原来的公民身份。

构　ab (=away) + jur (=to swear) + e

conjure ［'kʌnʤə(r) ］

v. ① 变魔术，变戏法 ② 使某物浮现于脑际

解　① to influence or effect by or as if by magic ② to make sth. appear as a picture in the mind

例　Her grandfather taught her to conjure . 她的祖父教她变魔术。

构　con (=together) + jur (=to swear) + e

其他与“发誓；法律”意义有关的词汇

defendant n. 被告

recidivism n. 累犯，重犯

felon n. 重罪犯

arsonist n. 故意纵火犯

misdemeanor n. 【律】轻罪

reprieve n. 缓刑，暂缓 v. 缓期执行

impeach v. 指摘；弹劾

extradition n. 引渡逃犯

evict v. （依法）驱逐

amnesty n. 大赦，特赦

acquittal n. 宣告无罪，开释

verdict n. 判决，决定

convict v. 定罪；使确信 n. 罪犯

incriminate v. 归罪于，控告；牵连，连累

inculpate v. 归罪，控告

statute n. 法规，法令

statutory adj. 法定的；受法令所约束的

citation n. 传讯；传票

subpoena v. 传讯 n. 传票

summons n. 【律】传唤；传票

testimony n. 证言，证词；证明

affidavit n. 书面证词，宣誓书

depose v. 宣誓作证 n. 免职，废黜

indict v. 控告，起诉

prosecute v. 告发，检举

repeal v. 废除（法律）

abstention n. 弃权

bill n. 单据；议案

amendment n. 修正案；改正，修正

provision n. 供应；（法律等）条款

rider n. 附加条款

constitution n. 宪法

abet v. 教唆；协助（罪犯）

accomplice n. 同谋者，帮凶

lien n. 扣押权，留置权

precedence n. 优先权

foreclosure n. 取消抵押品赎取权

pledge n. 誓言；抵押品

extenuate v. 减轻罪过，掩饰（罪行）

tribunal n. 法庭，裁判所

bench n. 法官席；长椅

gavel n. （法官所用的）槌，小木槌

mace n. 权杖

counsel n. 律师 vt. 劝告，建议

infraction n. 违法

illicit adj. 违法的；违禁的

Group 101: labor=work “劳动，劳作”

labored ［'leɪbəd ］

adj. 吃力的，费力地说或做的

解　requiring or showing effort

例　The labored breathing of this very ill person means he has a short time to live. 这位重病患者呼吸都很费力，意味着他所剩时日不多了。

laborer ［'leɪbərə(r) ］

n. 劳动者（尤指体力劳动者），工人

解　person who does work that requires strength rather than skill or training; workers as a group

例　A laborer for most of his life, my father liked to work with his hands. 我父亲当了大半辈子工人，他喜欢用自己的双手来劳动。

laboratory ［lə'bɒrətəri; (US)'læbrətɔ:ri ］

n. 实验室

解　a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or research; a place where drugs and chemicals are manufactured

例　The patient's blood was analyzed in the laboratory . 医生在实验室里分析了病人的血液。

laborious ［lə'bɔ:rɪəs ］

adj. ① （指工作）艰苦的，费力的 ② （指人）勤劳的

解　① requiring great effort ② showing signs of effort, not fluent or easy

例　Moving a piano can be a laborious task. 移动钢琴是一件费力的事。

belabor ［bɪ'leɪbə(r) ］

v. ① （过分冗长地）做或说 ② 痛打

解　① to set upon with too much talk, advice, etc. ② to beat vigorously; thrash

例　The rider belabored the tired horse with a stick. 骑手用棍子痛打那匹疲惫的马。

collaborate ［kə'læbəreɪt ］

vi. ① 合作 ② 通敌

解　① to work together on a common enterprise or project ② to work treasonably especially with enemy forces occupying one's country

例　The world's scientific community collaborated in the immense task of deciphering the genetic makeup of human DNA. 国际科学界通力合作，一起参与到破译人类基因密码这项庞大的工程中来。

同　collaboration n. 合作；collaborator n. 合作者

构　col < con (=with) + labor (=to work) + ate

elaborate ［ɪ'læbərət ］adj. 复杂的，精致的［ɪ'læbəreɪt ］v. 详尽地说明，阐明；精工细做

解　adj. developed or executed with care and in minute v. to talk or write in great detail; work out with great care

例　The president's spokesperson was asked to elaborate on his answer after he had given a short answer to a controversial question. 在针对一个有争议的问题作出简单的回答之后，总统的发言人被要求作出详细说明。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | collaborate | A. verdict
2. ______ | elaborate | B. cooperate
3. ______ | laborer | C. strenuous
4. ______ | judgment | D. worker
5. ______ | judicious | E. renounce
6. ______ | laboratory | F. wise
7. ______ | laborious | G. expound
8. ______ | abjure | H. preconception
9. ______ | prejudice | I. lab

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | elaborate | A. truthful deposition
11. ______ | laborious | B. fairness
12. ______ | judicious | C. thoughtless
13. ______ | perjury | D. simplify
14. ______ | abjure | E. espouse
15. ______ | prejudice | F. easy

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

judgment | perjury | jurist | conjure | elaborate
prejudice | belabor | laborious | laborer | judicious

16. The thought of Texas ______ up images of cowboys in the minds of many people.

17. The Nazis（纳粹党人）showed extreme ______ against the Jews during World War II.

18. ______ favor safe working conditions.

19. She showed good ______ when she picked me as her friend.

20. The debate coach warned her student not to bore the audience by ______ his point.

21. After serving as a judge for 30 years, the ______ retired and often gave guest lectures at the university.

22. Climbing a mountain is ______.

23. By careful planning and ______ investments, he greatly increased the fortune his parents had left him.

24. The topic was so difficult to understand that many students stayed after class to ask the professor to ______ on it.

25. She may have given wrong information in court, but this was an honest mistake and certainly does not make her guilty of ______.

参考答案

1. B
2. G
3. D
4. A
5. F
6. I
7. C
8. E
9. H
10. D
11. F
12. C
13. A
14. E
15. B
16. conjures
17. prejudice
18. Laborers
19. judgment
20. belaboring
21. jurist
22. laborious
23. judicious
24. elaborate
25. perjury

Lesson 29

音频

Group 102: land=land “陆地，土地”

landlord ［'lændlɔ:d ］

n. 地主，房主

解　person who owns buildings or land for rent to others

例　The responsible landlord made repairs whenever something broke. 不管是什么东西坏了，这位负责任的房东都会修好。

landmark ［'lændmɑ:k ］

n. 里程碑

解　an event marking a unique or important historical change or one on which important developments depend

例　The inventions of the printing press, telephone, telegraph, radio, and televi-sion are landmarks in the history of communication. 印刷机、电话、电报、无线电以及电视的发明都是通信史上的里程碑。

landscape ［'lændskeɪp ］

n. 风景，地形

解　an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view

例　The two hills with the valley form a beautiful landscape . 这两座山和中间的峡谷构成了一幅美丽的风景。

landslide ［'lændslaɪd ］

n. ① 山崩 ② 压倒性的胜利

解　① a sliding down of a mass of earth or rock on a steep slope ② an overwhelming majority of votes for one candidate or political party in an election

例　The favored politician won the election by a landslide . 这位受欢迎的政客以绝对优势赢得了选举。

近　strand n. 股 v. 搁浅

island ［'aɪlənd ］

n. 岛屿

解　a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

例　The islands in the sea were a product of the coolling lava from a volcanic eruption. 海上的小岛是由火山喷发出来的岩浆冷却形成的。

wasteland ［'weɪstlənd ］

n. 荒地

解　an uninhabited wilderness that is worthless for cultivation

例　The desert wasteland was uninhabitable for humans. 这片被遗弃的荒地不适合人类居住。

Group 103: lax, lys=loosen “放松”

lax ［læks ］

adj. 懒散的；松弛的，不严格的

解　careless; not strict or tense

例　The lax teacher wore casual clothes and called his students by their first names. 这位散漫的老师穿衣服很随意，连上课点名也只叫学生的姓。

laxative ［'læksətɪv ］

n. 轻泄药 adj. 通便的，放松的

解　n. something causing the bowels to empty easily adj. causing looseness or relaxation, especially of the bowels

例　The doctor recommended he take laxatives for his constipation. 医生建议他服用泻药来治疗便秘。

relax ［rɪ'læks ］

v. 放松

解　to become less tense

例　The students went to the swimming pool to relax at the weekend. 在周末，学生们去游泳来放松身心。

同　relaxed adj. 放松的

paralysis ［pə'ræləsɪs ］

n. ① 中风，瘫痪症 ② 瘫痪，停滞不能移动或运行

解　① loss of the power of contractility in the voluntary or involuntary muscles ② condition of powerlessness or helpless inactivity; crippling

例　The war caused a paralysis of trade. 战争导致贸易瘫痪。

Group 104: lect=choose; gather “选择；收集”

collection ［kə'lekʃən ］

n. 文集；收集

解　a number of similar objects grouped or found together

例　She kept a postcard collection of all the cities to which she had traveled. 她将她去过的所有城市的明信片都收集了起来。

collective ［kə'lektɪv ］

adj. 共同的，集体的

解　denoting or shared by a group

例　The team did not have any individual talents, but it was their collective effort that was their true strength. 这个团队中没有任何人是天才；大家的共同努力才是他们真正的力量所在。

election ［ɪ'lekʃən ］

n. 选举

解　a choosing or selecting for an office by vote

例　In our city we have an election for mayor every four years. 我们的城市每隔四年选举一次市长。

elective ［ɪ'lektɪv ］

adj. 随意选择的

解　open to choice; not required

例　The university curriculum mandates a number of requisite courses, but allows students to pick a few elective courses. 大学的课程指定了许多必修课，但是也允许学生选择几门选修课。

eclectic ［ɪ'klektɪk ］

adj. 折中的，综合性的

解　selecting what seems best of various styles or ideas

例　His style of interior decoration was eclectic : bits and pieces of furnishings from widely divergent periods, strikingly juxtaposed to create a unique decor. 他的室内装修风格不拘一格，属于多个不同时期的各式家具醒目地摆放在一起，形成了一种独特的风格。

同　eclecticism n. 折中主义

构　ec < ex (=out) + lect (=to choose) + ic

selective ［sɪ'lektɪv ］

adj. 选择的，选择性的

解　selecting; having the power to select

例　The university is highly selective of applicants and values a well-rounded profile. 这所大学对入学申请者的挑选非常严格，并且看重个人经历的丰富性。

同　selectivity n. 挑拣

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | collection | A. immobility
2. ______ | relax | B. shared
3. ______ | landscape | C. ease
4. ______ | landlord | D. desert
5. ______ | paralysis | E. landholder
6. ______ | elective | F. archipelago
7. ______ | collective | G. gathering
8. ______ | island | H. loose
9. ______ | wasteland | I. scenery
10. ______ | lax | J. optional

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | collective | A. individual
12. ______ | landlord | B. stringent
13. ______ | lax | C. tenant
14. ______ | elective | D. tighten
15. ______ | relax | E. compulsory

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

landlord | elective | collective | lax | collection
relax | island | election | landscape | paralysis

16. Australia is both an ______ and a continent.

17. They ______ after school by playing video games.

18. It will take everyone's ______ efforts to end pollution.

19. We dislike restaurants where the service is ______ and inattentive.

20. Spanish is an ______ subject in many high schools.

21. ______ like to collect their rent on time.

22. The establishment of the ______ system allowed the people to directly choose their own leaders.

23. Her ______ at birth caused her to be in a wheelchair all her life.

24. The mountains presented a rugged ______ to the hikers.

25. The ______ of these stamps took ten years.

参考答案

1. G
2. C
3. I
4. E
5. A
6. J
7. B
8. F
9. D
10. H
11. A
12. C
13. B
14. E
15. D
16. island
17. relax
18. collective
19. lax
20. elective
21. Landlords
22. election
23. paralysis
24. landscape
25. collection

Lesson 30

音频

Group 105: lect=speak; read “讲；读”

lectern ［'lektən ］

n. 讲经台

解　reading desk

例　Every Sunday morning, the priest stood behind the lectern and read scriptures from the Bible. 每个星期天早上，牧师都会站在诵经台后面，朗读圣经里的经文。

lecture ［'lektʃə(r) ］

n. ① 讲座，演讲 ② 谴责，教训

解　① a planned talk on a chosen subject; speech ② a scolding

例　The professor spoke so fast during his lectures that there wasn't any time to ask questions. 教授上课时讲得很快，学生都没有时间提问。

同　lecturer n. 教师；演讲人

dialect ［'daɪəlekt ］

n. 方言

解　variety of a spoken language peculiar to a particular district

例　Although Mandarin is the national language of China, there are many dialects . 虽然普通话是中国的官方语言，但是各地也有很多方言。

Group 106: leg=law “法律”

legislation ［leʤɪs'leɪʃən ］

n. 立法；法律

解　the act or process of legislating; lawmaking; a proposed or enacted law or group of laws

例　The president's power to veto is a control over the legislation passed by Congress. 总统的否决权是对国会通过立法的一种控制。

同　legislative adj. 立法的；legislator n. 立法者

legislature ［'leʤɪsleɪtʃə(r) ］

n. 立法机关

解　an officially elected or otherwise selected body of people who make or amend, repeal laws

例　The legislature was composed of a group of jurists. 立法机关由多位法学家组成。

legitimacy ［lɪ'ʤɪtɪməsi ］

n. 合法（性）；正统（性）

解　lawfulness by virtue of being authorized or in accordance with law

例　Politics was much simpler in the past, when the king did not need to prove his legitimacy to anyone. 在过去，政治要比现在简单得多，国王不需要向任何人证明自己所作所为的合法性。

同　legitimated adj. 合法化的

Group 107: lev=lift “抬升”

elevate ［'elɪveɪt ］

v. 提高，抬升

解　to raise from a lower to a higher position

例　Bruce sprained his ankle, so he had to elevate his leg and put ice on it. 布鲁斯扭伤了脚踝，因此他不得不将腿抬起来，并且在脚踝处敷上冰块。

elevation ［elɪ'veɪʃən ］

n. 海拔

解　height above sea level

例　The high elevation of the mountain made it difficult to breathe. 山的海拔很高，让人觉得呼吸困难。

elevator ［'elɪveɪtə(r) ］

n. 电梯

解　a moving platform or cage to carry people and things up and down in a building, mine, etc.

例　Some people have the inefficient habit of trying to get into an elevator before the people inside leave. 有些人在乘坐电梯时有种不良的习惯，总是在里面的人还没出来时就抢着要进去。

levee ［'levi; lə'vi: ］

n. 防洪堤；堤岸

解　a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out the sea

例　The city built a levee so the river would not flood the street when it rained.这个城市建了防洪堤，这样下雨的时候河水就不会漫上街道了。

Group 108: lin, lign=line “直线”

outline ［'aʊtlaɪn ］

n. 大纲，轮廓 v. 画轮廓，打草图

解　n. a summary of the main points of an argument or theory v. to draw the outer line of

例　The English teacher told the students that they should write an outline before they wrote an essay in order to organize their thoughts and ideas clearly. 这位英语老师告诉学生，在写文章之前要先拟一个提纲，这样就能更清晰地组织思路和想法。

pipeline ［'paɪplaɪn ］

n. 管道

解　line of pipes for carrying oil or other liquids, usually over a considerable distance

例　The earthquake broke the city's main gas pipeline , releasing natural gas into the air. 地震破坏了这座城市的主要天然气管道，将天然气泄漏到了空气中去。

同　pipe n. 管道

byline ［'baɪlaɪn ］

n. 文章作者署名行（即报刊等的文章开头或结尾列出作者名字的一行）

解　a line giving the name of the writer of a story or article

例　The name of the reporter in the newspaper article's byline was misspelled. 这篇报纸文章署名行里的记者姓名被拼错了。

delineate ［dɪ'lɪnɪeɪt ］

v. 描绘，描画

解　to represent by sketch or diagram; to describe

例　I can't provide all the details at this time, but I will try to delineate the main features of my plan for reorganizing the student government. 这次我无法提供所有的细节，但是我会试着描述关于我的学生会改组计划的主要特点。

构　de (=down) + line + ate

streamline ［'stri:mlaɪn ］

vt. ① 使成流线型 ② 改善…的表面或效率；使现代化

解　① to construct or design in a form that offers the least resistance to fluid flow ② to improve the appearance or efficiency of; to modernize

例　Through evolution, fish were streamlined in order to swim faster, to catch prey and avoid predators. 通过进化，鱼类的身体变成了流线型，这样可以游得更快，从而可以捕捉到猎物并躲避猎食者。

同　stream n. 溪流，水流，河流

align ［ə'laɪn ］

v. ① 使排成一线 ② 使结盟

解　① to bring into line ② to bring into agreement, close cooperation, etc.

例　I aligned the sights of my gun with the target. 我把枪的瞄准器和目标对准成一条直线。

构　a (=to) + lign (=line)

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | levee | A. abstract
2. ______ | elevate | B. law-making body
3. ______ | legislation | C. portray
4. ______ | outline | D. lawmaking
5. ______ | delineate | E. address
6. ______ | align | F. dam
7. ______ | legislature | G. array
8. ______ | lecture | H. raise

Exercise 2 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

dialect | legislation | pipeline | elevator | elevate
levee | lecture | delineate | legitimacy | outline

9. The new ______ became effective on the day it was promulgated.

10. He ______ his plan in a thorough report.

11. She decided to pursue doctoral studies to ______ her expertise in the field.

12. My parents give me a ______ when I come home late.

13. We saw the ______ of the mountains against the evening sky.

14. The long ______ transported natural resources from the western to the eastern half of the country.

15. The study of linguistics shows a word can have different pronunciations between ______ of the same language.

16. As the river rose and threatened to overflow the ______, emergency workers rushed to reinforce the walls with sandbags.

17. Do not take the ______ in case of a fire because the cables may burn and the elevator may plunge down the shaft.

18. The three princes vied for their ______ to the throne once the king died.

参考答案

1. F
2. H
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. G
7. B
8. E
9. legislation
10. delineated
11. elevate
12. lecture
13. outlines
14. pipeline
15. dialects
16. levee
17. elevator
18. legitimacy

Lesson 31

音频

Group 109: liter=letter “文字；字母”

literal ［'lɪtərəl ］

adj. 逐字的，照字面的，忠实原义的

解　being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something

例　The literal meaning of words in dictionaries cannot fully express their cultural and historical significance. 词典中所给出的单词的字面意思无法完全表达出其文化和历史意义。

literary ［'lɪtərəri ］

adj. 文学的

解　of, relating to, or dealing with literature

例　The literary scholar published many books that analyzed Shakespeare. 这位文学学者出版了许多研究莎士比亚的书籍。

literati ［ˌlɪtə'rɑ:ti: ］

n. 文人，文学界

解　the literary intelligentsia

例　All the students wanted to enroll in the poetry course by the professor who represented the literati . 这个诗歌课程由足以代表整个文学界的教授所讲，所有的学生都想报名参加。

alliteration ［əˌlɪtə'reɪʃən ］

n. 头韵（法）（即在一组词或诗中，第一个字母或发音的重复）

解　repetition of beginning sound in poetry

例　“The furrow followed free” is an example of alliteration . “船行过留下四散的水纹”是头韵的例子。

illiterate ［ɪ'lɪtərɪt ］

adj. 文盲的

解　not able to read or write

例　People who have never gone to school are usually illiterate . 没有上过学的人通常都是文盲。

同　illiteracy n. 文盲

obliterate ［ə'blɪtəreɪt ］

vt. ① 涂去，删除 ② 彻底毁坏，毁灭

解　① to rub, or blot out; to remove all signs of ② to destroy completely

例　The bomb obliterated the small town. 炸弹摧毁了这个小镇。

构　ob (=against) + liter (=letter) + ate

Group 110: log=speech “说话”

log ［lɒɡ ］

n. ① 日志，记录 ② 圆木

解　① a written record of events on a voyage (of a ship or plane) ② a segment of the trunk of a tree when stripped of branches

例　Enter the new information in the log . 在日志里填入新的信息。

logic ［'lɒʤɪk ］

n. ① 逻辑学 ② 逻辑

解　① the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference ② reasoned and reasonable judgment

例　His argument had no logic and he was quickly proven wrong. 他的论据没有逻辑，很快就被证明是错误的。

logical ［'lɒʤɪkəl ］

adj. （指行为、事情等）合乎情理的，合乎常理的

解　in accordance with the rules of logic; able to reason correctly

例　There are times in life when you should be guided more by your feelings, without trying to be strictly logical about everything. 人生有的时候更需要跟着自己的感觉走，而不用事事都合乎常理。

同　illogically adv. 不合逻辑地

构　log (=speech) + ical

logistics ［lə'ʤɪstɪks ］

n. 物流学，后勤学

解　handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials supplied as needed

