图书在版编目（CIP）数据

新东方词汇进阶. Vocabulary 6000 / 包凡一，王玉梅编著．—2版（修订本）．—西安：西安交通大学出版社，2012．9

ISBN 978-7-5605-4554-7

Ⅰ. ①新… Ⅱ. ①包… ②王… Ⅲ. ①英语—词汇—自学参考资料　Ⅳ. ①H313

中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2012）第211909号

书　　名　新东方词汇进阶 Vocabulary 6000
编　　著　包凡一　王玉梅
责任编辑　黄科丰　周艳华
封面设计　黄蕊
出版发行　西安交通大学出版社
地　　址　西安市兴庆南路10号（邮编：710049）
电　　话　（010）62605588　62605019（发行部）　（029）82668315（总编室）
读者信箱　bj62605588@163.com
书　　号　ISBN 978-7-5605-4554-7/H·1418

版权所有　侵权必究

前言

本丛书专为哪些人编写？

◎ 准备参加TOEFL、IELTS、GRE、GMAT等考试，但英语水平或词汇量不足，难以直接复习备考，需要实实在在、循序渐进提高词汇量及英文水平的人——本丛书词汇从“Vocabulary Basic”开始，难度逐级提高，直到“Vocabulary 23000”。

◎ 准备参加大学英语四级考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”包括了《大学英语教学大纲》规定的英语四级应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 准备参加大学英语六级考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”+“Vocabulary 6000”，包括了《大学英语教学大纲》规定的英语六级应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 准备参加TOEFL、研究生入学等考试的人——“Vocabulary Basic”+ “Vocabulary 6000”+“Vocabulary 12000”，包含了TOEFL、研究生入学考试应掌握的全部核心词汇。

◎ 以上所有类型的读者均可首先学习或最后总结学习“Vocabulary 23000”。该书采用“词根词缀”记忆法，为读者构建词汇学习之框架，同时结合“近形”和“同根”记忆法，帮助读者轻松、快速地扩大词汇量。

本丛书有何特点？

◎ 以“课”为单元，每课包括4个部分或3～5个Group，各部分虽只有10个左右的主词，但由其衍生出来的同义、反义、形近、同根、同类词等的量非常之大。这样既可方便读者安排学习进度（每天1~2课），又能够保证其3个月内词汇量迅速达到20000以上。

◎ 每个单词均附有国际音标、词性说明、中文释义、英文例句及译文。

◎ 列出各单词的同义词，帮助读者迅速扩大词汇量。配合联想记忆法，举一反三，事半功倍。

◎ 根据词义精心设计了助记插图，既便于读者更好地理解单词，又为学习增加了趣味性。

◎ 前三册每一部分后均附有习题，以加深读者对所学单词的印象；全四册每一课后均有综合复习，便于读者自我检测对所学单词的了解程度，并增强活用单词的能力。

◎ 附赠MP3录音，可在网络上免费下载，其中包含书中的所有主词和英文例句。录音由英音外教朗读，发音纯正地道，配合学习，效果更佳。

词汇量的增加不可一蹴而就，但是若能采用系统的方法，还是可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间。为此，我们特别为全国广大的英语学习者编写了这套词汇丛书。从最基本的“Vocabulary Basic”到足以应付留学考试之需的“Vocabulary 23000”，读者只要按部就班、循序渐进地学习本丛书，必可在最短的时间内取得最大的成效。无论您目前是在校求学或已步入社会，都会发现本系列书籍即是您苦寻已久、增强英文实力的最佳利器。学校老师更可采用本系列书籍作为辅助教材，以弥补平时上课内容之不足。

编　者

Lesson 1

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. During the Second World War, all important resources in the United States were allocated by the federal government.