例　He was in charge of the logistics of the company's import and export operations, including shipment amounts, routes and schedules. 他负责公司进出口业务的物流，包括装运量、线路以及时间表。

catalog ［'kætəlɒɡ ］

n. 目录，产品目录

解　a complete list of things; usually arranged systematically

例　He received a store's spring fashion catalog in the mail and ordered some shirts and shorts. 他收到了一家商店寄来的春装产品目录，然后定购了几件衬衫和短裤。

apology ［ə'pɒləʤi ］

n. ① 为信仰等辩护 ② 道歉

解　① explanation or defense ② statement of regret

例　He expressed his apology to his girlfriend in a love letter. 他在情书里向女朋友表达了歉意。

同　apologist n. 辩护者

构　apo (=off) + log (=speech) + y

apologize ［ə'pɒləʤaɪz ］

v. 道歉

解　to acknowledge faults

例　The waitress apologized for spilling coffee on the man's lap. 女服务员因把咖啡洒到了一位男士的腿上而向他道了歉。

epilogue ［'epɪlɒɡ ］

n. 尾声；收场白；后记

解　last part of a literary work; short speech at the conclusion of a dramatic work

例　The epilogue of the story shed light on the future fate of the characters. 故事的结尾阐明了各个人物未来的命运。

analogous ［ə'næləɡəs ］

adj. 类似的

解　similar or correspondent in some respects though otherwise dissimilar

例　Many scientists wonder if there is any life that is analogous to our own living on distant planets. 许多科学家想知道在遥远的其他星球上是否有着和我们人类一样的生命体存在。

同　analogue n. 类比

构　ana (=upon) + log (=speech) + ous

dialogue ［'daɪəlɔɡ; (US)'daɪəlɔ:ɡ ］

n. 对话

解　a conversation between two persons

例　That book has a good plot and a lot of clever dialogues . 那本书情节很不错，而且有许多睿智的对话。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | illiterate | A. parallel
2. ______ | logical | B. conversation
3. ______ | dialogue | C. lumber
4. ______ | analogous | D. destroy
5. ______ | log | E. unlearned
6. ______ | obliterate | F. directory
7. ______ | catalog | G. reasoning
8. ______ | logic | H. rational

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
9. ______ | logical | A. preface
10. ______ | obliterate | B. figurative
11. ______ | epilogue | C. build
12. ______ | analogous | D. rabid
13. ______ | literal | E. lacking similarity

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

illiterate | apologize | apology | literary | logical
obliterate | literal | epilogue | catalog | logic

14. He offered an ______ for his lateness.

15. Insisting that the earth is flat defies ______.

16. Figurative expressions are not ______ in meaning; they are metaphorical.

17. The audience was so disappointed in the play that many did not remain to hear the ______.

18. The newspaper gave a chronological ______ of upcoming events in the community.

19. Mark Twain was a ______ master of the tall tale（夸张的故事）.

20. The detective could not arrive at a ______ solution to the crime without all the facts.

21. The high tide ______ the sand castle that the children spent the whole day working on.

22. The mayor reconsidered his ethics and ______ for his rude actions.

23. One who cannot read is considered ______.

参考答案

1. E
2. H
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. F
8. G
9. D
10. C
11. A
12. E
13. B
14. apology
15. logic
16. literal
17. epilogue
18. catalog
19. literary
20. logical
21. obliterated
22. apologized
23. illiterate

Lesson 32

音频

Group 111: logy=science “学科”

anthology ［æn'θɒləʤi ］

n. 诗集，文选；选集

解　a collection of selected literary passages

例　She used an anthology of bedtime short stories to read her children to sleep. 她通过读一本睡前短篇故事集来哄孩子们睡觉。

同　antho (=flower; collection) + logy

astrology ［ə'strɒləʤi ］

n. 占星学，占星术

解　a pseudoscience claiming divination by the positions of the planets, sun, moon and stars

例　The daily horoscope in the newspaper was based on astrology . 报纸上的“每日星座运势”是基于占星术而作出推测的。

biology ［baɪ'ɒləʤi ］

n. 生物学

解　the scientific study of plant and animal life, including its origin, structure, activities, and distribution.

例　Botany, zoology, and ecology are branches of biology . 植物学、动物学和生态学都是生物学的分支。

dermatology ［ˌdɜ:mə'tɒləʤi ］

n. 皮肤病学

解　the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases

例　He was concerned about his skin rash and visited a specialist in dermatology . 他担心自己的皮疹，于是拜访了一位皮肤病方面的专家。

epistemology ［eˌpɪstɪ'mɒləʤi ］

n. 认识论，知识起源学（对知识本质的研究）

解　the philosophical theory of knowledge

例　Epistemology had a serious impact on the direction of modern philosophy in the 20th century. 在二十世纪，认识论对现代哲学的走向产生了重大影响。

genealogy ［ˌʤi:nɪ'æləʤi ］

n. 家谱；族谱学

解　successive generations of kin

例　The family owned a book that recorded the genealogy of their ancestry. 这个家庭有一本记载祖先家谱的小册子。

meteorology ［ˌmi:tjə'rɒləʤi ］

n. 气象学

解　science dealing with phenomena of the atmosphere, especially weather processes and weather forecasting

例　The weatherman based his daily forecasts on calculated meteorology rather than lucky guesses. 气象员依靠经过测算的气象数据进行每日预报，而不是依靠侥幸猜测。

mythology ［mɪ'θɒləʤi ］

n. 神话学；神话

解　the study of myths

例　The mythology of many ancient societies saw the sun as a deity. 在很多古代社会的神话故事中，太阳都被看做神。

neurology ［njʊə'rɒləʤi ］

n. 神经病学

解　the branch of medical science that deals with the nervous system and its disorders

例　She visited several experts in neurology to get a comparative diagnosis of her nervous system disorder. 为了对自己的神经系统紊乱进行比较诊断，她拜访了好几位神经学专家。

phenomenology ［fɪˌnɒmɪ'nɒləʤi ］

n. 现象学

解　the study of the development of human consciousness and self-awareness as a preface to philosophy or a part of philosophy

例　Genetic science is very closely related to phenomenology . 遗传学与现象学之间有着紧密的联系。

zoology ［zəu'ɒləʤi ］

n. 动物学

解　the science of animals

例　The diversity of species in the rainforest provides a wealth of knowledge for zoology . 热带雨林的物种多样性为动物学的研究提供了大量的知识。

同　zoologist n. 动物学家

Group 112: loqu=speak “演说”

loquacious ［lɒ'kweɪʃəs ］

adj. 多嘴的，爱说话的

解　full of trivial conversation

例　The loquacious student was known as the school bigmouth. 这个多嘴多舌的学生是学校有名的大嘴巴。

同　loquaciousness n. 唠叨，喋喋不休；loquacity n. 唠叨，喋喋不休

colloquial ［kə'ləʊkwɪəl ］

adj. 口语的

解　characteristic of informal spoken language or conversation

例　The colloquial language in his essay made it seem as if he was speaking to you directly. 他文章里的口语化语言让你感觉他似乎在直接跟你说话。

同　colloquialism n. 口语，俗语

eloquent ［'eləkwənt ］

n. ① 雄辩的，有口才的 ② 动人的

解　① having the ability to express emotion or feeling in lofty and impassioned speech ② very expressive

例　The graduation speaker was very eloquent in his speech. 这位演讲者在毕业典礼上的演说十分精彩。

同　eloquence n. 雄辩；口才

grandiloquent ［ɡræn'dɪləkwənt ］

adj. 夸张的，浮夸的

解　speaking in or characterized by a pompous style

例　The politician could never speak simply; she was always grandiloquent . 这位政治家从来不会简单地说话，她总是言辞夸张。

同　grandiloquence n. 夸大之辞

soliloquy ［sə'lɪləkwi ］

n. 独白；自言自语

解　talking to oneself

例　The soliloquy is a device employed by the dramatist to reveal a character's innermost thoughts and emotions. 独白是剧作家用来揭示人物的内心想法和情感的一种表现手法。

其他与“演讲，演说”意义有关的词汇

address n. 演说

discourse n. 演讲，论述

lecture n. 讲座，演讲

extemporize v. 即兴演说

harangue n. 长篇演说

diatribe n. 长篇攻击性演讲，（口头或书面猛烈的）抨击

peroration n. 演讲结尾部分，结论

valediction n. 告别演说，告别词

podium n. 讲坛；指挥台

Group 113: luc=light “光；照亮；明亮的”

lucid ［'lu:sɪd ］

adj. ① 清澈的，透明的 ② 易懂的

解　① transparently clear ② easily understandable

例　A good explanation is lucid . 好的解释是清晰易懂的。

同　lucidity n. 清晰

pellucid ［pə'lu:sɪd ］

adj. ① 清晰的，清澈的 ② 易懂的

解　① transparent; clear; clearly expressed ② easy to understand

例　The lawyer wrote a pellucid letter to avoid any misunderstanding and to express her forthrightness. 律师写了一封意思清楚的信件来避免任何的误解，同时坦率地表达了自己的看法。

elucidate ［ɪ'lu:sɪdeɪt ］

v. 阐明，说明

解　to make clear; to explain

例　Since there were many questions in class, the professor elucidated on the topic. 由于同学们对这一话题有很多问题，教授对它进行了阐明。

构　e < ex (=out) + lucid (=bright) + ate

translucent ［trænz'lu:snt ］

adj. 半透明的

解　letting light through without being transparent

例　Silk screens are an example of translucent objects. 丝网是一种透明的物体。

同　translucence n. 半透明

构　trans (=through) + luc (=light) + ent

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | lucid | A. monologue
2. ______ | eloquent | B. family tree
3. ______ | genealogy | C. enlighten
4. ______ | soliloquy | D. semitransparent
5. ______ | translucent | E. collection
6. ______ | loquacious | F. intelligible
7. ______ | anthology | G. talkative
8. ______ | grandiloquent | H. expressive
9. ______ | elucidate | I. pompous

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | lucid | A. obfuscate
11. ______ | grandiloquent | B. vague
12. ______ | loquacious | C. dull
13. ______ | elucidate | D. reticent
14. ______ | eloquent | E. unpretentious

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

biology | eloquent | lucid | soliloquy | grandiloquent
loquacious | meteorology | mythology | epistemology | translucent

15. Thor（托尔，北欧神话中的雷神）is a figure in Norse ______.

16. ______ reveals the actor's thoughts and feelings to the audience, but not to the other characters in the play.

17. Unlike chemistry and physics which both study inanimate subjects, ______ is the study of life.

18. The writer's ______ prose made me cry.

19. The professor had taken cold medicine, and so his lecture was not really ______.

20. ______ warns that global warming will have an irrevocable effect on the planet's ecosystems.

21. It was clear that there was an object at the bottom of the ______ lake, but we couldn't tell whether it was the golden necklace you lost or not.

22. Acquiring knowledge is the main subject of ______.

23. The politician's speeches are always ______.

24. The ______ student was recommended for a job in talk radio.

参考答案

1. F
2. H
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. G
7. E
8. I
9. C
10. B
11. E
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. mythology
16. Soliloquy
17. biology
18. eloquent
19. lucid
20. Meteorology
21. translucent
22. epistemology
23. grandiloquent
24. loquacious

Lesson 33

音频

Group 114: lud, lus=play “扮演”引申为“使浮现某种想法”

allude ［ə'lu:d ］

v. 间接提到，暗指

解　to refer indirectly; to imply

例　Don't tell them of our decision; don't even allude to it. 不要把我们的决定告诉他们，连间接提到也不行。

同　allusiveness n. 暗指

构　al (=to) + lud (=to play) + e

collude ［kə'lu:d ］

v. 串通，共谋

解　to act together secretly; to conspire in a fraud

例　The two thieves colluded in a plan to steal millions of dollars from the businessman. 两个盗贼合谋从这个商人家偷走了数百万美金。

同　collusion n. 串通共谋，勾结

delude ［dɪ'lu:d ］

v. 欺骗，哄骗

解　to mislead or deceive

例　Harry Houdini was a famous magician that made an art out of deluding people's perception. 哈里·胡迪尼是一位著名的魔术师，他创造了一种欺骗人们感知的艺术。

同　delusion n. 欺骗；幻觉，幻想；delusive adj. 使迷惑的，令人误解的

构　de (=from) + lud (=to play) + e

elude ［ɪ'lu:d ］

v. （机敏地）躲避，避开；记不起来

解　to escape, either physically or mentally

例　The student knew the response to the question but it somehow eluded his tongue at the most critical moment. 这名学生知道这个问题的答案，但是不知何故在关键时候却怎么也想不起来。

构　e < ex (=out) + lud (=to play) + e

elusive ［ɪ'lu:sɪv ］

adj. 难懂的，难捉摸的

解　difficult to detect or grasp by the mind

例　The elusive fox got away. 狡猾的狐狸逃走了。

构　e < ex ( =out) + lus (=to play) + ive

prelude ［'prelju:d ］

n. 序幕，前奏

解　introductory performance, event, or musical piece

例　There was a prelude before the main event in order to build a sense of drama for the audience. 在主要事件开始之前有一个前奏，这是为了为观众创造一种戏剧感。

occlude ［ɒ'klu:d ］

v. 使闭塞，封闭；排除出去

解　to close up to block passage through

例　The blockade occluded the passage of unauthorized boats into the gulf during the war. 该海域在战争期间实行了封锁，禁止未经许可的船只进入海湾。

illusion ［ɪ'lu:ʒən ］

n. 幻觉，错觉

解　an erroneous mental representation; delusion

例　Magic is a form of entertainment that is based on illusion . 魔术是一种基于错觉的娱乐形式。

同　disillusioned adj. 幻想破灭的；illusive adj. 幻觉的；illusory adj. 虚幻的，幻觉的

构　il < in (=in) + lus (=to play) + ion

illusionist ［ɪ'lu:ʒənɪst ］

n. 魔术师

解　someone who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience

例　We had an illusionist do tricks at the party. 在聚会上，我们请了一位魔术师表演魔术。

ludicrous ［'lu:dɪkrəs ］

adj. 可笑的，滑稽的

解　amusingly absurd; ridiculous

例　He wore a ludicrous revolving hat with various attachments on it. 他戴了一顶滑稽的帽子，帽子可以旋转，上面还有许多装饰。

Group 115: mal=bad “坏，恶”

maladroit ［ˌmælə'drɔɪt ］

adj. 笨拙的

解　lacking adroitness; unskillful

例　In his usual maladroit way, he managed to upset the cart and spilled the food. 他想方设法把马车推翻，把食物倒了出来，用的方法还是像往常那样笨拙。

构　mal (=bad) + a (=to) + droit < direct (=straight, right)

近　adroit adj. 熟练的，灵巧的；adroitness n. 灵巧

malaise ［mə'leɪz ］

n. 小恙

解　sense of being unwell; sickness

例　Since the businessman could not afford to get sick, he took medicine as a preventive measure whenever he felt a slight malaise . 这位商人承担不起生病可能带来的损失，所以只要感觉稍有不舒服，他就马上服药，以此作为一种预防的手段。

malapropism ［'mæləprɒpɪzəm ］

n. 词语的误用

解　the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar

例　When Mrs. Malaprop criticized Lydia for being “as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the Nile,” she confused “allegory” and “alligator” in a typical malapropism . 马勒普夫人批评莉迪娅“和尼罗河岸边的寓言一样顽固”时，她是把“寓言”和“短吻鳄”这两个词弄混了，这是一种典型的词语误用。

malevolent ［mə'levələnt ］

adj. 有恶意的，恶毒的

解　wishing evil to others; malicious

例　The malevolent witch put a curse on the prince and turned him into a frog. 恶毒的女巫给王子下了咒语，把他变成了青蛙。

构　male < mal (=bad) + vol (=will) + ent

malicious ［mə'lɪʃəs ］

adj. 恶意的，恶毒的

解　showing ill will; wishing to hurt or make suffer; spiteful

例　The girls at school spread malicious gossip about her because they were jealous of her. 学校里的女生因为嫉妒她，到处散布关于她的恶意谣言。

malign ［mə'laɪn ］

v. 诽谤，中伤 adj. 邪恶的

解　v. to speak evil of; slander adj. evil

例　You malign an honest person when you call that person a liar. 当你说一个诚实的人说了谎的时候，你是在对他进行毁谤。

构　mali < mal (=bad) + gn < gen (=birth)

其他与“坏，恶”意义有关的词汇

baleful adj. 邪恶的，恶意的

iniquity n. 邪恶，不公正

spite n. 怨恨，恶意

turpitude n. 邪恶，卑鄙 （行为）

vicious adj. 邪恶的；残酷的；危险的

enormity n. 极恶，暴行；巨大

misdeed n. 恶行

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | malapropism | A. delusion
2. ______ | occlude | B. vicious
3. ______ | allude | C. comic misuse of a word
4. ______ | elusive | D. escape
5. ______ | illusion | E. tricky
6. ______ | ludicrous | F. asperse
7. ______ | malevolent | G. obstruct
8. ______ | malign | H. conspire
9. ______ | collude | I. silly
10. ______ | elude | J. hint

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | allude | A. kind
12. ______ | illusion | B. coda
13. ______ | malevolent | C. mention explicitly
14. ______ | malaise | D. face
15. ______ | prelude | E. reality
16. ______ | elude | F. vigor

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

elude | elusive | illusion | malaise
occlude | allude | prelude | malevolent

17. People were not as interested in the music ______ as they were in the main attraction.

18. He felt some ______ and decided to have some tests to see whether he had caught a disease.

19. The rabbit ______ the dogs by running in the stream and destroying the trail they followed.

20. We thought we saw a ghost on the staircase, but it was just an ______.

21. Hitler was a ______ dictator.

22. He's sensitive about his size, so let's not ______ to it.

23. A blood clot ______ an artery to the heart.

24. I had an idea that was too ______ to put into words.

参考答案

1. C
2. G
3. J
4. E
5. A
6. I
7. B
8. F
9. H
10. D
11. C
12. E
13. A
14. F
15. B
16. D
17. prelude
18. malaise
19. eluded
20. illusion
21. malevolent
22. allude
23. occluded
24. elusive

Lesson 34

音频

Group 116: man, manu=hand “手”

manual ［'mænjʊəl ］

n. 手册，说明书 adj. 手的，手动的，手工的

解　n. handbook, instruction book adj. physical

例　The computer came with an operator's manual . 电脑附带一本操作手册。

manumit ［ˌmænjʊ'mɪt ］

v. 解放（奴隶）

解　to free from slavery or servitude

例　Lincoln was in support of manumitting slaves. 林肯支持解放奴隶。

近　mammal n. 哺乳动物；maul v. 撕裂皮肉，伤害；menu n. 菜单；mansion n. 豪宅，公馆；大厦

manufacture ［ˌmænjʊ'fæktʃə(r) ］

v. 制造

解　to put together out of components or parts; to produce

例　Because of the low cost of labor, the country manufactured many goods and exported them abroad. 这个国家的劳动力成本低，因此大量制造产品并出口到国外。

emancipate ［ɪ'mænsɪpeɪt ］

vt. 释放，解除

解　to set free from slavery or restraint; to release

例　American slaves were emancipated during the Civil War. 美国奴隶在内战期间得到解放。

构　e < ex (=out) + man < manu (=hand) + cip < cap (=to take) + ate

manipulate ［mə'nɪpjʊleɪt ］

v. 熟练地控制；操纵

解　to handle or treat, especially with skill; manage by clever use of personal influence, especially unfair influence

例　He is a clever man who knows how to manipulate public opinion. 他是一个深谙如何操纵舆论的聪明人。

同　manipulation n. 操纵；manipulative adj. 操纵别人的，老于世故的；manipulator n. 操纵者

构　man (=hand) + i + pul (=to drive) + ate

Group 117: mand=order “命令”

mandate ［'mændeɪt ］

n. （书面）要求；命令，训令

解　an authoritative command or instruction

例　The governor received a mandate from the voters to curb spending. 州长收到了选民关于控制开支的书面请求。

mandatory ［'mændətəri ］

adj. 命令的，强制的

解　of or containing a command; commanded; required

例　The professor made it clear that the class was not optional; it was mandatory if the students had any intention of passing. 教授清楚地告诉学生这门课不是选修课；如果学生们想及格的话，就必须修这门课。

command ［kə'mɑ:nd ］

n./v. 命令

解　n. order v. to give an order to; to direct

例　While Jess was under the hypnotist's spell, she obeyed his every command . 杰丝中了催眠术士的符咒，完全听从于他的命令。

近　commend v. 称赞，颂扬；commendable adj. 值得称赞的；recommend v. 推荐，建议；commence v. 开始；倡导

构　com < con (=intensive) + mand (=to order)

countermand ［ˌkaʊntə'mɑ:nd ］

v. 取消订货；撤回（命令）

解　to withdraw or cancel (an order or command)

例　Since Greg was late for work, he countermanded his order for a steak and ate a sandwich instead. 由于上班迟到了，格雷格取消了牛排的订单，改吃三明治了。

构　counter (=against) + mand (=to order)

demanding ［dɪ'mɑ:ndɪŋ; (US)dɪ'mændɪŋ ］

adj. 要求高的，苛刻的

解　requiring more than usually expected or thought due

例　The students were relieved when the demanding course ended. 当这个要求颇高的课程结束后，学生们如释重负。

同　demand n./v. 要求，命令

reprimand ［'reprɪmɑ:nd ］

n./v. 训诫，谴责

解　n. a severe of formal reproof v. to reprove severely or formally

例　The general reprimanded the soldier for disobeying orders. 将军因这个士兵没有服从命令而训斥了他。

Group 118: mark=sign “记号，符号”

hallmark ［'hɔ:lmɑ:k ］

n. ① 纯度标记 ② 明显特征

解　① an official mark indicating standard of purity, put on gold or silver articles ② a distinctive characteristic or attribute

例　The five stars next to the hotel's name in the directory was a hallmark of excellence. 在商行名录里，酒店名称旁的五颗星是高品质的象征。

landmark ［'lændmɑ:k ］

n. 里程碑；地标

解　an event marking a unique or important historical change or one on which important developments depend; a historical site

例　The inventions of the printing press, telephone, telegraph, radio, and television are landmarks in the history of communication. 印刷机、电话、电报、无线电以及电视机的发明是人类通讯史上的里程碑。

trademark ［'treɪdmɑ:k ］

n. 商标

解　a distinguishing characteristic of feature firmly associated with a person or thing

例　A registered trademark is legally protected and may be used only by the owner. 注册商标受法律保护，只有权利人才能使用。

remarkable ［rɪ'mɑ:kəbəl ］

adj. 非凡的

解　worthy of notice; noteworthy

例　The professor provided a recommendation of the remarkable student. 教授为这名出类拔萃的学生写了封推荐信。

同　unremarkable adj. 不显著的，平凡的

其他与“符号”有关的词汇

punctuation n. 标点符号

accolade n. 嘉奖，赞许；连谱号

apostrophe n. 撇号（'）

asterisk n. 星号

bracket n. 括号

caret n. 加字符（文章中插字使用）

colon n. 冒号

hyphen n. 连字符，即“-”

parentheses n. 圆括号［parenthesis的复数］

period n. 句号；时期

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | reprimand | A. painstaking
2. ______ | manipulate | B. emancipate
3. ______ | manual | C. maneuver
4. ______ | mandate | D. striking
5. ______ | demanding | E. cancel
6. ______ | remarkable | F. rebuke
7. ______ | hallmark | G. brand
8. ______ | countermand | H. directive
9. ______ | trademark | I. characteristic
10. ______ | manumit | J. instruction book

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | demanding | A. optional
12. ______ | mandatory | B. quotidian
13. ______ | manumit | C. praise
14. ______ | reprimand | D. easy
15. ______ | remarkable | E. enslave

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

manipulate | countermand | mandate | demanding | manual
reprimand | trademark | manufacture | emancipate | mandatory

16. The captain was ______ and demoted.

17. Women have been ______ from many old restrictions.

18. His hands had become calloused because of ______ labor.

19. A superior officer has the power to ______ orders issued by a subordinate.

20. The government gave the police a ______ to reduce crime.

21. The company ______ airplane parts.

22. Don't infringe on another corporation's ______ or you'll be sued.

23. Once she enrolled in the ______ university, she knew she would have to study harder than ever.

24. He ______ the class so that he was elected monitor instead of his more qualified opponent.

25. A ______ background check is required for all gun purchases.

参考答案

1. F
2. C
3. J
4. H
5. A
6. D
7. I
8. E
9. G
10. B
11. D
12. A
13. E
14. C
15. B
16. reprimanded
17. emancipated
18. manual
19. countermand
20. mandate
21. manufactures
22. trademark
23. demanding
24. manipulated
25. mandatory

Lesson 35

音频

Group 119: max, magn=great “大的”

climax ［'klaɪmæks ］

n. 高潮

解　the highest point of anything; summit

例　The novel was so provocative that she could not set it down until she reached the climax . 这部小说写得太吸引人了，她直到看到高潮部分才放下书。

anticlimax ［ˌæntɪ'klaɪmæks ］

n. 高潮突降

解　a sudden change from an important state to a trivial state

例　The athlete's paralysis was an anticlimax to his promising career. 这位运动员的瘫痪使他正辉煌的事业突然走向了低谷。

maximal ［'mæksɪməl ］

adj. 最大的

解　of, relating to, or consisting of a maximum; being the greatest or highest possible

例　The coach required his players to exert their maximal effort during the game otherwise they would be substituted. 教练要求运动员在比赛时全力以赴，否则他们就会被替换下来。

magnate ［'mæɡneɪt ］

n. 财主，巨头

解　an important, powerful, or prominent person

例　The cattle magnate had opened many steakhouses around the country as a secondary business. 这位养牛业的巨头在国内开了许多牛排餐厅作为副业。

近　magnet n. 磁铁；magnetic adj. 有磁性的；吸引人的；magnetism n. 磁力，磁性；吸引力

magnanimous ［mæɡ'nænɪməs ］

adj. ① 宽宏大量的 ② 慷慨的

解　① generous in forgiving ② free from mean or petty feelings or acts

例　She has a magnanimous attitude toward her children when they misbehave. 当孩子们犯错误时，她对他们总是很宽容。

同　magnanimity n. 宽宏大量；慷慨

构　magn (=great) + anim (=mind) + ous

magnify ［'mæɡnɪfaɪ ］

v. 放大；夸大

解　to increase in size, volume or significance; to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth

例　A microscope magnifies bacteria so that they can be seen and studied. 显微镜能放大细菌，使它们能被看到和研究。

同　magnification n. 放大，扩大；夸大

其他与“大的”意义有关的词汇

elephantine adj. 巨大的，笨拙的

gargantuan adj. 巨大的，庞大的

monolithic adj. 巨石的，巨大的

prodigious adj. 惊人的；巨大的

tremendous adj. 惊人的；巨大的

boulder n. 巨石；大鹅卵石

colossus n. 巨型雕像；巨人

Group 120: memo, mnemo=remind; remember “记忆；记得”

memorial ［mə'mɔ:rɪəl ］

n. 纪念物；纪念碑 adj. 纪念性的

解　n. a structure erected to commemorate persons or events adj. helping people to remember some person, thing, or event

例　The memorial service was naturally a sad occasion, but the people tried to remember the good times they had with their deceased friend. 追悼会本该是一个悲伤的场合，但是人们总是努力回忆和已故的朋友在一起的开心时刻。

immemorial ［ˌɪmɪ'mɔ:rɪəl ］

adj. 太古的，极古的

解　long past; beyond the limits of memory or tradition or recorded history

例　The archeologist found the fossils of a three-headed creature that had been buried from time immemorial . 考古学家发现了一种三头生物的化石，它在远古时期就被埋葬了。

memorable ［'memərəbəl ］

adj. 值得记住的

解　worth remembering; not to be forgotten; notable

例　Chuck's 21st birthday party with all his friends and relatives was a memorable occasion for all. 查克的21岁生日派对和他所有的亲朋好友一起度过，对大家来说都很难忘。

commemorate ［kə'meməreɪt ］

v. 纪念

解　to be a memorial to a person or an event

例　The 4th day of July is celebrated by the American people to commemorate the independence of the country. 美国人民在7月4日这一天庆祝，以纪念这个国家的独立。

mnemonics ［ni:'mɒnɪks ］

n. 记忆法，记忆规则

解　a system to develop or improve the memory

例　Jerry practised mnemonics in order to get better grades on his exams and succeed in life. 为了在考试时取得更好的成绩并且获得成功的人生，杰里努力练习记忆法。

Group 121: ment=mind; spirit “思考；神智”

comment ［'kɒment ］

n. 评论

解　remark, a statement of fact or opinion

例　The teacher wrote down his comments on the student's essay on the last page. 老师在最后一页写下了对学生文章的评语。

commentary ［'kɒməntəri ］

n. ① 注释，解说词 ② 评论；批评

解　① a series of explanations or interpretations ② criticism

例　The fact that so many people are still living in poverty is indeed a sad commentary on our civilization. 如此多的人依然生活很贫困的事实是人类文明的悲剧。

同　commenter n. 评论员

构　com < con (=with) + ment (=mind) + ary

mentor ［'mentɔ:(r); 'mentə(r) ］

n. 导师

解　teacher

例　Doug learned from his mentor both professional skills and personal ethics, two values needed to succeed in life. 道格从他的导师那里学到了专业技能和个人道德，这正是成功的人生所需要的两种价值观念。

近　menthol n. 薄荷醇

其他与“思考”意义有关的词汇

cogitate v. 慎重思考，思索

deliberate v. 慎重考虑 adj. 深思熟虑的；故意的

mull v. 深思熟虑

premeditation n. 深思熟虑；预谋

reflect v. 反射；仔细考虑

reflective adj. 深思熟虑的；反射的

rumination n. 反刍；反复思考

contemplate v. 深思；（严肃）注视

meditation n. 沉思

meditative adj. 沉思的，冥想的

muse v. 沉思，冥想

pensive adj. 沉思的；愁眉苦脸的

ponder v. 沉思，仔细考虑

speculation n. 推测；思索；投机

thought-provoking adj. 引起思考的，发人深省的

harebrained adj. 轻率的，欠考虑的

Group 122: merc, merch=trade “交易”

commercial ［kə'mɜ:ʃəl ］

adj. 商业的 n. 电视或广播广告

解　designed for profit or for mass appeal n. advertisement

例　A 30-minute TV show is usually interrupted by two or three commercial breaks. 一个30分钟的电视节目通常会插入2至3个商业广告。

merchant ［'mɜ:tʃənt ］

n. 商人

解　a businessperson engaged in retail trade

例　The merchant sold fruit and vegetables from a portable cart on the street. 商人在停靠街边的轻便货车上售卖水果和蔬菜。

mercantile ［'mɜ:kəntaɪl ］

adj. 贸易的，商业的

解　of or relating to or characteristic of trade or traders

例　Silk Street is the best place to find cheap mercantile goods. 秀水街是找到便宜商品的最佳去处。

mercenary ［'mɜ:sɪnəri ］

adj. 唯利是图的 n. 雇佣兵

解　working only for money or other reward; inspired by love of money n. a person hired to fight in another country merely for wages

例　Mercenaries do not normally have any sense of loyalty; their only incentive is money. 雇佣兵通常都没有忠诚感；钱是他们唯一的动机。

merchandise ［'mɜ:tʃəndaɪs ］

n. 商品；货品

解　commodities offered for sale

例　The newspaper advertisement pictured the merchandise that was on sale. 报纸广告刊登了廉价出售的商品的图片。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | magnanimous | A. culmination
2. ______ | mercenary | B. businessperson
3. ______ | comment | C. role model
4. ______ | climax | D. remark
5. ______ | magnate | E. enlarge
6. ______ | immemorial | F. tycoon
7. ______ | mentor | G. unselfish
8. ______ | merchant | H. commodity
9. ______ | merchandise | I. greedy
10. ______ | magnify | J. extremely old

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | mercenary | A. climax
12. ______ | memorable | B. recent
13. ______ | magnify | C. insignificant
14. ______ | anticlimax | D. diminish
15. ______ | maximal | E. minimal
16. ______ | immemorial | F. unselfish

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

magnate | mercenary | magnify | commercial | comment
anticlimax | magnanimous | mentor | memorial | commemorate

17. The Vietnam ______ honors those who died fighting in that war.

18. The teacher made some helpful ______ about my work.

19. Bill Gates, the software ______, and his wife created a foundation to donate money to charitable causes.

20. Everyone knew that the ______ could not be trusted.

21. The merciful king had a reputation throughout his kingdom as a ______ ruler.

22. There are too many ______ on television today.

23. Their reunion was an ______ to the tragedy.

24. During this very trying period, she could not have had a better ______, for the teacher was sympathetic and understanding.

25. As he got older, his eyesight became worse and he needed to wear glasses to ______ images.

26. The remains of the fort were preserved to ______ the soldiers who lost their lives.

参考答案

1. G
2. I
3. D
4. A
5. F
6. J
7. C
8. B
9. H
10. E
11. F
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. E
16. B
17. Memorial
18. comments
19. magnate
20. mercenary
21. magnanimous
22. commercials
23. anticlimax
24. mentor
25. magnify
26. commemorate

Lesson 36

音频

Group 123: merg, mers=sink “沉，没”

emerge ［ɪ'mɜ:ʤ ］

v. 出现，露出

解　to come into view; to come out; to come up

例　The rabbit emerged from its hole in the morning to forage for breakfast. 早上兔子从洞里钻出来寻找食物。

emergency ［ɪ'mɜ:ʤənsi ］

n. 紧急情况，突然事件

解　a sudden need for immediate action

例　I keep a box of tools in my car for use in an emergency . 我在车里放了一个工具箱，以备紧急状况下使用。

submerge ［səb'mɜ:ʤ ］

v. 潜入水中；沉没；淹没

解　to place or plunge under water

例　The submarine submerged to escape attack. 潜艇潜入水中躲避攻击。

构　sub (=below) + merg (=to sink) + e

immerse ［ɪ'mɜ:s ］

v. ① 浸入 ② 沉浸于

解　① to enclose or envelop completely, as if by swallowing ② to absorb deeply, to engross

例　The student immersed himself in research in order to complete his thesis. 为了完成论文，这名学生沉浸在了研究中。

同　immersion n. 沉入，浸入

构　im < in (=into) + mers < merg (=to dip, to sink) + e

Group 124: meter=measure “计量，测量”

perimeter ［pə'rɪmɪtə(r) ］

n. 周围，周界；周长

解　outer boundary of a closed figure; the length of such a boundary

例　The outer perimeter of the castle was protected by a dangerous moat. 城堡的四周由一条危险的护城河来保护。

kilometer ［'kɪləmi:tə(r); kɪ'lɒmɪtə(r) ］

n. 千米；公里

解　a metric unit of length equal to 1,000 meters (about 0. 62 mile)

例　A marathon race usually covers a distance of a little over 40 kilometers . 马拉松比赛的赛程通常为40多公里。

odometer ［əʊ'dɒmɪtə(r) ］

n. （汽车等的）里程表

解　a meter that shows mileage traversed

例　Since his gas gauge was broken, he had to check his odometer to determine when he needed to get more gas. 由于汽油表坏了，他不得不检查里程表来决定是否需要加油。

近　optometrist n. 验光配镜师

thermometer ［θə'mɒmɪtə(r) ］

n. 温度计

解　instrument for measuring temperature

例　Little Timmy's mom feared he had a fever and used a thermometer to take his temperature. 小蒂米的母亲担心他发烧，用体温计给他测量了体温。

构　thermo (=heat) + meter (=to measure)

diameter ［daɪ'æmɪtə(r) ］

n. 直径

解　the length of a line segment; measurement from one side to the other through the center; width; thickness of a circle

例　The diameter of a circle is usually measured through the center. 圆的直径需要通过圆心来测量。

Group 125: metr, mens=measure “计量，测量”

symmetry ［'sɪmɪtri ］

n. 对称；均衡

解　regularity and balance in the arrangement of parts; even proportion and harmony

例　Scientists have proven that humans see symmetry as beauty. 科学家已经证实人类把对称看做美。

symmetric ［sɪ'metrɪk ］

adj. 对称的

解　having similarity in size, shape, and relative position of corresponding parts

例　A diagonal cut of a square makes two symmetric sides. 将正方形沿对角线切开可以得到两个对称的部分。

同　symmetrical adj. 对称的

asymmetric ［ˌeisɪ'metrɪk ］

adj. 不对称的

解　characterized by asymmetry in the spatial arrangement or placement of parts or components

例　The referee examined the basketballs before the game and disallowed use of any that were asymmetric . 比赛前裁判会检查篮球，不允许使用任何不对称的篮球。

同　asymmetrical adj. 不对称的

dimension ［daɪ'menʃən ］

n. 维度；尺寸；面积范围或大小；规模

解　size; extent or magnitude; scope

例　Children usually draw pictures that have only one dimension to them. 小孩子通常只会画一维的画。

commensurate ［kə'menʃərɪt ］

adj. 相称的；同样大小的

解　corresponding in size or degree or extent

例　Each employee received a bonus that was commensurate with his or her exceptional performance and attitude at work. 每位员工都获得了与他们的突出表现和工作态度相符的奖金。

构　com < con (=with) + mens (=to measure) + urate

其他与“计量，测量”意义有关的词汇

calibrate v. 量…的口径，校准

gauge n. 测量仪；标准规格

calorie n. 卡路里（热量单位）

cord n. 考得（木材的层积单位）

decibel n. 分贝（音量的单位）

denomination n. （长度、币值的）单位；面额；命名

fathom n. 英寻（量水深）

gallon n. 加仑

lumen n. 【物】流明（光通量单位）

ream n. 令（纸张的张数单位）

watt n. 瓦特

volt n. 伏特（电压单位）

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | perimeter | A. engulf
2. ______ | emerge | B. circumference
3. ______ | submerge | C. sink
4. ______ | symmetry | D. balanced
5. ______ | dimension | E. appear
6. ______ | symmetric | F. regularity
7. ______ | emergency | G. measure
8. ______ | immerse | H. accident

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
9. ______ | emerge | A. disproportion
10. ______ | symmetry | B. emerge
11. ______ | symmetric | C. disappear
12. ______ | submerge | D. unbalanced
13. ______ | commensurate | E. imbalanced

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

diameter | dimension | perimeter | thermometer | emerge
symmetrical | immerse | emergency | submerge |

14. The ______ from one side of the Earth to its direct opposite side is about 7,900 miles.

15. This ______ is graduated in degrees centigrade.

16. Floodwaters ______ the low field.

17. Individual snowflakes are ______, but no two are alike.

18. To find the ______ of any quadrilateral, we add the lengths of the four sides.

19. The hospital has to treat ______ such as car accidents.

20. She was so deeply ______ in the book she was reading that she did not even hear us enter the room.

21. Some theaters offer special glasses that allow you to see a movie in three ______.

22. The sun ______ from behind a cloud.

参考答案

1. B
2. E
3. C
4. F
5. G
6. D
7. H
8. A
9. C
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. E
14. diameter
15. thermometer
16. submerged
17. symmetrical
18. perimeter
19. emergencies
20. immersed
21. dimensions
22. emerged

Lesson 37

音频

Group 126: micro=minute, small “微，小”

microbe ［'maɪkrəʊb ］

n. 微生物

解　a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium)

例　Town officials warned people against swimming in the local river because of the water pollution and the number of microbes floating around. 小镇的政府官员警告人们不要在当地的河里游泳，因为河水已被污染，并且水里有很多游离的微生物。

构　micro (=small) + be < bio (=life)

microorganism ［ˌmaɪkrəʊ'ɔ:ɡənɪz(ə)m ］

n. 微生物

解　any organism (animal or plant) of microscopic size

例　The invention of the microscope helped scientists understand the function and appearance of certain microorganisms . 显微镜的发明帮助科学家了解了某些微生物的功能和外表特征。

构　micro (=minute) + organ (=instrument) + ism

microphone ［'maɪkrəfəʊn ］

n. 麦克风

解　a device for converting sound waves into electrical energy

例　His voice was so loud and resonant that he did not need a microphone to speak to the crowd. 他的声音大而洪亮，对人群讲话时都不需要拿麦克风。

microscope ［'maɪkrəskəʊp ］

n. 显微镜

解　instrument with a lens or combination of lenses for making small things look larger

例　Bacteria, blood cells, and other objects not visible to the naked eye are clearly visible through a microscope . 细菌、血细胞以及其他肉眼看不见的东西在显微镜下都可以清楚地看到。

同　microscopic adj. 极小的；显微镜的

Group 127: mim, imit=imitate “模仿”

mime ［maɪm ］

n. 哑剧 v. 模拟，通过手势和身体的动作来表达

解　n. a performance using gestures and body movements without words v. to imitate; to mimic

例　The theatrical mime we saw last night was very interesting because the only sound we heard was the reaction of the audience. 我们昨晚在剧场看的哑剧十分有趣，现场唯一能听到的声音就是观众的反应。

pantomime ［'pæntəmaɪm ］

n. 哑剧

解　a performance using gestures and body movements without words

例　Pantomime is the telling of a story without words, by means of bodily movements, gestures, and facial expressions. 哑剧是一种不用语言，而通过肢体动作、手势和面部表情来讲故事的形式。

mimic ［'mɪmɪk ］

n. 模仿者（模仿他人言行的人）v. ① 模仿 ② 戏弄

解　n. person or thing that imitates v. ① to copy closely; to imitate ② to copy or imitate so as to ridicule; mock

例　A parrot can mimic a person's voice. 鹦鹉能模仿人的声音。

近　inimical adj. 为敌的，不友善的

构　mim (=to imitate) + ic

mimicry ［'mɪmɪkri ］

n. 模仿，（动物等的）拟态伪装

解　imitation

例　The mimicry of insects to look like leaves is a survival mechanism. 昆虫通过模仿伪装成树叶的样子是一种生存机制。

imitate ［'ɪmɪteɪt ］

vt. 模仿；仿效

解　to try to be like or act like; to follow the example of

例　I hate it when she imitates my actions. 我讨厌她模仿我的动作。

inimitable ［ɪ'nɪmɪtəbəl ］

adj. 无法仿效的，不可比拟的

解　incapable of being imitated or equaled

例　Faulkner's inimitable writing style has made his name synonymous with his style. 福克纳独特的写作风格使他的名字成了其风格的代名词。

构　in (=not) + imit (=to mimic) + able

其他与“模仿”意义有关的词汇

impersonate v. 模仿，扮演

mock v. （尤指以模仿）嘲笑，嘲弄

simulate v. 假装，模仿

travesty n. 拙劣的模仿

emulate v. 模仿并努力赶上或超越

emulation n. 竞争，仿效

Group 128: min=project “突出”

eminent ［'emɪnənt ］

adj. 著名的，杰出的，显著的

解　distinguished; outstanding; remarkable

例　The most eminent environmentalists from around the world met to discuss how to deal with the rising levels of global pollution. 来自世界各地的最为杰出的环保主义者聚集在一起，探讨如何应对日益严重的全球污染问题。

同　eminence n. 卓越，杰出

构　e < ex (=out) + min (=to project, to hang) + ent

imminent ［'ɪmɪnənt ］

adj. 即将发生的，逼近的

解　close in time, about to occur

例　When the outbreak of the war seemed imminent , the tourists rushed home. 战争似乎一触即发，游客们都纷纷回家。

构　im < in (=upon, over) + min (=to project) + ent

prominent ［'prɒmɪnənt ］

adj. 卓越的，显著的，杰出的

解　conspicuous in position or importance

例　The prominent leaders met to discuss peace negotiations between the two countries. 两国的主要领导人会面就和平问题进行谈判。

同　prominence n. 突出，显著

构　pro (=forth) + min (=to project) + ent

preeminent ［pri:'emɪnənt ］

adj. 显著的，杰出的

解　greatest in importance, degree, significance or achievement

例　Michael Jordan was the preeminent basketball player in the 1990s. 迈克尔·乔丹是上世纪90年代杰出的篮球运动员。

构　pre (=before) + e < ex (=out) + min (=to project) + ent

Group 129: min, mini=small “小”

diminish ［dɪ'mɪnɪʃ ］

v. （使）减少，（使）变小

解　to make or become less; reduce in size, degree, importance, etc.