(A) distributed
(B) commanded
(C) nationalized

2. Chicago's O'Hare International Airport accommodates forty-four million passengers per year.

(A) amazes
(B) lures
(C) carries

3. One of California's most acute problems is inadequate water supply.

(A) unusual
(B) critical
(C) persistent

4. Most traditional folk songs are of anonymous origin.

(A) insignificant
(B) inconspicuous
(C) unknown

5. The fear of smallpox, which terrorized the eighteenth century, has no analogy today.

(A) occurrence
(B) remnants
(C) parallel

第一部分

abide ［ə'baɪd ］

vi. 遵守（by）〈同 follow, comply with〉

例　Players have to abide by the referee's decision. 参赛者必须遵守裁判的判定。

vt. 忍受〈同 endure, put up with〉

例　Many people can't abide the smell of cheap cigars. 许多人没法忍受廉价雪茄的气味。

联　abiding adj. 持久的

abnormal ［æb'nɔ:məl ］

adj. 反常的，异常的；变态的〈同 anomalous, unnatural〉

例　The warm December weather in Beijing is abnormal . 在北京，12月份还这么暖和是不正常的。

记　ab（不）+ norm（标准）+ al → 不标准的 → 异常的

联　normal adj. 正常的，正规的，标准的；supernormal adj. 非凡的，异乎寻常的；subnormal adj. 低于正常的，弱智的

abolish ［ə'bɒlɪʃ ］

vt. 废除，取消〈同 eliminate〉

例　Slavery was abolished in the United States after the Civil War. 美国在南北战争以后废除了奴隶制。

联　abolition n. 废除，革除；abolitionist n. 废奴主义者

abrupt ［ə'brʌpt ］

adj. ① 突然的，意外的〈同 sudden〉

例　There is a road with many abrupt turns. 那儿有一条路有很多急转弯。

② 唐突的；无礼的

例　Abrupt responses often cause hurt feelings. 无礼的回答通常会伤害别人的感情。

absurd ［əb'zɜ:d ］

adj. 荒谬的，可笑的〈同 foolish, ridiculous〉

例　It is absurd to wear a coat at the swimming pool. 在游泳池边穿着外套很可笑。

记　ab + surd（笨）→ 笨的 → 可笑的

联　absurdity n. 荒谬，谬论

accent ［'æksənt ］

n. ① 口音

例　My father was born in Germany and still speaks English with a German accent . 我的父亲出生在德国，他在说英语的时候仍带着德国口音。

② 重音〈同 emphasis〉

例　In the word“wonderful”, the accent is on the first syllable. 单词wonderful的重音在第一个音节上。

联　accentuate vt. 重读；强调

accessory ［ək'sesəri ］

n. 附件，零件〈同 accompaniment〉

例　Her new car has many accessories , including air conditioning. 她的新车有许多配套设施，包括空调。

accommodate ［ə'kɒmədeɪt ］

vt. ① 容纳，为…提供空间；供应（膳宿）〈同 contain, supply〉

例　That hotel can accommodate up to one hundred guests. 那家旅馆总共可以容纳100个客人。

② 使适应；调节〈同 suit, adjust〉

例　I will accommodate my scheme to yours. 我会调整我的计划以适应你的计划。

记　ac（朝向）+ commodate（使合适，方便）→ 使适应；调节

联　accommodation n. 住处，膳宿；accommodating adj. 乐于助人的，随和的；commodity n. 商品；commodious adj. 宽敞的

activate ［'æktɪveɪt ］

vt. 刺激，使活动〈同 mobilize〉

例　The hungry and tired child was activated when he saw the bread. 这个又饿又累的孩子一看见面包马上变得精神起来。

联　activation n. 【化】活化作用；active adj. 积极的，活跃的；activity n. 活跃，行动，行为

acute ［ə'kju:t ］

adj. ① 灵敏的，敏锐的〈同 keen〉

例　Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people do. 大多数动物都有着灵敏的听觉，它们比人类感知雷雨到来的时间要早很多。

② 剧烈的；严重的；紧要关头的〈同 intense, critical〉

例　With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress. 随着工业化的加速发展，城市里出现了严重拥挤和随之而来的社会压力。

记　acu（尖）+ te → 尖锐的 → 敏锐的

联　acuity n. 尖锐，敏锐；acumen n. 敏锐，聪明；cute adj. 可爱的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The boy's parents were worried about his ______ behavior that never had happened before.