例　Without insurance, your medical expenses can quickly diminish your savings. 如果没有医疗保险的话，你的积蓄很快就会被你的医疗费用所耗尽。

构　di < dis (=apart) + min (=small) + ish

minimal ［'mɪnɪməl ］

adj. 最小的，最小限度的

解　least possible; very small

例　Eric was so lazy that he only exerted the minimal effort to pass his courses. 埃里克太懒了，他只付出了最小的努力来通过各科的考试。

minimize ［'mɪnɪmaɪz ］

v. 低估；把…减到最小

解　to reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree

例　The company directors met to talk about ways to minimize risks and increase profits. 公司主管聚集在一起，讨论降低风险和提高利润的方法。

minority ［maɪ'nɒrɪti; mɪ- ］

n. ① 少数 ② 少数民族

解　① the smaller number or part; less than half ② a group within a country, state, etc., that differs in race, religion, national origin, etc., from the larger part of the population

例　A minority of the voters wanted a tax increase, but the majority defeated it. 少数选民希望增加税收，但是大多数选民都不同意。

minuscule ［'mɪnəskju:l ］

adj. ① 极小的，微小的 ② 小写的

解　① very small ② of, relating to, or written in a lowercase letter

例　The microbiologist used an electron microscope to examine minuscule objects. 微生物学家使用电子显微镜来检测微小的物体。

minutia ［maɪ'nju:ʃɪə ］

n. 微枝末节，细节

解　details, trivia

例　The media gives us more minutiae about movie stars than we really need to know. 媒体向我们报导很多关于电影明星的细节资料，比我们真正想知道的多得多。

diminutive ［dɪ'mɪnjutɪv ］

adj. 小巧可爱的 n. 爱称，昵称（极小的人或物）

解　very small; tiny n. a word that is formed with a suffix to indicate smallness

例　Though he was diminutive , he had a lot of power in the government. 他虽然身材矮小，但在政府里拥有很大的权力。

miniature ［'mɪnətʃə(r) ］

adj. 小型的，缩影的 n. 小画像；缩影

解　being on a very small scale n. a copy or model that represents or reproduces something in a greatly reduced size

例　His favorite hobby was collecting miniature models of cars. 他的爱好是收集汽车模型。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | minuscule | A. imitator
2. ______ | eminent | B. pantomime
3. ______ | microorganism | C. notable
4. ______ | mimic | D. impending
5. ______ | inimitable | E. least
6. ______ | imminent | F. microscopic
7. ______ | minimal | G. peerless
8. ______ | minutia | H. decrease
9. ______ | diminish | I. bacteria
10. ______ | mime | J. trifles

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | inimitable | A. maximal
12. ______ | minimal | B. remote
13. ______ | minuscule | C. ordinary
14. ______ | diminish | D. giant
15. ______ | eminent | E. increase
16. ______ | minority | F. gargantuan
17. ______ | miniature | G. majority
18. ______ | imminent | H. unknown

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

minority | imminent | mimicry | diminish | mimic
microscope | microphone | microorganism | eminent | inimitable

19. Her gift for ______ was so great that her friends said that she should be in the theater.

20. The ______ battle will soon determine our success or failure in this conflict.

21. Radio and television stations use ______ for broadcasting.

22. Even before we saw Alice, we heard her ______ high-pitched giggle and knew that she was at the party.

23. The food in the storehouse needs to be resupplied every week before the supply ______.

24. Hundreds of ______ may exist in a single drop of water.

25. Although the company's products were in fact not counterfeits, they did ______ the packaging to confuse consumers.

26. After his appointment to this ______ position, he seldom had time for his former friends.

27. A ______ is a necessary tool for a real scientist.

28. The hiring of ______ employees was compliance with equal opportunity laws.

参考答案

1. F
2. C
3. I
4. A
5. G
6. D
7. E
8. J
9. H
10. B
11. C
12. A
13. F
14. E
15. H
16. G
17. D
18. B
19. mimicry
20. imminent
21. microphones
22. inimitable
23. diminishes
24. microorganisms
25. mimic
26. eminent
27. microscope
28. minority

Lesson 38

音频

Group 130: mis=wrong; bad; ill “错误；坏”

misdeed ［ˌmɪs'di:d ］

n. 恶行

解　a bad act; wicked deed

例　The president's misdeed became a controversial scandal. 总统的恶劣行为变成了一个引起争议的丑闻。

misdemeanor ［ˌmɪsdɪ'mi:nə(r) ］

n. 【律】轻罪；不良行为

解　an offence less serious than a felony; minor crime

例　Since Brad was only charged with a misdemeanor , not a felony, he received a light sentence. 由于布拉德只是被指控为品行不端，而非刑事重罪，因此他被从轻判决。

misbehave ［mɪs'bɪheɪv ］

v. 行为不端，举止不当

解　to behave (oneself) in an inappropriate way

例　Although she was the brightest student in the class, she was not nominated to receive the “Model Student Award” because she misbehaved . 她是班里最聪明的学生，但是由于行为不端，她没有获得“模范学生奖”的提名。

miscreant ［'mɪskrɪənt ］

n. 恶棍，歹徒

解　wretch; villain

例　The miscreant became a lawless criminal when he grew up. 这个恶棍长大以后变成了一个违法犯罪的罪犯。

Group 131: mod=manner “模式；风度”

modish ［'məʊdɪʃ ］

adj. 时髦的

解　fashionable

例　She always discarded all garments which were no longer modish . 她通常会把所有过时的衣服都扔掉。

outmoded ［ˌaʊt'məʊdɪd ］

adj. 不再流行的，过时的

解　out of fashion

例　The crank telephone was outmoded long ago. 转动曲柄电话机很早以前就已经过时了。

remodel ［ˌri:'mɒdəl ］

v. 重建，改变形状

解　to make over; to change or alter

例　They tore down some walls when they remodeled the house in order to create a more spacious atmosphere. 改造房屋的时候，为了使空间更加宽敞，他们拆除了一些墙体。

modify ［'mɒdɪfaɪ ］

v. 修改，变更

解　to change something a little

例　He asked the mechanic to modify his car to include his preferences, such as a new sunroof and tinted windows. 他要求机械师按照他的偏好来改装汽车，比如换个天窗、换个深色的车窗玻璃。

同　modification n. 修饰，修改

modest ［'mɒdɪst ］

adj. ① 谦虚的，谦让的 ② 适度的

解　① not thinking too highly of oneself; not vain; humble ② not too great; not asking too much

例　In spite of many honors, the scientist remained a modest person. 虽然获得了很多荣誉，这位科学家依然很谦虚。

同　modesty n. 谦虚；节制

Group 132: mono=single; sole; alone “单；一个”

monocle ［'mɒnɒkəl ］

n. 单片眼镜

解　a lens for correcting defective vision in one eye

例　The professor used a monocle since one of his eyes was blind. 自从一只眼睛失明之后，教授一直使用单片眼镜。

monologue ［'mɒnəlɒɡ ］

n. ① 自言自语 ② 独白

解　① speech you make to yourself ② a (usually long) dramatic speech by a single actor

例　She entertained the audience with a witty autobiographical monologue . 她使用机智诙谐的自传式独白愉悦观众。

构　mono (=single) + log (=speech) + ue

monopoly ［mə'nɒpəli ］

n. 垄断，专利权

解　exclusive control or possession of something

例　The government refused to allow the two corporations to merge into one for fear that they would create a monopoly and charge customers any price they wanted. 政府不允许这两家公司合并成一家，因为担心这样会形成垄断，会导致他们向消费者任意要价。

同　monopolization n. 垄断

monotony ［mə'nɒtəni ］

n. 单调

解　sameness leading to boredom

例　The monotony in the professor's voice made many students doze off during class. 教授单调的声音使很多学生在课堂上打起了瞌睡。

同　monotonous adj. 单调的，无聊的

monolithic ［ˌmɒnə'lɪθɪk ］

adj. ① 整体式的 ② 完整的；坚定的；庞大的

解　① constituting or acting as a single, often rigid, uniform whole ② uniform, solid, and massive

例　Nothing could bend the monolithic will of the people. 没有什么能使人民坚定的意愿屈服。

构　mono (=one) + lith (=stone) + ic

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | monologue | A. renovate
2. ______ | remodel | B. syndicate
3. ______ | misbehave | C. moderate
4. ______ | modest | D. change
5. ______ | monolithic | E. soliloquy
6. ______ | monopoly | F. stylish
7. ______ | modish | G. disobey
8. ______ | modify | H. gigantic

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
9. ______ | misbehave | A. lacking style
10. ______ | modest | B. arrogant
11. ______ | monolithic | C. variety
12. ______ | modish | D. follow rules
13. ______ | monotony | E. tiny

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

monotony | modish | miscreant | misdemeanor | misdeed
monopoly | modest | remodel | modify |

14. The merger would give them a local ______ on grain storage.

15. His kindness to the ______ amazed all of us who had expected to hear severe punishment pronounced.

16. It will be difficult to ______ the agreement after it has been signed because all changes will be subject to congressional approval.

17. After 30 years in the same profession, the ______ of her daily work finally burned her out.

18. The headmistress warned that any ______ by a student would be followed by appropriate disciplinary action.

19. He has a lot to be proud about but is quite ______ when people praise him.

20. Her parents criticized the girl for spending more time on her ______ indulgences than her academic work.

21. The culprit pleaded guilty to a ______ rather than face trial for a felony.

22. The computer was ______ to have more memory and be immune to the latest software viruses.

参考答案

1. E
2. A
3. G
4. C
5. H
6. B
7. F
8. D
9. D
10. B
11. E
12. A
13. C
14. monopoly
15. miscreant
16. modify
17. monotony
18. misdeed
19. modest
20. modish
21. misdemeanor
22. remodeled

Lesson 39

音频

Group 133: mot=move “移动”

demote ［dɪ'məʊt ］

v. 降级，降职

解　to assign to a lower position; to reduce in rank

例　The student who had trouble doing fourth-grade work was demoted to third grade. 这个学生学习四年级的课程比较吃力，于是被降级到了三年级。

构　de (=down) + mot (=to move) + e

promote ［prə'məʊt ］

v. ① 提升 ② 促进

解　① to raise to a more important or responsible job or rank ② to contribute to the progress or growth of

例　After doubling company sales, she was promoted to regional sales director. 在使公司销售业绩翻了一番之后，她被提升为区域销售经理。

同　promotion n. 促进

remote ［rɪ'məʊt ］

adj. 遥远的；偏僻的

解　far away; out of the way; secluded

例　The North Pole is a remote part of the world. 北极是世界上很遥远的一个地方。

commotion ［kə'məʊʃən ］

n. 骚动，动乱

解　a disturbance or violent agitation

例　The couple's argument created such a commotion that the neighbors were worried and called the police. 夫妻之间的争吵变得越来越激烈，邻居都担心了起来，于是报了警。

构　com < con (=together) + mot (=to move) + ion

motility ［məʊ'tɪlɪtɪ ］

n. 能动性

解　ability to move spontaneously

例　The motility of frogs comes from the propulsion of their leg muscles. 青蛙之所以能跳动，是由于它的腿部肌肉具有推进力。

motive ［'məʊtɪv ］

n. 动机，目的

解　the reason for the action

例　The student had only one motive in college—to make good grades and find a good job after graduation. 这个学生上大学只有一个目的，那就是拿高分，然后在毕业后找一份好工作。

locomotive ［ˌləʊkə'məʊtɪv ］

n. 火车头，机车 adj. 运动的

解　n. self-propelled engine used to draw trains along railway tracks adj. able to move independently from place to place

例　Steam engines were used to drive locomotives , ships, and large machines. 蒸汽机被用来驱动火车头、轮船和大型机器。

motivate ［'məʊtɪveɪt ］

v. 促使，激发

解　to give a motive or incentive to

例　The coach motivated his players to play the best game of their lives. 教练激励运动员们打一场生平最好的比赛。

同　motivation n. 动机，目的；motivational adj. 激发积极性的

Group 134: nomin=name “名字；名誉”

nominate ［'nɒmɪneɪt ］

v. 提名

解　to propose as a candidate for some honor

例　The Democrats and the Republicans each nominate one candidate for the presidential election. 民主党和共和党分别推荐了一名候选人来竞选总统。

nominal ［'nɒmɪnəl ］

adj. 名义上的，有名无实的

解　existing in name only; not real

例　The president is the nominal head of our club, but the secretary really runs things. 我们社团在名义上的领导是会长，但真正处理事务的是书记。

构　nomin (=name) + al (=nature of)

denominate ［dɪ'nɒmɪneɪt ］

vt. ① 以…面值发行 ② 命名

解　① to issue or express in terms of a given monetary unit ② to give a name to

例　Most international securities are denominated in dollars or yen. 大多数国际证券以美元或者日元来发行。

同　denomination n. （长度、币值的）单位；面额；命名

ignominious ［ˌɪɡnə'mɪniəs ］

adj. 可耻的，可鄙的；屈辱的

解　bringing contempt, disgrace, shame; dishonorable; disgraceful

例　The losing team returned home from the tournament with sadness because of their ignominious defeat. 由于在比赛中惨败，队伍带着悲伤的心情回去了。

构　ig < in (=not) + nomin (=name) + ious

同　ignominy n. 羞耻，屈辱

其他与“名字”意义有关的词汇

alias n. 化名，别名

byline n. 文章作者署名行（新闻报道、文章等列作者名字的首行）

signature n. 签名，署名

pseudonym n. 假名，笔名

sinecure n. 挂名差事，闲职

其他与“名誉，名声”意义有关的词汇

prestige n. 声望

renown n. 名望，声誉

reputation n. 名声，名誉

repute n. 名望，名声

obscurity n. 费解；不出名

discredit v. 败坏名声，丧失名誉；怀疑

disrepute n. 坏名声

opprobrium n. 恶名声；侮辱

Group 135: norm=rule; norm “规则；规范”

normal ［'nɔ:məl ］

adj. 正常的，一般的

解　according to what is expected, usual, or average

例　The scorching heat is normal weather during the summer in Beijing. 在北京的夏天，高温天气很正常。

normalization ［ˌnɔ:məlaɪ'zeɪʃən ］

n. 标准化

解　the imposition of a standard

例　The quality control department assured the normalization of production processes, resulting in quality products for the company. 质量控制部门确保生产过程的标准化，从而使公司生产出质量合格的产品。

abnormal ［æb'nɔ:məl ］

adj. 不正常的，变态的

解　deviating from the normal or average

例　The Elephant Man is a movie about a man who had an abnormal face. 《象人》是一部关于一个面部畸形的男人的电影。

构　ab (=from) + norm (=rule) + al

anomalous ［ə'nɒmələs ］

adj. 反常的，不规则的

解　deviating from the general or common order or type

例　It would be anomalous for a principal to have no authority. 一个校长没有任何权威，这是很不正常的。

同　anomaly n. 异常，反常；反常的事件

enormity ［ɪ'nɔ:mɪti ］

n. ① 极恶，暴行 ② 巨大

解　① (an act of) extreme wickedness ② great size; immensity

例　The enormity of China makes it a country with immeasurable natural resources. 中国国土面积辽阔，因而有着大量的自然资源。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | ignominious | A. stimulate
2. ______ | nominate | B. motivation
3. ______ | demote | C. atrocity
4. ______ | motive | D. appoint
5. ______ | nominal | E. turmoil
6. ______ | motivate | F. token
7. ______ | promote | G. locomotion
8. ______ | motility | H. dishonorable
9. ______ | enormity | I. degrade
10. ______ | commotion | J. boost

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | normal | A. elevate
12. ______ | commotion | B. honorable
13. ______ | demote | C. discourage
14. ______ | promote | D. smallness
15. ______ | motivate | E. tranquility
16. ______ | nominal | F. normal
17. ______ | abnormal | G. aberrant
18. ______ | enormity | H. close
19. ______ | ignominious | I. inhibit
20. ______ | remote | J. actual

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

commotion | enormity | abnormal | nominal | ignominious
normalization | promote | demote | motivate |

21. The new regional manager considered the ______ of company procedures as a necessary step in coordinating all the branch offices.

22. Julia was ______ by only two things: money and power.

23. The ______ of the universe makes it difficult to negate the possibility of other form of life on distant planets.

24. The company ______ the clerk to a supervisory position.

25. We paid our friend a ______ rent for the cottage—$5 a month.

26. Doesn't it seem ______ for a bright young person to show no interest in participating in any school activities?

27. The captain was ______ to lieutenant（陆军中尉）after he disobeyed a direct command.

28. The country smarted（刺痛，懊恼）under the ______ defeat and dreamed of victory.

29. There was a ______ in the chicken coop when the fox got in.

参考答案

1. H
2. D
3. I
4. B
5. F
6. A
7. J
8. G
9. C
10. E
11. G
12. E
13. A
14. I
15. C
16. J
17. F
18. D
19. B
20. H
21. normalization
22. motivated
23. enormity
24. promoted
25. nominal
26. abnormal
27. demoted
28. ignominious
29. commotion

Lesson 40

音频

Group 136: nounce, nunci=speak “讲话，说出”

announce ［ə'naʊns ］

v. 宣告，宣布

解　to make known publicly

例　The teacher announced to the class the sad news of the national disaster. 老师在班上通报了国家遭受灾难的沉痛消息。

同　announcement n. 声明

pronounce ［prə'naʊns ］

v. ① 发音 ② 宣告，断言

解　① to make the sounds of; speak ② to declare solemnly or positively

例　People from the north and the south pronounce some words differently. 北方人和南方人对有些单词的发音不同。

同　pronouncement n. 公告；pronunciation n. 发音

pronounced ［prə'naʊnst ］

adj. 明显的

解　strongly marked; emphatic; decided

例　You could tell when Pinocchio was lying because of the pronounced growth of his nose. 匹诺曹说谎的时候你能看出来，因为他的鼻子明显地变长了。

denounce ［dɪ'naʊns ］

vt. 公开指责，公然抨击，谴责

解　to accuse or condemn openly or formally

例　The media denounced the police officer for his cruel treatment of the suspect. 媒体谴责警察虐待嫌疑犯。

同　denunciation n. 批评，谴责

renounce ［rɪ'naʊns ］

v. 正式放弃；宣布断绝关系

解　to give up, such as power or duties and obligations

例　The prince renounced his right to the throne and sought a life of enlightenment. 王子放弃了王位的继承权，去寻求一种大彻大悟的人生。

构　re (=back, against) + nounc (=to say) + e

enunciate ［ɪ'nʌnsɪeɪt ］

v. 清晰地发音；（清楚地）表达

解　to express or state clearly

例　Public speakers must be able to enunciate their words clearly in order for people to understand. 为了让听众理解自己所说的内容，演讲者必须做到吐字清晰。

构　e (=out) + nunci (=to announce) + ate

Group 137: onym=nam “名字”

anonymity ［ˌænə'nɪmɪti ］

n. 无名，匿名

解　state of being nameless

例　The donor of the gift asked the college not to mention him by name, and the dean readily agreed to respect his anonymity . 礼物捐赠人要求学校不要提到他的名字，校长也毫不勉强，同意尊重他匿名的要求。

synonymous ［sɪ'nɒnɪməs ］

adj. 同义的

解　having the same or nearly the same meaning

例　The name “Bill Gates” has been synonymous with Windows software in recent years. 最近几年，比尔·盖茨的名字几乎成了Windows软件的同义词。

pseudonym ［'sju:dənɪm ］

n. 假名，笔名

解　a fictitious name used when a person performs a particular social role

例　Many famous authors have pseudonyms so their real identity will not be directly associated with their books. 许多著名的作家都使用笔名，这样他们的真实身份就不会和其所著书籍有直接联系。

Group 138: ori=rise; begin “升起；开始”

orient ［'ɔ:rɪənt ］

v. ① 确定方向 ② 使熟悉情况 adj. 东方的

解　v. ① to set in a definite position ② to make familiar with or adjusted to facts, principles, or a situation adj. eastern; oriental

例　The Smith family decided to go to the orient country for summer vacation and see the Great Wall. 史密斯一家决定去中国过暑假，还要参观长城。

同　orientation n. 定向；熟悉环境

disoriented ［dɪs'ɔ:rɪəntɪd ］

adj. 迷失方向的

解　confused as to time or place or personal identity

例　It is easy to become disoriented in the forest. 在森林里很容易迷失方向。

origin ［'ɒrɪʤɪn ］

n. ① 起源，由来 ② 出身，血统

解　① the fact of originating; rise or derivation ② ancestry

例　The English language has Latin origins . 英语部分起源于拉丁文。

original ［ə'rɪʤɪnəl ］

n. 原物，原作 adj. ① 最初的，原始的 ② 独创的，新颖的

解　n. a first form from which other forms are made or developed adj. ① preceding all others in time; first ② being or productive of something fresh and unusual

例　The board members decided to discard the original plan in light of the new circumstances. 因为有新的情况发生，董事会成员决定放弃原先的计划。

同　originality n. 创造性，独特性

originate ［ə'rɪʤɪneɪt ］

v. 发起，创办

解　to cause or bring into existence

例　The long river originated from one ocean and ended in another. 这条长河发源于一片大海，最后注入另一片大海。

其他与“开始”意义有关的词汇

commence v. 开始；倡导

commencement n. 开始；（大学的）毕业典礼

inaugurate v. 举行就职典礼；开创

inception n. 开端，开始；取得学位

inchoate adj. 刚开始的，未发展的

incipient adj. 初期的，刚出现的

initiate v. 开始，着手；创始

preliminary adj. 初步的，开始的

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | orient | A. relinquish
2. ______ | enunciate | B. lost
3. ______ | announce | C. eastern
4. ______ | renounce | D. begin
5. ______ | pseudonym | E. condemn
6. ______ | original | F. articulate
7. ______ | originate | G. conspicuous
8. ______ | pronounced | H. creative
9. ______ | denounce | I. declare
10. ______ | disoriented | J. alias

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | enunciate | A. terminate
12. ______ | announce | B. mumble
13. ______ | origin | C. advocate
14. ______ | synonymous | D. imitative
15. ______ | denounce | E. end
16. ______ | orient | F. subtle
17. ______ | originate | G. conceal
18. ______ | pronounced | H. maintain
19. ______ | renounce | I. confuse
20. ______ | original | J. antonymous

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

original | enunciate | announce | orient | anonymity
synonymous | denounce | renounce | pseudonym | pronounced

21. The words “garbage”, “rubbish” and “trash” are ______.

22. After Harold lost part of his tongue in the car accident, he was unable to ______ words very well.

23. She ______ her candidacy for the U. S. Senate.

24. Norma Jean Baker's ______ was Marilyn Monroe.

25. The preacher said she must ______ her evil ways.

26. The ______ owners of the house moved out years ago.

27. The reform candidate ______ the corrupt city officers for having betrayed the public's trust.

28. The college has a program to ______ freshman students.

29. The difference between a horse and a donkey is ______.

30. Chris lived in a state of ______ and no one knew whether his full name was Christopher or Christine.

参考答案

1. C
2. F
3. I
4. A
5. J
6. H
7. D
8. G
9. E
10. B
11. B
12. G
13. E
14. J
15. C
16. I
17. A
18. F
19. H
20. D
21. synonymous
22. enunciate
23. announced
24. pseudonym
25. renounce
26. original
27. denounced
28. orient
29. pronounced
30. anonymity

Lesson 41

音频

Group 139: out=out; beyond “向外”引申为“超越，胜过”

outcast ［'aʊtkɑ:st; (US)-kæst ］

n. 被社会遗弃者

解　a person or animal cast out from home and friends

例　The criminal was an outcast from society. 这名罪犯是一个被社会遗弃的人。

outing ［'aʊtɪŋ ］

n. 外出郊游

解　a journey taken for pleasure

例　The father took his two sons on an outing as a male bonding experience. 父亲带着两个儿子去郊游，这是一种兄弟情谊般的旅行经历。

outgoing ［'aʊtɡəʊɪŋ ］

adj. ① 即将离职的 ② 对人友好的

解　① going out or away ② friendly and sociable; somewhat extroverted; at ease in talking to others

例　She was very outgoing and would always introduce herself to people she did not know. 她对人十分友好，总是向不认识的人介绍自己。

outskirts ［'aʊtskɜ:ts ］

n. 郊区，郊外

解　the outer parts or edges of a town, district, etc.

例　We have a farm on the outskirts of town. 我们在市郊有个农场。

outlandish ［aʊt'lændɪʃ ］

adj. 异国风味的；奇怪的，古怪的

解　looking or sounding odd, strange or foreign

例　He was known for asking outlandish questions that raised everyone's eyebrows. 大家都知道他喜欢问一些让人瞠目的古怪问题。

outlet ［'aʊtlet ］

n. ① 出口，出路 ② 发泄

解　① an opening that permits escape or release ② activity that releases or expresses creative energy or emotion

例　This lake's outlet is a stream that flows into the ocean. 这个湖的出口是一条流入大海的小溪。

近　amulet n. 护身符

outmaneuver ［ˌaʊtmə'nu:və ］

v. 以策略制胜

解　to overcome by being superior in maneuvering

例　The police were outmaneuvered by the bank robbers' trick and disguise. 警察被银行抢劫犯的花招和伪装所蒙骗。

Group 140: over=across; beyond “过度；太过”

overcome ［ˌəʊvə'kʌm ］

vt. 战胜；克服

解　to get the better of; to win the victory over; to conquer

例　The doctor gave her some drugs to help her overcome the depression of losing her parents. 医生给她开了一些药，帮助她克服失去双亲所造成的精神抑郁。

近　income n. 收入；outcome n. 结局，结果；unbecoming adj . 不合适的，不合礼节的；welcome v. 欢迎

overhaul ［ˌəʊvə'hɔ:l ］

v. 大修，彻底检查

解　to examine or go over carefully for needed repair

例　The economic reform overhauled the previous system and implanted a more open economy. 这次的经济改革全面审视了以前的制度，重新引入了一个更加开放的经济体系。

overturn ［ˌəʊvə'tɜ:n ］

v. ① 打翻；（使）翻过来；（使）倒转 ② 颠覆；打倒

解　① to cause to turn over or capsize; upset ② to cause the ruin or destruction of; overthrow

例　The high waves caused by the rainstorm overturned the small boat and the passengers had to swim to shore. 暴风雨引起的巨浪掀翻了小船，船上的乘客不得不游到岸边。

overwhelm ［ˌəʊvə'welm ］

v. ① 淹没；吞没，席卷 ② 控制，对思想或情绪影响深刻

解　① to surge over and submerge; engulf ② to affect deeply in mind or emotion

例　His grandmother always overwhelmed him with kisses every time she saw him. 他的祖母每次见到他都会热烈地亲吻他。

同　overwhelming adj. 压倒性的，无法抵抗的

overbearing ［ˌəʊvə'bərɪŋ ］

adj. 专横的，独断的

解　expecting unquestioning obedience

例　Her overbearing father would not let her go out with her friends at night. 她的父亲很专制，不让她在晚上和朋友一起出去。

overlook ［ˌəʊvə'lʊk ］

vt. ① 俯瞰，远眺 ② 忽视，没注意到

解　① to look over or at from a higher place ② to fail to notice or consider; miss

例　His Los Angeles apartment had a beautiful view that overlooked the bay area. 他在洛杉矶的公寓视野很好，可以俯瞰整个海湾地区。

overreach ［ˌəʊvə'ri:tʃ ］

v. 超过了限度，做过了头或所求过多而 （使自己）失败

解　to defeat (oneself) by going too far or by doing or trying to gain too much

例　His repeated apologies overreached his goal of her forgiveness and started to annoy her. 他不断地道歉，最后不仅没有达到让她原谅的目的，反而惹恼了她。

overwrought ［ˌəʊvə'rɔ:t ］

adj. 紧张过度的，兴奋过度的

解　excessively nervous or excited; agitated

例　After drinking five cups of coffee, he looked even more overwrought before the final examination. 他在期末考试前喝了五杯咖啡，但看起来比之前更加紧张了。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | outgoing | A. overthrow
2. ______ | overcome | B. exit
3. ______ | overlook | C. neglect
4. ______ | outlet | D. excursion
5. ______ | outing | E. outbound
6. ______ | overturn | F. overpowering
7. ______ | overbearing | G. devastate
8. ______ | outlandish | H. defeat
9. ______ | overwhelm | I. odd

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
10. ______ | overreach | A. shy
11. ______ | overcome | B. conventional
12. ______ | outlandish | C. entrance
13. ______ | outgoing | D. aim below one's potential
14. ______ | outlet | E. notice
15. ______ | overlook | F. surrender

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

overturn | overlook | overhaul | overwhelm | overcome
outskirts | outing | overbearing | outgoing | outlandish

16. You can see many ______ costumes on Halloween.

17. The rebels ______ the government.

18. The career adviser suggested sales might be a good profession for him, considering his ______ personality.

19. You can have a new start, and I will ______ your past mistakes.

20. The poor farm boy ______ many difficulties to become a millionaire.

21. We went on an ______ to the zoo.

22. At first the sergeant was very domineering, but as he got to know the men he became less ______.

23. The mechanic completely ______ the band's bus before they set out on their cross-country tour.

24. The city's central subway does not reach the ______.

25. The pressure from his studies ______ him and he became very depressed.

参考答案

1. E
2. H
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. F
8. I
9. G
10. D
11. F
12. B
13. A
14. C
15. E
16. outlandish
17. overturned
18. outgoing
19. overlook
20. overcame
21. outing
22. overbearing
23. overhauled
24. outskirts
25. overwhelmed

Lesson 42

音频

Group 141: par=equal “相等的”

disparage ［dɪ'spærɪʤ ］

v. 贬抑，轻蔑

解　to express a negative opinion of

例　He could not stand how she disparaged other people behind their backs. 他无法忍受她在背后说别人的坏话。

构　dis (=not) + par (=equal) + age

disparate ［'dɪspərɪt ］

adj. 截然不同的，不可并论的

解　basically different; unrelated

例　The marriage between the disparate couple was doomed to fail. 这对夫妻的性格截然不同，他们的婚姻注定会失败。

构　dis (=away) + par (=equal) + ate

parity ［'pærɪti ］

n. ① 同等；平等 ② 相同；类似

解　① equality ② close resemblance

例　I find your analogy inaccurate because I do not see the parity between the two illustrations. 我发现你的类比是错误的，因为我没看出这两个例子之间有什么相似的地方。

同　disparity n. 不同，差异

comparison ［kəm'pærɪsən ］

n. ① 比较，对照 ② 相似或相同的性质；类似

解　① act or process of comparing ② the likenesses and differences

例　The teacher's comparison of the heart to a pump helped the students to understand how the heart works. 老师把心脏比做泵，以帮助学生理解心脏的工作原理。

Group 142: part=part; to part “部分；分开”

partial ［'pɑ:ʃəl ］

adj. ① 部分的 ② 偏袒的

解　① only part of the entire thing ② inclined to favor one side more than another; favoring unfairly

例　Parents should not be partial to one of their children. 父母不应对某个孩子有偏袒之心。

同　partiality n. 偏见；偏袒，偏心

impartial ［ɪm'pɑ:ʃəl ］

adj. 公平的，无私的

解　showing no more favor to one side than to the other; fair; just

例　A judge should be impartial . 法官应该公正无私。

同　impartiality n. 公正，客观；无私

构　im < in (=not) + part (=part) + ial

impart ［ɪm'pɑ:t ］

v. 告知；透露

解　to make known; to disclose

例　The teacher imparted some final advice to the students at their graduation. 在学生们毕业之际，老师给了他们一些最后的忠告。

近　parlance n. 谈话，说法；pariah n. 贱民；被社会遗弃者

participate ［pɑ:'tɪsɪpeɪt ］

v. ① 参加 ② 分享

解　① take part in something ② share in something

例　Teams from countries all over the world participated in the international tournament. 来自世界各个国家的队伍都参加了此次的国际锦标赛。

同　participant n. 参加者

partner ［'pɑ:tnə(r) ］

n. ① 合伙人 ② 伙伴；伴侣

解　① member of a company or firm who shares the risks and profits of the business ② one who shares

例　A policeman usually works with a partner in case he needs backup. 警察工作的时候通常两人为一组，以防需要支援。

repartee ［ˌrepɑ:'ti: ］

n. ① 巧妙的应答 ② 巧妙应答的才能

解　① a quick, witty reply ② skill in making witty replies

例　The public considered the winner of the political debate to be the man with the most repartees . 公众认为这场政治辩论的获胜者是这个妙语连珠的人。

近　repatriate v. （自异国）遣返

构　re (=back) + part (=part) + ee

apartment ［ə'pɑ:tmənt ］

n. 公寓

解　room or group of rooms to live in; flat

例　The apartment in the inland city was very expensive because of its view of the lake. 由于市内有个湖，所以这个内陆城市的房价很高。

depart ［dɪ'pɑ:t ］

v. 离开

解　to go away; to leave

例　The plane should have departed an hour ago but was delayed because of the bad weather. 飞机一小时前就该起飞了，但是由于天气恶劣，所以被延迟了。

partisan ［ˌpɑ:tɪ'zæn ］

n. 狂热党徒，党派支持者

解　person devoted to a cause or party

例　A partisan often favors politics. 党派支持者都喜欢政治。

同　partisanship n. 党派偏见

partition ［pɑ:'tɪʃən ］

vt. 区分，隔开，分割

解　to divide into parts, pieces, or sections

例　 The real estate company partitioned the land into one-acre lots. 房地产公司把土地都划分成了一英亩的小块。

其他与“分开”意义有关的词汇

bifurcate v. 分为两支，分叉

disjoin v. 分开，使脱节

disjunctive adj. 分割的，分离的

diverge v. 分歧，分开

riven adj. 劈开的

watershed n. 分水岭，分界

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | impartial | A. incomplete
2. ______ | disparate | B. engage in
3. ______ | partial | C. fair
4. ______ | repartee | D. divide
5. ______ | partition | E. analogy
6. ______ | participate | F. clever reply
7. ______ | comparison | G. belittle
8. ______ | disparage | H. distinct

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
9. ______ | impartial | A. aggrandize
10. ______ | disparage | B. unify
11. ______ | partial | C. difference
12. ______ | partition | D. biased
13. ______ | comparison | E. homogeneous
14. ______ | disparate | F. whole

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

participate | depart | impart | disparage | comparison
partial | parity | impartial | apartment | disparate

15. There's no ______ between reading about space flight and actually voyaging through outer space.

16. The game will be more enjoyable if everybody ______.

17. There must be a serious flaw in the character of the girl who makes it a habit to ______ the abilities of her best friends.

18. The cargo ship ______ for San Francisco today and should arrive in a couple of weeks.

19. The father was ______ to his children and treated them the same.

20. It is difficult, if not impossible, to organize these ______ elements into a coherent whole.

21. The best way to ______ a spirit of patriotism to young people is to make them understand the ideals on which this nation is built.

22. It was a tiny ______ with only one bedroom.

23. The American constitution bestows all men and women with ______.

24. He paid for the TV in ______ payments every month for five months.

参考答案

1. C
2. H
3. A
4. F
5. D
6. B
7. E
8. G
9. D
10. A
11. F
12. B
13. C
14. E
15. comparison
16. participates
17. disparage
18. departed
19. impartial
20. disparate
21. impart
22. apartment
23. parity
24. partial

Lesson 43

音频

Group 143: pass=pass “通过”

encompass ［ɪn'kʌmpəs ］

v. ① 包围，环绕 ② 包含或包括某事物

解　① go or reach all the way around; encircle ② include; contain

例　Our history book encompasses all the important events in the American history. 我们的历史书中包含了美国历史上的所有重要事件。

bypass ［'baɪpɑ:s; (US)'baɪpæs ］

v. 规避，绕过 n. 旁路

解　v. to avoid sth. unpleasant or laborious n. a highway that passes around or to one side of an obstructed or congested area

例　The company that bypassed paying taxes was sued for millions by the IRS. 这家逃税的公司被美国国税局起诉，并索赔数百万美元。

impassable ［ɪm'pɑ:səbəl ］

adj. 不能通行的，无路可通的

解　impossible to pass, cross, or overcome

例　The Great Wall made the hills almost impassable for any army. 长城使得任何军队几乎都无法进入山里。

trespass ［'trespəs ］

v. ① 侵犯，闯入私人领地 ② 侵占另一个人的时间、隐私或注意力

解　① to go on to privately owned land without right or permission ② to take too much of someone's time, privacy, attention, etc.

例　The boys trespassed into the private property out of curiosity, and were chased away by two big dogs. 男孩们出于好奇闯入了这个私人住宅，然后被两只大狗追赶了出来。

impasse ［'æmpɑ:s; 'ɪm- ］

n. ① 死路 ② 僵局

解　① a road or passage having no exit ② a situation that is so difficult that no progress can be made

例　The jury members reached an impasse and couldn't unanimously agree on the verdict. 陪审团成员间陷入僵局，无法对裁决达成一致意见。

Group 144: pass=feeling; to feel “感情；感觉”

passion ［'pæʃən ］

n. 热情，激情

解　strong feeling or emotion

例　The passion he felt for her was overwhelming. 他对她的感情非常强烈。

compassion ［kəm'pæʃən ］

n. 同情，怜悯

解　a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering

例　Compassion for the earthquake victims brought a flood of contributions. 出于对地震遇难者的同情，大家纷纷捐款捐物。

近　compatible adj. 和谐共处的，相容的

构　com < con (=together) + pass (=to feel, to suffer) + ion

passionate ［'pæʃənɪt ］

adj. 热情的

解　having or expressing strong emotions

例　The soldier's wife gave him a passionate kiss when he returned home after so many years away. 士兵离家多年之后归来，他的妻子给了他深情的一吻。

impassioned ［ɪm'pæʃənd ］

adj. 充满激情的

解　characterized by intense emotion

例　Charlie gave an impassioned performance that earned him a standing ovation at the end of the play. 在演出的尾声，查理充满激情的表演赢得了观众的喝彩。

dispassionate ［dɪ'spæʃənɪt ］

adj. 冷静的，不带感情的，平心静气的

解　free from passion; not taking sides in a quarrel between others; calm

例　You must try to subdue the natural emotions of a parent and make a dispassionate decision that will be in the best interest of your son. 你必须努力克制住为人父母的自然感情，冷静地作出一个最有利于你儿子的决定。

构　dis (=not) + pass (=to feel, to suffer) + ion + ate

passivity ［pæ'sɪvɪti ］

n. 被动（性）；不活动性

解　submission to others or to outside influences

例　The bear entered into a state of passivity during its winter hibernation. 熊在冬眠期间进入不活动状态。

impassive ［ɪm'pæsɪv ］

adj. 无动于衷的，冷漠的

解　having or revealing little emotion or sensibility

例　It's not that he doesn't care about what you said. It's just his impassive personality. 他并不是不在乎你所说的话；他只是性格比较冷淡。

构　im < in (=not) + pass (=to feel, to suffer) + ive

其他与“感情”意义有关的词汇

sentiment n. 感情，感伤

demonstrative adj. 展示性的；感情外露的

ebullience n. 感情奔放，兴冲冲

effusive adj. 感情奔放的；流出的

emote v. 激动地表达感情

empathy n. 心意相通，（感情等）融为一体

empathetic adj. 感情移入的

impulsive adj. 易冲动的，感情用事的

maudlin adj. 感情脆弱的，爱哭的

mawkish adj. 自作多情的；令人作呕的

stolid adj. 无动于衷的，感情麻木的

Group 145: path=feel, suffer“感觉”

apathetic ［ˌæpə'θetɪk ］

adj. 冷漠的，无动于衷的

解　showing little or no emotion or animation

例　Many people are apathetic about social issues and are only concerned about their own self-interest. 许多人对社会事件漠不关心，而只在乎自身的利益。

构　a (=not) + path (=to feel, to suffer) + etic

同　apathy n. 漠然，冷淡

antipathy ［æn'tɪpəθi ］

n. 憎恶，反感

解　intense dislike

例　Women usually have an antipathy to mice and spiders. 女性通常都讨厌老鼠和蜘蛛。

构　anti (=against, opposite) + path (=to feel) + y

empathy ［'empəθi ］

n. 心意相通，（感情等）融为一体

解　understanding and entering into another's feelings

例　Robert Kennedy became very popular because of his charisma and empathy with the American public. 因为其个人魅力以及对群众心声的了解，罗伯特·肯尼迪在美国人民的心目中非常受欢迎。

同　empathetic adj. 感情移入的

构　em < en (=in) + path (=to feel, to suffer) + y

sympathy ［'sɪmpəθi ］

n. 同情

解　sharing the feelings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish)

例　She felt sympathy for the bird with a broken wing and nursed it back to health. 她同情这只翅膀受伤的鸟儿，一直护理它直到康复。

近　symphony n. 交响乐，交响曲；sociopath n. 极端反社会的人

同　sympathetic adj. 有同情心的

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | antipathy | A. cool
2. ______ | dispassionate | B. ardor
3. ______ | encompass | C. inertia
4. ______ | trespass | D. unemotional
5. ______ | passivity | E. envelop
6. ______ | impasse | F. evade
7. ______ | impassive | G. dilemma
8. ______ | bypass | H. aversion
9. ______ | passion | I. fervent
10. ______ | passionate | J. transgress

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | impassive | A. fondness
12. ______ | passion | B. face
13. ______ | bypass | C. activity
14. ______ | passionate | D. concerned
15. ______ | passivity | E. overwrought
16. ______ | antipathy | F. apathetic
17. ______ | apathetic | G. fervent
18. ______ | dispassionate | H. apathy

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

bypass | encompass | passionate | compassion | impassioned
antipathy | dispassionate | impasse | empathy | trespass

19. It does little good to feel ______ for those less fortunate than ourselves if we are not willing to help them.

20. The wrongly accused man made an ______ plea for an appeal to his guilty verdict.

21. Due to construction work, we ______ the main street, taking a detour.

22. So strong is my ______ with Robert Frost that I often feel as though I could have written his poems myself.

23. She seems to be an easygoing person, but anyone who attempts to ______ on her rights will soon find that she knows how to take care of herself.

24. His extreme ______ to dispute caused him to avoid argumentative discussions with his friends.

25. China ______ over 20 provinces.

26. When people talk about their hobbies, they tend to become quite ______.

27. The two presidents met an ______ in their negotiations to merge their companies, when talking about profit distribution.

28. In a ______ analysis of the problem, he carefully examined the causes of the conflict and proceeded to suggest suitable remedies.

参考答案

1. H
2. A
3. E
4. J
5. C
6. G
7. D
8. F
9. B
10. I
11. E
12. H
13. B
14. F
15. C
16. A
17. D
18. G
19. compassion
20. impassioned
21. bypassed
22. empathy
23. trespass
24. antipathy
25. encompasses
26. passionate
27. impasse
28. dispassionate

Lesson 44

音频

Group 146: pau, pu, po, penu=few; poor “少量，贫穷”

paucity ［'pɔ:sɪti ］

n. ① 极少量 ② 缺乏

解　① smallness of number; fewness ② scarcity; dearth

例　The long drought cause a paucity in crops for farmers. 长期的干旱使农民的庄稼歉收了。

pauper ［'pɔ:pə(r) ］

n. 贫民，乞丐

解　a person who is very poor

例　Paupers surrounded the crowded public places, begging people for money and food. 乞丐们在人潮拥挤的地方向人们乞讨金钱和食物。

puerile ［'pjʊəraɪl; (US)-rəl ］

adj. ① 幼稚的 ② 儿童的

解　① immature; childish ② belonging to childhood; juvenile

例　Her puerile jokes made her seem like a little girl. 她的笑话很幼稚，让她看起来像个小女孩。

pusillanimous ［ˌpju:sɪ'lænɪməs ］

adj. 懦弱的，胆小的

解　lacking in courage and manly strength and resolution

例　You should be ashamed of your pusillanimous conduct during this dispute. 你应该为你在这场争论中表现出的懦弱行为感到羞耻。

poverty ［'pɒvəti ］

n. 贫穷

解　the state of being poor; lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts

例　The bad economy has increased the number of people living in poverty . 萧条的经济形势使得贫困人口的数量又增加了。

impoverish ［ɪm'pɒvərɪʃ ］

v. 使成赤贫

解　to make indigent or poor

例　High taxes further impoverished the peasants. 高额的税收使农民变得更加贫困了。

构　im < in (=in) + pover (=poor) + ish

penury ［'penjʊrɪ ］

n. 贫穷

解　a state of extreme poverty or destitution

例　We find much penury and suffering in this slum. 我们在这片贫民窟看到了太多的贫穷和苦难。

同　penurious adj. 吝啬的，小气的；贫困的；缺乏的

其他与“贫困，贫穷”意义有关的词汇

destitution n. 缺乏，贫穷

impecunious adj. 不名一文的，贫困的

indigent adj. 贫困的，贫穷的

indigence n. 贫穷

needy adj. 非常贫困的

Group 147: pend, pens=expend “花费”

spendthrift ［'spendθrɪft ］

n. 挥霍者，败家子 adj. 挥金如土的

解　n. one who spends money recklessly or wastefully adj. wasteful or extravagant

例　The father never enjoyed taking his spendthrift daughters shopping. 父亲非常不喜欢带他的几个花钱大手大脚的女儿去购物。

同　thrift n. 节俭

expend ［ɪk'spend ］

v. 花费；用光

解　to consume; to use up

例　The bad manager expended the company's annual budget in one month. 这个不称职的经理在一个月内就花光了公司一年的预算。

expensive ［ɪk'spensɪv ］

adj. 昂贵的

例　Fresh strawberries are expensive in the winter. 在冬天，新鲜的草莓价格很高。

同　inexpensive adj. 便宜的，不昂贵的

expenditure ［ɪk'spendɪtʃə(r); ek- ］

n. 花费，消耗，支出

解　money paid out; the act of consuming something or spending money for goods or services

例　When they realized the expenditures were greater than the profits, they knew it wasn't worthwhile. 当他们意识到支出要远远超过收益时，他们知道这很不值得。

Group 148: person=person “人；容貌”

personable ［'pɜ:sənəbəl ］

adj. 容貌好的；有风度的

解　(of persons) pleasant in appearance and personality

例　The interviewer hired the personable candidate for the job of receptionist. 面试官雇用了这个长相漂亮的候选人来做前台接待的工作。

personality ［ˌpɜ:sə'næləti ］

n. 性格

解　the complex of all the attributes—behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental—that characterize a unique individual

例　The survey reported that personality and appearance are the two top characteristics that men look for in wives. 调查显示，男士在寻找另一半时最看重性格和外貌。

personnel ［ˌpɜ:sə'nel ］

n. 人员，职员

解　group of people willing to obey orders

例　The human resource department is responsible for hiring personnel . 人力资源部门负责招聘员工。

impersonate ［ɪm'pə:səneɪt ］

v. 模仿，扮演

解　to assume or act the character of

例　Many comedians will impersonate and make fun of famous people at this wedding reception. 在婚宴上，许多喜剧演员将扮演名人并拿他们取乐。

同　impersonator n. 扮演者

其他与“人”有关的词汇

bungler n. 经验不够的人

cowhand n. 牧场工人

lumberjack n. 伐木工人

bricklayer n. 砌砖工

synthetic adj. 综合的；人造的 n. 人造品，合成品

artificial adj. 人工的；做作的

artifact n. 工人制品

margarine n. 人造黄油

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | expensive | A. faint-hearted
2. ______ | poverty | B. extravagant
3. ______ | paucity | C. mimic
4. ______ | pusillanimous | D. destitution
5. ______ | spendthrift | E. attractive
6. ______ | expenditure | F. character
7. ______ | impersonate | G. deficiency
8. ______ | personable | H. beggar
9. ______ | pauper | I. consumption
10. ______ | personality | J. costly

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | personable | A. wealth
12. ______ | spendthrift | B. sagacious
13. ______ | poverty | C. unfriendly
14. ______ | paucity | D. earnings
15. ______ | expensive | E. cheap
16. ______ | expenditure | F. thrifty
17. ______ | puerile | G. profusion

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

personality | impoverish | expensive | poverty | puerile
paucity | expenditure | pauper | expend | spendthrift

18. If we were to lose the basic freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, we would be truly ______.

19. The house was more ______ than they could afford so they took out a bank loan.

20. During the Great Depression, many formerly successful businessmen committed suicide rather than live as ______.

21. The ______ lottery winner spent all of his money in less than a year.

22. The company was forced to reduce its ______ and cut costs.

23. His ______ pranks（恶作剧）sometimes offended his more mature friends.

24. The leader of the group must have a strong ______.

25. They closed the restaurant because the ______ of customers made it uneconomical to operate.

26. The marathon ______ all his physical energy and he collapsed at the finish line.

27. The charity event aimed at donating money to children living in ______ who couldn't afford an education.

参考答案

1. J
2. D
3. G
4. A
5. B
6. I
7. C
8. E
9. H
10. F
11. C
12. F
13. A
14. G
15. E
16. D
17. B
18. impoverished
19. expensive
20. paupers
21. spendthrift
22. expenditures
23. puerile
24. personality
25. paucity
26. expended
27. poverty

Lesson 45

音频

Group 149: pha, phen, phan=show “显示”

diaphanous ［daɪ'æfənəs ］

adj. （布）精致的，半透明的

解　so thin as to transmit light

例　Gauze is a diaphanous fabric. 薄纱是一种半透明的织物。

构　dia (=through) + phan (=to show, to appear) + ous

phenomenon ［fə'nɒmɪnən ］

n. 现象

解　fact, event, or circumstance that can be observed

例　Lightning is an electrical phenomenon . 闪电是一种放电现象。

同　phenomenology n. 现象学

sycophant ［'sɪkəfənt ］

n. 马屁精

解　a person who tries to please someone in order to gain a personal advantage

例　A sycophant looks like a friend, but the way he flatters is like a dog. 马屁精看起来像是朋友，但是他们献媚的方式就像狗一样。

构　syco (=a fig tree) + phan (=to show) + t

emphasize ［'emfəsaɪz ］

v. 强调

解　to stress, single out as important

例　The dentist emphasized to the children the importance of brushing their teeth at least twice a day. 牙医向孩子们强调每天至少刷两次牙的重要性。

emphasis ［'emfəsɪs ］

n. 强调

解　special force; stress

例　That school puts emphasis on arithmetic and reading. 学校重视算术和阅读。

emphatically ［ɪm'fætɪkəli ］

adv. 着重地，强调地

解　in an emphatic manner; to an emphatic degree

例　He emphatically apologized for pronouncing her last name incorrectly in public. 他因为在公众场合把她的姓念错了而特意道了歉。

Group 150: phil=love “爱”

philanthropy ［fɪ'lænθrəpi ］

n. 仁慈，博爱

解　love of humanity shown by practical kindness and helpfulness

例　Tom showed a great deal of philanthropy by volunteering to organize the charity event. 汤姆自愿组织慈善活动，展现了他的博爱之情。

philanthropic ［ˌfɪlən'θrɔpɪk ］

adj. 博爱的

解　charitable; benevolent

例　The philanthropic association donated money to worthy causes. 慈善协会对值得捐助的事业捐助资金。

同　philanthropist n. 慈善家

近　misanthrope n. 厌世者，愤世嫉俗者

philatelist ［fɪ'lætəlɪst ］

n. 集邮家

解　stamp-collector

例　When she heard the value of the Penny Black stamp, Phyllis was inspired to become a philatelist . 菲莉斯听说了黑便士邮票（英国1840年发行的面值1便士的黑色邮票）的价值之后，受到激发成为了集邮爱好者。

同　philately n. 集邮

其他与“爱”有关的词汇

affection n. 亲情；柔情

affectionate adj. 充满情爱的，挚爱的

narcissism n. 自恋，自爱

platonic adj. 柏拉图式的，精神恋爱的，纯友谊的（爱情）

woo v. 向（女人）求爱；争取…的支持

flirt vi. 调情

Group 151: phon=sound “声音”

phonetic ［fə'netɪk ］

adj. 语音的

解　of sounds made with the voice

例　Phonetic exercises are drills in pronunciation. 语音训练就是发音的练习。

cacophony ［kæ'kɒfəni ］

n. 刺耳的音调，响亮而不和谐的声音

解　a disagreeable harsh sound

例　Some people seem to enjoy the cacophony of an orchestra that is tuning up. 许多人似乎很喜欢调过音后的管弦乐的音调。

同　cacophonous adj. （声音）刺耳的

构　caco (=bad) + phon (=sound) + y

symphony ［'sɪmfəni ］

n. 交响乐，交响曲

解　an elaborate musical composition for an orchestra

例　Tickets to the country's national symphony concert on National Day were sold out days before the event. 在国庆节当天举办的国家交响音乐会的门票在演出开始数天前就已经售罄。

近　symptom n. 病兆，症状；asymptomatic adj. 无征兆的

euphonious ［ju:'fəʊnɪəs ］

adj. 悦耳的

解　pleasing to the ear; sounding agreeable; harmonious

例　Many people believe that Italian and Spanish are the most euphonious languages. 许多人认为意大利语和西班牙语是最好听的语言。

microphone ［'maɪkrəfəʊn ］

n. 麦克风

解　a device for converting sound waves into electrical energy

例　She requested a cordless microphone for her lecture so she could walk around the audience. 她要求在演讲的时候使用无线麦克风，这样她就可以在听众面前走动。

Group 152: plac=peace “平静”

placate ［plə'keɪt ］

v. 抚慰，平息（愤怒）

解　to make someone or some creature less angry; soothe

例　Her husband bought her a gift and flowers to placate her anger. 妻子生气了，丈夫买了一件礼物和鲜花来安抚她。

同　placating adj. 安抚的

implacable ［ɪm'plækəbəl ］

adj. 难以抚慰的，难平息的；难以满足的

解　unable to be appeased; refusing to be reconciled

例　The new nation was constantly threatened by its implacable enemies. 由于敌人很难和解，这个新成立的国家一直处于其带来的威胁之中。

构　im < in (=not) + plac (=to soothe, please) + able

近　impeccable adj. 无缺点的；无瑕疵的

placid ［'plæsɪd ］

adj. 安静的，平和的

解　pleasantly calm or peaceful; quiet

例　The lake is placid now that the storm is over. 风暴过去后，湖水恢复了平静。

placebo ［plə'si:bəʊ ］

n. 安慰剂

解　harmless substance prescribed as a dummy pill

例　The effectiveness of the placebo confirmed some psychological factors involved in her disorder. 安慰剂对她有用，这证实了她的错乱行为与某些心理因素有关。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | implacable | A. charitable
2. ______ | euphonious | B. powerfully
3. ______ | philanthropic | C. benevolence
4. ______ | diaphanous | D. unyielding
5. ______ | emphatically | E. accentuate
6. ______ | placate | F. translucent
7. ______ | placid | G. discord
8. ______ | cacophony | H. appease
9. ______ | emphasize | I. melodious
10. ______ | philanthropy | J. calm

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | placid | A. opaque
12. ______ | placate | B. cruel
13. ______ | emphasize | C. antagonize
14. ______ | diaphanous | D. cold-heartedness
15. ______ | emphatically | E. agitated
16. ______ | philanthropy | F. understate
17. ______ | philanthropic | G. weakly

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

emphasize | microphone | diaphanous | placate | emphasis
symphony | empirical | emphatically | implacable | philanthropy

18. I enjoy games that put more ______ on fun than on winning.

19. The charity was successful because of the ______ of several businessmen.

20. Make sure you keep the ______ close to your mouth when you speak, otherwise the audience won't be able to hear you.

21. They saw the burglar clearly through the ______ curtain.

22. The incomparable beauty of Beethoven's Ninth ______ has to be heard to be understood.

23. The coach ______ to the players the need to get a good night's sleep before the important match.

24. No matter how much she cried, the ______ police officer continued writing her speeding ticket.

25. Chemistry is largely an ______ science.

26. Some historians believe that if the British government had made a sincere effort to ______ the colonists, the American Revolution might never have occurred.

27. The honest student ______ denied the accusation that he cheated on the test.

参考答案

1. D
2. I
3. A
4. F
5. B
6. H
7. J
8. G
9. E
10. C
11. E
12. C
13. F
14. A
15. G
16. D
17. B
18. emphasis
19. philanthropy
20. microphone
21. diaphanous
22. Symphony
23. emphasized
24. implacable
25. empirical
26. placate
27. emphatically

Lesson 46

音频

Group 153: place=place “放置；地方”

displace ［dɪs'pleɪs ］

v. ① 使移动 ② 取代

解　① to put out of the proper or accustomed place; to move ② to take the place of

例　The forest fire displaced hundreds of wild animals from their homes. 森林大火使数百个野生动物无家可归。

同　displaced adj. 替换的，转移的

misplace ［ˌmɪs'pleɪs ］

v. 错误放置（口语中也指忘记放在什么地方）

解　to put into a wrong place

例　He was late because he had misplaced his car keys and couldn't find them. 由于他忘了把车钥匙放在哪儿了，怎么也找不到，因此迟到了。

replace ［rɪ'pleɪs ］

v. ① 把…放回原处 ② 取代，代替

解　① to put back; put in place again ② to fill or take the place of

例　Johnny bought a new vase to replace the one he had broken while his parents were away on business. 父母出差的时候，约翰尼买了一个新的花瓶来替代被他打碎的那个。

commonplace ［'kɒmənpleɪs ］

adj. 平凡的，平常的

解　completely ordinary and unremarkable

例　It is commonplace to bring a bottle of wine to a dinner party with friends. 人们通常会带上一瓶酒去参加朋友的晚宴。

Group 154: port=carry “携带，运送”

port ［pɔ:t ］

n. 港口

解　a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country

例　New York was the most common port where Europeans immigrants arrived in America. 欧洲移民通常在纽约港登陆美国。

porter ［'pɔ:tə(r) ］

n. 搬运工

解　a person employed to carry loads or baggage

例　Please give your bags to the porter . 请把您的包给搬运工。

deport ［dɪ'pɔ:t ］

v. 驱逐出境

解　to expel from a country

例　Jack was deported because of his unlawful behavior. 杰克因其非法行为而被驱逐出境。

同　deportation n. 驱逐

构　de (=away) + port (=to carry)

import ［ɪm'pɔ:t ］

v. 进口

解　to bring in from abroad

例　The country imported food and goods from China and Japan. 这个国家从中国和日本进口食物和商品。

importune ［ɪm'pɔ:tju:n ］

v. 强求，不断请求

解　to beg persistently and urgently

例　He importuned her to marry him until she agreed. 他不断地请求她嫁给他，直到她同意才善罢甘休。

构　im < in (=in, into) + port (=to carry) + une

opportune ［'ɒpətju:n; ˌɒpə't- ］

adj. 凑巧的，恰好的；（指行动或事件）及时的，适宜的

解　suitable or at a time that is suitable or advantageous especially for a particular purpose

例　Janet stopped the car at an opportune place on the mountain to see the sunset. 珍妮特把车停在山上恰好可以看到日落的地方。

构　op < ob (=toward) + port (=to carry) + une

opportunity ［ˌɒpə'tju:nəti ］

n. 机会

解　a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

例　 The country's economic reform will create opportunities as well as risks. 这个国家的经济改革在带来机遇的同时也会产生风险。

其他与“交通，运送”意义有关的词汇

fare n. 车船费，交通费；食物

vehicle n. 船只；交通工具；传播媒介

convey v. 运送

smuggle v. 走私，私运

Group 155: pos, posit=put, place “放置”

depose ［dɪ'pəʊz ］

v. 免职，废黜；宣誓作证

解　to force to leave (an office); to declare under oath

例　The military coup deposed the dictator from power. 军事政变使独裁者失去了权力。

同　deposition n. 免职；宣誓作证

构　de (=from, away) + pos (=to put) + e

depository ［dɪ'pɒzɪtəri ］

n. 仓库

解　a place where things can be deposited for safekeeping

例　The hotel depository stored the guests' valuables. 酒店的存放处寄存了客人的贵重物品。

dispose ［dɪ'spəʊz ］

v. 处理

解　to give, sell, or transfer to another; cast away

例　They disposed of the old truck at the landfill. 他们在垃圾填埋区处理了这台老旧的卡车。

同　disposal n. 处理，丢弃；disposable adj. 可任意处理的

disposed ［dɪ'spəʊzd ］

adj. 有…倾向的；有意，愿意

解　inclined

例　Since the president was unexpectedly busy, he was not disposed to meet his friends for dinner as he had planned. 总裁没想到自己会这么忙，所以他不打算按照计划去和朋友们吃饭了。

predisposition ［ˌpri:dɪspə'zɪʃən ］

n. 倾向，偏爱

解　tendency; inclination

例　He is a miserable person and has a predisposition to look on the dark side of things. 他是一个内心痛苦的人，总是倾向于看到事情的阴暗面。

expose ［ɪk'spəʊz ］

v. 曝光；暴露

解　to allow light to act on; to make visible or make known; to reveal

例　His back was badly burnt because he exposed it to the sun for too long. 由于暴露在阳光下的时间太长，他的背部被严重灼伤了。

同　exposure n. 暴露；曝光

exposition ［ˌekspə'zɪʃən ］

n. ① 说明，阐释 ② 博览会

解　① an interpretation of the meaning of sth. ② a collection of things for public display

例　The art exposition in New York displayed some of the world's finest works. 纽约举行的这场艺术展展出了一些世界顶级的作品。

构　ex (=out) + pos (=to put) + ition

oppose ［ə'pəʊz ］

v. 反对

解　to fight against sb. in a battle; to act against in an argument

例　Everyone but the founder of the company was opposed to selling the company during the period of economic hardship. 在经济不景气的时期，除了公司创办者，所有人都反对变卖公司。

同　opposing adj. 相反的；opposition n. 反对；opponent n. 对手，敌手

transpose ［træn'spəʊz ］

v. 交换位置

解　to reverse the order or position of

例　I transposed the number and mistakenly wrote 19 instead of 91. 我把数字的位置颠倒了，错把91写成了19。

juxtapose ［'ʤʌkstəpəʊz ］

v. 并排，并置

解　to place side by side

例　The two microorganisms were juxtaposed under the microscope so the students could compare and contrast them. 两个微生物被并排放在显微镜下，这样学生们就可以对它们进行比较、区分。

impose ［ɪm'pəʊz ］

v . ① 强加 ② 征（税）

解　① to put (a burden, tax, or punishment) on another or others by authority ② to establish or apply as compulsory; levy

例　President Bush was highly criticized for imposing new taxes after his election campaign. 在竞选活动之后，人们强烈谴责布什总统征收新税。

superimpose ［ˌsu:pərɪm'pəʊz ］

v. 加在上面，附加

解　to place on top of

例　The picture superimposed the picture of the Democrat on a donkey as a political joke. 这幅图片把民主党的照片叠合在一头驴上当做一个政治笑话。

repose ［rɪ'pəʊz ］

v. 躺着休息；安睡

解　to lie or sleep in a comfortable resting position

例　The cat reposed upon the cushion. 猫卧在垫子上休息。

构　re (=back) + pos (=to put) + e

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | impose | A. appropriate
2. ______ | dispose | B. ordinary
3. ______ | commonplace | C. force out
4. ______ | importune | D. repository
5. ______ | opportunity | E. insist
6. ______ | depository | F. overlay
7. ______ | transpose | G. enforce
8. ______ | superimpose | H. interchange
9. ______ | depose | I. chance
10. ______ | opportune | J. cast aside

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | opportune | A. support
12. ______ | commonplace | B. inconvenient
13. ______ | displace | C. conceal
14. ______ | deport | D. disinclined
15. ______ | disposed | E. export
16. ______ | oppose | F. welcome
17. ______ | expose | G. empower
18. ______ | depose | H. extraordinary
19. ______ | import | I. put

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

commonplace | port | dispose | depose | deport
juxtapose | expose | replace | import | misplace

20. San Francisco is the most famous American ______ on the west coast.

21. The war ended with the evil leader being ______.

22. Thanks to the benevolence of a stranger, the lost key was ______.

23. Comparison will be easier if you ______ the two objects.

24. The United States ______ coffee from Brazil.

25. Do not ______ your passport since it is difficult to get another one.

26. The mafia gang（黑手党）______ of the dead body by sinking it to the bottom of the river.

27. Forty years ago television was a novelty; today it is ______.

28. The exclusive newspaper article ______ the political scandal to the public.

29. The illegal immigrant was apprehended and ______.

参考答案

1. G
2. J
3. B
4. E
5. I
6. D
7. H
8. F
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. H
13. I
14. F
15. D
16. A
17. C
18. G
19. E
20. port
21. deposed
22. replaced
23. juxtapose
24. imports
25. misplace
26. disposed
27. commonplace
28. exposed
29. deported

Lesson 47

音频

Group 156: pre=before “…前面；预先”

precarious ［prɪ'keərɪəs ］

adj. ① 不稳定的 ② 危险的

解　① not firm or steady ② dangerously insecure

例　He was carefully walking up the precarious staircase of the old wooden house. 他小心翼翼地爬上了这个老旧木屋的危险的楼梯。

precedent ［prɪ'si:dənt ］

n. 先例，前例 adj. 领先的，居前的，优先的

解　n. an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time adj. preceding in time, order, or significance

例　Without any precedent , there was no protocol for what action to take. 因为没有任何先例，所以也没有关于该采取什么行动的草案。

precipitous ［prɪ'sɪpɪtəs ］

adj. 陡峭的

解　extremely steep

例　Only the bravest hikers had traveled the precipitous path around the mountain. 只有最勇敢的徒步旅行者走过这座山周围的险峻小道。

premeditated ［pri:'medɪteɪtɪd ］

adj. 预谋的，事先计划的

解　characterized by deliberate purpose and some degree of planning

例　The judge determined that the crime was not a sudden act of violence; instead it was premeditated and planned. 法官认定这起犯罪不是一种突发的暴力行为，而是经过预谋与计划的。

premeditation ［ˌpri:ˌmedɪ'teɪʃən ］

n. 预谋，预先策划

解　planning or plotting in advance of acting

例　The lawyer had to prove premeditation before the jury would convict the murderer. 要想让陪审团裁定凶手有罪，律师必须先证明凶手是有预谋的。

近　meditation n. 沉思；meditative adj. 沉思的，冥想的；immediate adj. 马上的，立即的

premise ［'premɪs ］

n. 前提

解　statement made or implied as a basis of argument

例　The debater won the contest by pointing out that his opponent had no premise to his argument. 这名辩手通过指出他的对手的论点没有前提条件而赢得了比赛。

presume ［prɪ'zju:m ］

vt . ① 假定，推测 ② 擅自

解　① to take to be the case or to be true ② to venture without authority or permission; dare

例　The country's legal system presumed people were innocent until they were proven guilty. 这个国家的法律系统在人们被证明有罪之前会先假设其是清白的。

同　presumption n. 假定，推测；傲慢

构　pre (=before) + sum (=to take) + e

presumptuous ［prɪ'zʌmptʃʊəs ］

adj. 自大的，专横的，冒昧的

解　too bold or self-confident; assuming

例　She apologized for her presumptuous manner of speaking to the man once she realized he was the boss. 当她知道对方是老板之后，她为她傲慢的说话方式向他道了歉。

近　sumptuous adj. 奢侈的，华丽的；pompous adj. 浮夸的，夸大的；自大的；pomposity n. 华丽，夸耀

Group 157: press=press “挤压”

press ［pres ］

v. ① 熨平 ② 挤压 n. 挤压

解　v. ① to make smooth ② to push with steady force n. the act of applying pressure

例　Martha pressed the doorbell when she arrived at her friend's house. 到达朋友家之后，马莎按下了门铃。

pressure ［'preʃə(r) ］

n. 压力

解　the continued action of a weight or force; a state of trouble or strain

例　There was a great deal of pressure on the students to get the highest possible grade on the national examination. 为了在这次全国性的考试中尽可能获得高分，学生们承受着巨大的压力。

compress ［kəm'pres ］

v. 收缩；压缩

解　to press together or into a smaller space; to squeeze out; to squeeze

例　Compress your speech until only the relevant points remain. 压缩你的演讲，只保留相关的要点。

同　compressor n. 压缩机

构　com < con (=together) + press (=to press)

oppression ［ə'preʃən ］

n. 压迫

解　the act of subjugating by cruelty

例　The end of the country's civil war marked the end of the oppression of slaves. 这个国家内战的结束标志着奴隶被压迫时代的终结。

构　op < ob (=against, intensive) + press (=to press) + ion

repress ［rɪ'pres ］

v. ① 抑制 ② 镇压

解　① to keep under restraint or control ② to put down by force or intimidation

例　The authoritarian government repressed any signs of rebellion before one actually started. 在真正的造反开始之前，这个独裁政府就对任何造反的征兆进行了镇压。

同　repression n. 压制，镇压；irrepressible adj. 压抑不住的；unrepressed adj. 未受抑制或约束的

构　re (=back) + press (=to press)

suppress ［sə'pres ］

v. ① 抑制 ② 镇压

解　① to control and refrain from showing emotions ② to put down by force or authority

例　Men are taught to suppress their tears if they feel like crying. 男人总是被告诫在想哭的时候也要忍住眼泪。

depress ［dɪ'pres ］

vt. ① 使忧愁，沮丧 ② 使不景气，萧条

解　① make sad and without enthusiasm ② make less active

例　I was depressed by the bad news from home. 家里传来的坏消息使我心情低落。

同　depressed adj. 沮丧的；depression n. 沮丧，消沉；depressant n. 镇静剂

impress ［ɪm'pres ］

v. 打动，给予某人深刻印象

解　have a favourable effect on sb.

例　The interviewer was impressed by her credentials and attitude and hired her there on the spot. 面试官被她持有的证书和态度所打动，当场聘用了她。

同　impressed adj. 留下印象的；unimpressive adj. 给人印象不深的，不打动人的

其他与“挤压”意义有关的词汇

crumble v. 弄碎，压碎；崩毁

crushing n. 压碎

encapsulate v. 装入胶囊；压缩

pulverize v. 粉碎，压成细粉；彻底击败

ballast n. （船等）压舱物

Group 158: prim=first “第一”

primary ［'praɪməri ］

adj. ① 第一位的，主要的 ② 初步的，初级的

解　① first in importance; chief ② first in time or order; original; fundamental

例　Her primary motive in business was making money, not making friends. 他经商的首要动机是赚钱，而不是结交朋友。

primer ［'praɪmə(r) ］

n. 启蒙读物，启蒙书，识字课本

解　an introductory textbook

例　The schoolteacher passed out the primer to the children on their first day of school. 在开学的第一天，老师把识字课本分发给学生。

primitive ［'prɪmɪtɪv ］

adj. ① 原始的，上古的 ② 简单的

解　① of or relating to the earliest or original stage or state; primeval ② characterized by simplicity or crudity; unsophisticated

例　Primitive human beings lived in caves. 原始人生活在山洞里。

primordial ［praɪ'mɔ:dɪəl ］

adj. 最初的，原始的

解　in existence at or from the beginning; primeval

例　Left uncut by man, trees in the primordial forest grew to tremendous size. 这个原始森林里的树木没有被人们砍伐，都长成了参天大树。

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | oppression | A. weigh down
2. ______ | precipitous | B. crude
3. ______ | precarious | C. steep
4. ______ | presume | D. subdue
5. ______ | press | E. flatten
6. ______ | depress | F. preceding
7. ______ | primitive | G. subjugation
8. ______ | repress | H. assumption
9. ______ | premise | I. assume
10. ______ | precedent | J. risky

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | primary | A. modest
12. ______ | primitive | B. expand
13. ______ | presumptuous | C. secure
14. ______ | premeditated | D. secondary
15. ______ | precarious | E. spontaneous
16. ______ | compress | F. foster
17. ______ | repress | G. sophisticated

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

primitive | precarious | precipitous | premeditation | press
primary | repress | presume | presumptuous |

18. His ______ attitude made him quite unpopular.

19. ______ people survived primarily by hunting.

20. This hill is difficult to climb because it is so ______.

21. Red, blue and yellow are the ______ colors that cannot be made from other colors.

22. After a month of looking for survivors of the plane crash, the rescue workers ______ there were no more alive.

23. I think this stock is a ______ investment and advise against its purchase.

24. Although they were separated by a window, they ______ their lips against it as if they were kissing.

25. We all have impulses to violence, but if we are to live in a civilized society, we must learn to ______ them.

26. The bank robber's ______ was the evidence that he had clear intent and purpose.

参考答案

1. G
2. C
3. J
4. I
5. E
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. H
10. F
11. D
12. G
13. A
14. E
15. C
16. B
17. F
18. presumptuous
19. Primitive
20. precipitous
21. primary
22. presumed
23. precarious
24. pressed
25. repress
26. premeditation

Lesson 48

音频

Group 159: print=print “印于，打印”

printing ［'prɪntɪŋ ］

n. 印刷

解　reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication

例　Benjamin Franklin began his career in the printing of newspapers. 本杰明·富兰克林的第一份工作是印刷报纸。

blueprint ［'blu:prɪnt ］

n. 蓝图

解　photographic print of plans or technical drawings, etc.

例　The architect presented her blueprints for the proposed museum to the executive board. 这位建筑师把她所制的关于这座计划建造的博物馆的蓝图提交给了执行委员会。

fingerprint ［'fɪŋɡəprɪnt ］

n. 指纹

解　a clue made by an impression of the ridges in the skin of a finger

例　The police dusted for fingerprints at the crime scene to find suspects. 为了找到犯罪嫌疑人，警察在犯罪现场提取了指纹。

imprint ［ɪm'prɪnt ］

v. 盖章，刻印

解　to stamp or mark by or as if by pressure

例　He imprinted a kiss on his grandmother's cheek. 他在祖母的脸颊上留下了一个吻。

Group 160: prob=try, test “测试，证明”

probity ［'prəʊbɪti ］

n. 刚直，正直，诚实

解　virtue or integrity tested and confirmed; honesty

例　People did not question him because of his reputation for probity . 由于他以正直闻名，人们并没有质疑他。

同　improbity v. 不正直，不诚实

reprobate ［'reprəʊbeɪt ］

n. 堕落者，道德败坏的人 adj. 堕落的

解　n. a person without moral scruples adj. marked by immorality; deviating from what is considered right or proper or good

例　I cannot understand why he has so many admirers if he is the reprobate you say he is. 如果他真如你所说是一个道德败坏的人，那么我就不理解为什么他有那么多崇拜者。

approbation ［ˌæprə'beɪʃən ］

n. ① 称赞 ② 批准，认可

解　① approval; praise ② official recognition or approval sanction

例　Popularity polls seem to be based on the mistaken idea that the basic task of a political leader is to win immediate approbation from the people. 民意测验似乎建立在这样一种错误的观念上，即认为一个政治领袖的基本任务就是从人民那里得到直接的认可。

构　ap < ad (=to) + prob (=to try, to test) + ation

opprobrium ［ə'prəʊbrɪəm ］

n. ① 恶名声 ② 诽谤

解　① a state of extreme dishonor ② the state of disgrace resulting from public abuse

例　He refused to defend himself against the slander and opprobrium hurled against him by the newspapers; he preferred to rely on his record. 他拒绝针对报纸上对他的诋毁和诽谤而为自己辩护，他更喜欢用事实说话。

构　op < ob (=against) + prob (=to test) + rium

同　opprobrious adj. 恶名声的；辱骂的

其他与“证明，证实”意义有关的词汇

authenticate v. 证明（某物）为真

corroborate v. 支持，证实；强化

substantiate v. 证实，确证

deposition n. 沉积；宣誓作证；免职

empirical adj. 经验的；实证的

perjure v. 作伪证，发假誓

perjury n. 伪证，假誓

Group 161: proper, propr=one's own “拥有”引申为“恰当的”

proper ［'prɒpə(r) ］

adj. 恰当的

解　marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness

例　The prissy girl did everything in a very proper fashion. 这个谨小慎微的女孩所做的每件事都很得体。

同　improper adj. 不合适的

propriety ［prə'praɪəti ］

n. ① （常用作复）礼节，礼貌 ② 适当

解　① the usages and customs of polite society ② the quality of proper; appropriateness

例　Generally speaking, British society has a greater sense of proprieties than American society. 总体来说，英国社会比美国社会更注重礼节。

同　impropriety n. 不得体，不正当（的行为）

appropriate ［ə'prəʊprieɪt ］v. ① 拨款 ② 挪用，盗用［ə'prəʊpriət ］adj. 合适的

解　v. ① to set apart for a specific use ② to take for oneself or for one's own use, esp. without permission adj. suitable for a particular person or place or condition, etc.

例　The judge decided on an appropriate sentence for the crime. 法官对这一罪行作出了适当的判决。

同　appropriately adv. 得体地；appropriateness n. 适当；appropriation n. 恰当；拨款，挪用公款

其他与“恰当的”意义有关的词汇

felicitous adj. （话语等）适当的，得体的

germane adj. 有密切关系的，贴切的

impertinence n. 不相关，不恰当；粗鲁

irrelevant adj. 不恰当的，不相关的；不重要的

Group 162: prov=test “测试，证明”

prove ［pru:v ］

v. 证明

解　to provide evidence for

例　Scientists have not released any information proving aliens have visited our planet. 科学家还没有发布过任何可以证明外星人曾造访过地球的消息。

近　proof n. 证据；disproof n. 反驳，反证；reproof n. 责备；waterproof adj. 防水的；foolproof adj. 万无一失的，错不了的；容易懂的

approval ［ə'pru:vəl ］

n. ① 批准 ② 赞同

解　① a message expressing a favorable opinion ② acceptance as satisfactory

例　Elected officials normally check ratings of their pubic approval in order to calculate their chances for reelection. 当选官员通常都会确认他们的公共支持率，从而计算出下次当选的几率。

disprove ［ˌdɪs'pru:v ］

v. 反驳，驳斥，证明…有误

解　to prove to be false or wrong

例　The new evidence was useless; it neither proved nor disproved anything. 这个新证据没有用，它既不能证明什么，也不能推翻什么。

disapprove ［ˌdɪsə'pru:v ］

v. 不赞成，不喜欢

解　to consider bad or wrong; refuse to approve

例　The board of directors disapproved of the merger proposal because of inequitable stipulations. 由于合同条款不公平，董事会没有批准合并计划。

同　disapproval n. 不同意

reprove ［rɪ'pru:v ］

v. 责骂，申斥

解　to express disapproval of; to censure

例　The student reproved herself for not getting a better grade on the test. 这名学生因为没有在考试中取得更好的成绩而责备自己。

构　re (=again) + prov (=to test) + e

improve ［ɪm'pru:v ］

v. 改进，提高

解　to make better in quality or more valuable

例　Economic reforms within the last few years have improved people's standard of living. 过去几年的经济改革已经提高了人民的生活水平。

同　improvement n. 改进，提高

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | imprint | A. decorum
2. ______ | opprobrium | B. ameliorate
3. ______ | disapprove | C. miscreant
4. ______ | improve | D. endorsement
5. ______ | approval | E. admonish
6. ______ | blueprint | F. mark
7. ______ | reprobate | G. draft
8. ______ | probity | H. reject
9. ______ | propriety | I. integrity
10. ______ | reprove | J. disgrace

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | approval | A. approve
12. ______ | propriety | B. substantiate
13. ______ | approbation | C. rejection
14. ______ | improve | D. good repute
15. ______ | disprove | E. condemnation
16. ______ | proper | F. refute
17. ______ | opprobrium | G. inappropriate
18. ______ | prove | H. rudeness
19. ______ | disapprove | I. impair

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

imprint | disprove | propriety | blueprint | proper
prove | reprove | improve | probity |

20. Night is the ______ time to sleep.

21. The evidence ______ he was innocent and he was set free.

22. His father ______ him for not doing his chores（家务杂事）.

23. The crew reviewed the ______ of the bank before staging how they would rob it.

24. The editor _______ the manuscript with his changes.

25. The ______ require that we use good table manners.

26. The story of George Washington admitting he mistakenly cut down his father's beloved cherry tree is a story about his _______ .

27. His perjury in court _______ his integrity and he was deemed guilty as charged.

28. The postmark was _______ on the envelope.

参考答案

1. F
2. J
3. H
4. B
5. D
6. G
7. C
8. I
9. A
10. E
11. C
12. H
13. E
14. I
15. B
16. G
17. D
18. F
19. A
20. proper
21. proved
22. reproved
23. blueprints
24. improved
25. proprieties
26. probity
27. disproved
28. imprinted

Lesson 49

音频

Group 163: pur=pure “纯洁”

pure ［pjʊə(r) ］

adj. 纯的；纯净的

解　free of extraneous elements of any kind; not mixed

例　The statue of the businessman was made of pure iron. 这位商人的塑像是用纯铁铸造而成的。

purity ［'pjʊərəti ］

n. 纯净，纯度

解　the quality or state of being pure

例　The environmentalists tested the purity of the drinking water. 环保主义者检测了饮用水的纯净度。

同　impurity n. 杂质

purify ［'pjʊərɪfaɪ ］

v. 净化，提纯

解　to remove impurities from

例　Filters are used to purify water. 过滤器被用来净化水质。

同　purification n. 提纯，纯化

purist ［'pjʊərɪst ］

n. （语法、用字上）主张保存正统的人，力求纯化的人

解　a person who is very careful or too careful about purity in language

例　A purist dislikes slang and all expressions that are not formally correct. 纯粹主义者不喜欢俚语和一切在正式语言中不正确的表达。

purebred ［'pjʊəbred ］

adj. （动物）纯种的 n. 纯种的动物

解　adj. of pure breed or stock n. an animal descended from one breed with no mixture of other breeds

例　Purebred horses are much more expensive than mixed breeds. 纯种马比杂交马的价格昂贵得多。

Group 164: put=consider, reckon “认为，思考”

repute ［rɪ'pju:t ］

n. 名望，名声

解　the state of being held in high esteem and honor; fame

例　This is a district of bad repute because of the crime here. 这个地区因为犯罪活动而臭名昭著。

构　re (=again) + put (=to consider, to reckon) + e

reputation ［ˌrepju'teɪʃən ］

n. 名声，名誉

解　someone's or something's character in the opinion of others; name; repute

例　The founder considered the company's reputation to be more valuable than its profit. 这位创始人认为，公司的声誉比其利益更有价值。

disrepute ［ˌdɪsrɪ'pju:t ］

n. 坏名声

解　the state of being held in low esteem

例　Politicians are usually sensitive to anything that will bring disrepute to them when they are seeking reelection. 政客们在打算再次参加竞选时，通常会对败坏他们名誉的事情很敏感。

disreputable ［dɪs'repjʊtəbəl ］

adj. 品格不端的；名声不好的

解　lacking respectability in character, behavior or appearance

例　Eric was one of the most disreputable figures in the town because of his history of deceit and fraud. 埃里克由于其诈骗的前科而成为了这个镇上名声最不好的人之一。

构　dis (=not) + re (=again) + put (=to consider) + able

dispute ［dɪ'spju:t ］

n./v. 争论；异议

解　n. a verbal controversy; a debate v. to have a disagreement over something

例　Since the companies could not resolve the dispute themselves, it was taken to court. 由于公司间不能自行解决纠纷，于是交由法庭来解决。

近　deputy n. 副警长；代理人，代表

同　disputatious adj. 好争辩的

Group 165: quer, quir, quis=seek, search “寻求，询问”

query ［'kwɪəri ］

n. 质问，询问

解　an instance of questioning

例　The lecturer asked the audience to save their queries until he finished speaking. 演讲者要求听众在他讲完之后再提问。

acquire ［ə'kwaɪə(r) ］

v. 获得，得到

解　to come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

例　The tycoon acquired valuable assets from his many takeovers. 这个企业巨头从他的多项收购中获得了有价值的资产。

acquired ［ə'kwaɪəd ］

adj. 后天习得的

解　gotten through environmental forces

例　After studying for his Ph.D degree, he returned to his country to apply his newly- acquired skills to his profession. 取得博士学位后，他回到自己的祖国，把新掌握的技术应用到了自己的专业领域里。

acquisition ［ˌækwɪ'zɪʃən ］

n. 获得；获得物

解　the act of acquiring; anything gained or acquired

例　The company's many acquisitions practically gave it a monopoly in the market. 这家公司收购了许多公司之后，几乎可以垄断市场。

acquisitiveness ［ə'kwɪzɪtɪvnəs ］

n. 贪得无厌

解　strong desire to acquire and possess

例　The money-hungry businesswoman has always had a sense of acquisitiveness ever since she was a young girl. 当她还是个年轻的女孩的时候，这个视钱如命的女商人就有了一种获取利润的意识。

构　ac (=to) + quis (=to seek) + itive + ness

inquiry ［ɪn'kwaɪəri ］

n. 询问

解　a search for information, knowledge, or truth; question

例　Since her package did not arrive on time, she filed an inquiry with the post office. 由于她的包裹没有按时送到，她向邮局提交了查询申请。

同　inquire v. 询问

构　in (=into) + quir (=to search) + y

inquisition ［ˌɪnkwɪ'zɪʃən ］

n. 调查

解　official inquiry

例　The post office's inquisition of the lost package determined that it had been sent to another country by accident. 通过调查，邮局确定丢失的包裹已被意外送到了另一个国家。

inquisitive ［ɪn'kwɪzɪtɪv ］

adj. 过分好问的，好奇的

解　given to questioning, especially out of curiosity

例　Children are known to have inquisitive minds that are like sponges to new information. 众所周知，孩子们有着好奇的头脑，就像海绵一样，不断吸收新的知识。

构　in (=into) + quis (=to ask, to seek) + itive

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | inquisitive | A. thoroughbred
2. ______ | acquire | B. argue
3. ______ | purebred | C. investigation
4. ______ | disreputable | D. curious
5. ______ | dispute | E. inquiry
6. ______ | acquisition | F. dishonorable
7. ______ | disrepute | G. cleanse
8. ______ | purify | H. discredit
9. ______ | query | I. attain
10. ______ | inquisition | J. obtainment

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | acquire | A. pollute
12. ______ | disreputable | B. uninterested
13. ______ | purify | C. divestiture
14. ______ | repute | D. virtuous
15. ______ | acquired | E. agree
16. ______ | inquisitive | F. lack of distinction
17. ______ | acquisition | G. mongrel
18. ______ | dispute | H. lose
19. ______ | purebred | I. indigenous

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

inquisition | dispute | pure | acquire | acquisition
reputation | purify | query | purebred | disreputable

20. The _____ dog was bred with another dog of the same strain in order for its puppies to be the same breed.

21. The press conference allowed reporters to submit their _____ to the president's spokesman.

22. Marie Curie's _____ spread when she won her second Nobel Prize.

23. The agreement between the companies stipulated that any serious _____ would be taken to an international arbitration committee.

24. The chemical treatment plant _____ the water before it was deemed drinkable.

25. The federal court's _____ into the company's financial statements revealed corporate fraud.

26. The gallery's new _____ included two paintings by Picasso.

27. The evaporation and distillation experiment produced water in its _____ state.

28. She _____ the disease after swimming in the dirty lake and becoming infected by bacteria.

29. After Butch became known as a _____ criminal, he had no chance to run for a public office.

参考答案

1. D
2. I
3. A
4. F
5. B
6. J
7. H
8. G
9. E
10. C
11. H
12. D
13. A
14. F
15. I
16. B
17. C
18. E
19. G
20. purebred
21. queries
22. reputation
23. dispute
24. purified
25. inquisition
26. acquisitions
27. purest
28. acquired
29. disreputable

Lesson 50

音频

Group 166: quest, quer=seek, search “寻求，询问”

questionable ［'kwestʃənəbəl ］

adj. 可疑的

解　not certain

例　The embassy refused to give him a visa because his intentions to study there were questionable . 该国大使馆拒绝给他签证，因为他想去那个国家学习的意图比较可疑。

questionnaire ［ˌkwestʃə'neə(r) ］

n. 调查表，问卷

解　a form containing a set of questions, submitted to people to gain statistical information

例　The students handed out questionnaires on the street in order to get a random pooling of people for their survey on social issues. 学生们在街上发放调查问卷，以便得到随机的人群来进行关于社会问题的调查。

querulous ［'kwerʊləs ］

adj. 抱怨的，多牢骚的

解　habitually complaining

例　His classmates were repelled by his querulous and complaining statements. 他总是抱怨和发牢骚，他的同学都感到厌烦。

request ［rɪ'kwest ］

n./v. 要求，请求

解　n. the act of asking v. to ask for; to ask as a favor

例　She requested a loan from the bank. 她向银行申请了贷款。

conquest ［'kɒŋkwest ］

n. 征服

解　the act of conquering

例　The famous Mongolian warrior's military campaign had a history of countless conquests . 这个著名的蒙古勇士战功显赫，征服的地方数不胜数。

近　conquer v. 征服

构　con (=together) + quest (=to seek)

Group 167: quiet, quie=still “静，静止”

quietude ［'kwaɪətju:d ］

n. 平静，寂静

解　a state of peace and quiet

例　During the weekend people from the city like to escape to the quietude of the country to relax. 在周末，城市里的人们喜欢逃离到寂静的乡村去放松身心。

近　platitude n. 陈词滥调；plenitude n. 丰富，大量；完全；solicitude n. 热心，关心

disquiet ［dɪs'kwaɪət ］

v./n. 担心，焦虑

解　v. to make uneasy or anxious; to disturb n. uneasy feelings; anxiety

例　Although she had done nothing wrong, the appearance of the police disquieted her. 尽管她没做过什么坏事，但警察的出现还是让她感到不安。

acquiesce ［ˌækwɪ'es ］

v. 勉强同意，默许

解　to give consent silently

例　The bank manager acquiesced to the robbers so that no one would get hurt. 银行经理答应了抢劫者的要求，这样其他人就不会受到伤害。

同　acquiescence n. 默许

构　ac (=to) + quie (=to be quiet) + sce

其他与“静止”意义有关的词汇

static adj. 静态的；呆板的

stationary adj. 静止的，不动的

dormancy n. 休眠；静止

dormant adj. 冬眠的；静止的

hush n. 肃静，安静

pacific adj. 和平的；宁静的

pastoral adj. 田园生活的，乡村的；宁静的

serene adj. 宁静的

serenity n. 宁静，安宁

tranquil adj. 宁静的，安静的

tranquility n. 宁静

placid adj. 安静的，平和的

restive adj. 不安静的，不安宁的

Group 168: secut, sequ=follow “跟随”

persecute ［'pɜ:sɪkju:t ］

v. ① 迫害 ② 不断困扰

解　① to cause to suffer ② to annoy persistently; bother

例　Thousands of Jews were persecuted during the era of the European Inquisition. 在欧洲宗教法庭时期，数以千计的犹太教徒被迫害。

近　execute v. 实行，完成；处决；execution n. 实施；executive n. 经理；行政人员；executor n. 遗嘱执行人

构　per (=through, throughout) + secut (=to follow) + e

prosecute ［'prɒsɪkju:t ］

v. 告发，检举

解　to bring a criminal action against (in a trial); to sue

例　The district attorney plans to prosecute her for burglary. 地方检察官准备以入室行窃罪起诉她。

同　prosecution n. 起诉，控告

构　pro (=before) + secut (=to follow) + e

sequential ［sɪ'kwenʃəl ］

adj. 连续的，一连串的

解　in regular succession without gaps

例　Casino players often organize their cards in sequential order. 人们玩卡西诺纸牌游戏时通常会把手中的牌按顺序排列起来。

consequence ［'kɒnsɪkwəns ］

n. ① 结果 ② 重要的地位

解　① a result or effect ② importance

例　The consequence of the fall was a broken leg. 这次跌倒的后果是把腿摔断了。

构　con (=with) + sequ (=to follow) + ence

consequential ［ˌkɒnsɪ'kwenʃəl ］

adj. 重要的；产生后果的

解　having important issues or results

例　Ben Franklin was a consequential figure in the American history. 本·富兰克林是美国历史上的一个重要的人物。

构　con (=with) + sequ (=to follow) + ential

Group 169: spir=breathe “呼吸”

spirit ［'spɪrɪt ］

n. 精神

解　the immaterial part of human beings; soul

例　Some people believe that their spirit lives on even after their body dies. 有些人认为，他们死后灵魂会继续存在。

同　spiral n. 螺旋状旋转；螺旋，螺线

spirited ［'spɪrɪtɪd ］

adj. 有精神的，生气勃勃的，活泼的

解　full of energy and spirit; lively

例　We played a highly spirited game against the cross-town rivals. 我们与同城的对手打了一场激烈的比赛。

dispirited ［dɪ'spɪrɪtɪd ］

adj. 垂头丧气的

解　lacking in spirit; depressed

例　The coach used all the tricks at his command to buoy up the enthusiasm of his team, which had become dispirited at the loss of the star player. 由于明星队员的流失，球队士气不振，教练想尽各种办法来调动球员们的热情。

spiritual ［'spɪrɪtʃuəl ］

adj. 精神的

解　relating to the spirit or sacred matters

例　Martin Luther King was a spiritual and political leader for African Americans. 对于非裔美国人而言，马丁·路德·金是一位精神领袖和政治领袖。

aspirant ［ə'spaɪərənt ］

n. 有抱负者，有野心者

解　seeker after position or status

例　These times of opportunity have invigorated a generation of aspirants . 这个充满机遇的时代使这一代人深受鼓舞、胸怀抱负。

aspiration ［ˌæspə'reɪʃən ］

n. 渴望，热望

解　noble ambition

例　Her aspiration to become a medical doctor was realized after many years of hard work. 通过多年的努力，她想成为医生的愿望终于实现了。

构　a < ad (=to, intensive) + spir (=to breathe) + ation

其他与“呼吸”意义有关的词汇

respiration n. 呼吸；呼吸作用

inhale v. 吸气

exhale v. 呼出（气）

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | request | A. tranquility
2. ______ | acquiesce | B. dynamic
3. ______ | aspiration | C. passion
4. ______ | consequence | D. worry
5. ______ | quietude | E. petition
6. ______ | questionable | F. subjugation
7. ______ | conquest | G. torment
8. ______ | disquiet | H. consent
9. ______ | persecute | I. doubtful
10. ______ | spirited | J. aftermath

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | consequence | A. put at ease
12. ______ | disquiet | B. certain
13. ______ | questionable | C. defy
14. ______ | acquiesce | D. support
15. ______ | consequential | E. corporeal
16. ______ | spiritual | F. lifeless
17. ______ | persecute | G. insignificance
18. ______ | conquest | H. failure
19. ______ | spirited | I. nugatory

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

spirit | disquiet | request | quietude | acquiesce
persecute | consequence | prosecute | dispirited | questionnaire

20. Home, for many people, is a place of ______, where they can go to escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life.

21. The disaster from the hurricane left the city in chaos and the people ______ .

22. The entire student body was overcome with ______ before the national examination.

23. It is wrong to ______ people because of their religious beliefs.

24. The national ______ polled a random pool of citizens to find out whom they would vote for in the election.

25. Some religions teach that at death the ______ leaves the body.

26. The board of directors evaluated all the risks and ______ of a decision before voting on it.

27. The teacher ______ that the students raise their hands if they had any questions or comments.

28. The company is being ______ for accounting and will have to pay a multimillion dollar fine, if found guilty.

29. The king required his men to ______ to his orders or their heads would be cut off.

参考答案

1. E
2. H
3. C
4. J
5. A
6. I
7. F
8. D
9. G
10. B
11. G
12. A
13. B
14. C
15. I
16. E
17. D
18. H
19. F
20. quietude
21. dispirited
22. disquiet
23. persecute
24. questionnaire
25. spirit
26. consequences
27. requested
28. prosecuted
29. acquiesce

Lesson 51

音频

Group 170: tempo, tempor=time “时间；时间引起的现象”

temporary ［'tempərəri ］

adj. 短暂的，暂时的

解　lasting for a short time only; used for the time being; not permanent

例　Although bad times may seem never-ending, they are temporary just like everything else. 虽然糟糕的境遇似乎无休无止，但是它们和所有事情一样，都是暂时的。

extemporize ［ɪk'stempəraɪz ］

v. 即兴（发言、创作、演奏或演说）

解　to perform without preparation; provide something roughly for an immediate need

例　He is the kind of speaker who is more effective when he extemporizes than when he reads from a prepared script. 他是那种作即兴演说比照着事先准备好的演说稿念有感染力的演讲者。

构　ex (=out) + tempor (=time) + ize

extemporaneous ［ɪkˌstempə'reɪnjəs ］

adj. ① 即席的，即兴的 ② 临时的，权宜的

解　① carried out or performed with little or no preparation; impromptu ② provided, made, or adapted as an expedient; makeshift

例　He was surprised to have spoken so eloquently in the extemporaneous speech. 他惊讶地发现自己在作即兴演讲时竟然如此地富有表现力。

tempo ［'tempəʊ ］

n. （音乐）速度，拍子

解　the speed at which a composition is to be played

例　Professional dancers can naturally move to the rhythm and tempo of the music. 专业舞蹈家会自然地跟着音乐的节拍和旋律起舞。

Group 171: tend, tent, tens=stretch “伸展”

tension ［'tenʃən ］

n. ① 紧张 ② 张力

解　① mental, emotional, or nervous strain ② a force tending to stretch or elongate sth.

例　The tension of the bow gives speed to the arrow. 弓的张力使箭产生速度。

extensive ［ɪk'stensɪv ］

adj. 广大的，广阔的，广泛的

解　of great extent; far-reaching; large

例　Your script has some excellent ideas, but it will need extensive revision if it is to be used as the class play. 你的剧本中有一些非常棒的点子，但是如果要把它用做班级戏剧的剧本，你还需要作大量的修改。

构　ex (=out) + tens (=to stretch) + ive

distend ［dɪ'stend ］

v. （使）膨胀，胀大

解　to stretch out; to swell out; to expand

例　The balloon distended almost to the bursting point. 气球膨胀得快要爆炸了。

同　distention n. 膨胀；延伸

intensify ［ɪn'tensɪfaɪ ］

vt. 加强，强化

解　to increase in extent or intensity; to make more intense, stronger, or more marked

例　The heat of the sunny day intensified when the clouds evaporated. 云散去后，天空晴朗，气温也升高了。

同　intense adj. 激烈的；intensity n. 紧张；强烈，剧烈

ostensible ［ɒs'tensəbəl; -sɪbəl ］

adj. 表面上的，伪装的

解　according to appearances; apparent; pretended

例　My ostensible purpose for going to the library was to study, but I was really reading magazines. 我去图书馆表面上是为了学习，但实际上是看杂志。

ostentatious ［ˌɒsten'teiʃəs ］

adj. 做作的，虚荣的，炫耀的

解　done for unnecessary display; liking to attract notice; showy

例　The real hero is modest, never ostentatious . 真正的英雄很谦逊，从来不炫耀。

同　ostentation n. 夸示，炫耀

pretentious ［prɪ'tenʃəs ］

adj. 自负的，夸耀的；自抬身价的

解　making claims to excellence or importance

例　The pretentious artist claimed his paintings had made millions even when they had not earned him a single penny. 这位艺术家自抬身价，声称他的画作已经给他带来了数百万元的收入，而实际上它们没有为他赚来分文。

同　pretension n. 自命不凡；pretense n. 借口；虚假，自负

构　pre (=before) + tent (=to stretch) + ious

Group 172: viv, vit=live; life “活泼的；生命”

revive ［rɪ'vaɪv ］

v. 苏醒，复活，复兴

解　to come or bring back to consciousness, strength, health or an earlier state

例　The lifeguard tried to revive the woman who was drowning. 救生员努力让溺水的女士苏醒过来。

近　revise v. 修改

构　re (=again) + viv (=to live, life) + e

revitalize ［ri:'vaɪtəlaɪz ］

v. 使复活，使新生，使重新充满活力

解　to give new life or vigor to

例　The President released a new plan to revitalize the troubled economy. 总统颁布了一项新的计划来使陷入低谷的经济复苏。

同　revitalization n. 新生，复兴

survival ［sə'vaɪvəl ］

n. 幸存

解　living

例　Survival is the most basic instinct in animals. 生存是动物最基本的本能。

vitality ［vaɪ'tæləti ］

n. 活力，生命力，体力

解　vital force; power to live

例　One's vitality can be lessened by illness. 生病会削弱人的体力。

vitalize ［'vaɪtəlaɪz ］

v. ① 赋予…生命 ② 给予…活力 ③ 鼓舞

解　① to give life to ② to put vitality into

③ to make more energetic, lively, or enterprising

例　The cartoonist vitalized the drawing of a mouse called Mickey into one of the most famous icons in the world. 这位漫画家将一只名叫米奇的老鼠画得栩栩如生，使它成为了世界上最著名的漫画形象之一。

vitiate ［'vɪʃɪeɪt ］

v. ① 削弱，损害，使无效 ② 使（在道德方面）败坏

解　① to reduce the value or impair the quality of ② to corrupt morally

例　Fraud will vitiate the contract. 欺诈会使合同失效。

convivial ［kən'vɪvɪəl ］

adj. 欢宴的，欢乐的

解　merry; festive

例　The convivial celebrators of the victory sang their college songs. 庆祝胜利的人们欢快地唱起了他们大学的校歌。

构　con (=together) + viv (=to live) + ial

其他与“活泼的，生机勃勃的”意义有关的词汇

activate v. 激发，使活泼；加速反应

animated adj. 有生命的，活泼的；栩栩如生的

animation n. 兴奋，活跃

brisk adj. 轻快的，活泼的

sprightly adj. 愉快的，活泼的

vibrant adj. 振动的；明快的，生机勃勃的

exuberant adj. （人）充满活力的；（植物）茂盛的

racy adj. 活泼的，生动的

综合练习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
1. ______ | vitality | A. resuscitate
2. ______ | ostentatious | B. momentary
3. ______ | extemporize | C. pretentious
4. ______ | tempo | D. enliven
5. ______ | revive | E. pace
6. ______ | convivial | F. impromptu
7. ______ | intensify | G. improvise
8. ______ | temporary | H. enhance
9. ______ | extemporaneous | I. cheerful
10. ______ | vitalize | J. vigor

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
11. ______ | survival | A. weariness
12. ______ | intensify | B. follow a script
13. ______ | temporary | C. lessen
14. ______ | extensive | D. shrink
15. ______ | vitality | E. not apparent
16. ______ | extemporize | F. death
17. ______ | distend | G. modest
18. ______ | vitiate | H. limited
19. ______ | ostensible | I. fortify
20. ______ | ostentatious | J. abiding

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

convivial | vitality | revitalize | intensify | extemporaneous
tension | distended | temporary | vitalize |

21. The farmer put more fertilizer on his crops to ______ their growth.

22. We hope to ______ our feeble extracurricular program by introducing many new activities.

23. The dog's stomach ______ from eating too much food.

24. Can you think of anything more pleasant than to spend Thanksgiving with a large and ______ family group?

25. His ______ speech was given without notes or preparation.

26. Exercise helps maintain ______.

27. ______ is sometimes brought on by overwork.

28. It's our hope that we continue to ______ the reform of foreign trade system.

29. Change is the only consistent thing in life; everthing else is ______.

参考答案

1. J
2. C
3. G
4. E
5. A
6. I
7. H
8. B
9. F
10. D
11. F
12. C
13. J
14. H
15. A
16. B
17. D
18. I
19. E
20. G
21. revitalize
22. vitalize
23. distended
24. convivial
25. extemporaneous
26. vitality
27. Tension
28. intensify
29. temporary

附录

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