7. The long drought caused an ______ shortage of water in the city.

8. The idea that the number 13 brings bad luck is ______.

9. Dialing 110 ______ your community's emergency response program.

10. Both teams will ______ the umpire's（裁判员）decision.

11. I made an ______ turn to avoid another car.

第二部分

adhere ［əd'hɪə(r) ］

vi. ① 黏附，粘牢〈同 stick〉

例　Mud adheres to your shoes. 你的鞋粘上泥了。

② 追随，坚持；遵守（to）〈同 follow〉

例　In China, many people adhere to Confucius' teaching. 在中国，有很多人遵循孔子的教育理念。

联　adhesive adj. 有黏性的；adherent adj. 黏着的 n. 信徒，追随者；adhesion n. 黏附，支持；cohere vi. 粘连，结合；inhere vi. 与生俱来

adjacent ［ə'ʤeɪsənt ］

adj. 毗连的，邻近的〈同 neighboring〉

例　The house adjacent to ours has been sold, so we have a new neighbor. 我们隔壁的房子已经卖出去了，于是我们有了新的邻居。

记　ad + jacent（躺）→ 躺在附近 → 邻近的

adjust ［ə'ʤʌst ］

vt. 调整；使适应〈同 regulate, adapt〉

例　It took Janet more than half a year to adjust to the new business after she changed her job. 珍妮特跳槽以后，花了多半年的时间来适应这份新工作。

联　adjustment n. 调整

administer ［əd'mɪnɪstə(r) ］

vt. 管理〈同 govern〉

例　The British administered Hong Kong until 1997. 英国对香港的管辖持续到1997年。

联　administration n. 管理，经营；administrative adj. 管理的，行政的；administrator n. 管理人，行政官

adolescent ［ˌædə'lesənt ］

adj. 青春期的；成长中的

例　In his adolescent years, the successful businessman claimed, he had undergone many hardships. 这位成功的商人说，他在青少年时期受过很多的磨难。

记　adol（成年）+ escent（开始…的）→ 开始成年的 → 青春期的

联　adolescence n. 青春期

advent ［'ædvent ］

n. （尤指不寻常的人或事的）出现，到来〈同 coming into being〉

例　The advent of e-mail changed communication. 电子邮件的出现改变了通信方式。

记　ad + vent（到来）→ 出现，到来

联　adventure n. 冒险；adventitious adj. 偶然的；prevent vt. 防止，预防；circumvent vt. 包围；intervention n. 干涉

adverse ［æd'vɜ:s ］

adj. 负面的，不利的；相反的〈同 unfavorable, opposite〉

例　The adverse effects from most of the medication were minimal. 大多数药物的副作用很小。

联　adversary n. 敌人，对手；adversity n. 不幸，灾难

advocate

［'ædvəkət ］ n. 提倡者，主张者，拥护者〈同 proponent〉

例　The International Fund for Animal Welfare was a strong advocate of the campaign to save dolphins from death. 国际爱护动物基金会是拯救海豚运动的坚决拥护者。

［'ædvəkeɪt ］ vt. 拥护，主张〈同 support〉

例　Some people advocated limiting the number of cars on the main road. 有些人倡议限制主路上的汽车数量。

aesthetic ［i:s'θetɪk ］

adj. 美学的，审美的〈同 artistic〉

例　The new building has little aesthetic value, but can accommodate a lot of people. 这座新楼没有多少美学价值，不过可以容纳很多人。

联　anesthetic n. 麻醉剂

affiliate ［ə'fɪlɪeɪt ］

vt. 使隶属；接纳…为成员〈同 associate, incorporate〉

例　The hospital is affiliated with a local university. 这家医院是当地一所大学的附属医院。

记　af + fili（儿子）+ ate → 使成为儿子 → 使隶属

联　affiliation n. 联系，从属关系；afflict vt. 使痛苦；affinity n. 密切关系；吸引力

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Some people ______ stricter laws against drunk drivers.

13. The Secretary of Defense ______ a department of the government.

14. That TV station is ______ with a national network.

15. My house is ______ to hers, so we are neighbors.

16. ______ criticism discouraged me.

17. This chair may be ______ but it's not very comfortable.

第三部分

affirm ［ə'fɜ:m ］

vt. ① 断言；坚称〈同 assert〉

例　She affirmed before the policeman that he was the one who stole her purse. 她在警察面前坚称他就是偷她钱包的那个人。

② 证实，确认；批准〈同 approve〉

例　The post office affirmed that the letter was delivered. 邮局证实信已寄出。

联　affirmative adj. 表示同意的，肯定的；infirm adj. 体弱的，意志薄弱的；infirmary n. 医务室

afflict ［ə'flɪkt ］

vt. 折磨；使苦恼〈同 plague〉

例　The villagers in several mountainous areas are afflicted by poverty in the nation. 在这个国家，一些山区的村民深受穷困之苦。

记　af + flict（打击）→ 一再受到打击 → 折磨

联　afflicting adj. 痛苦的；affliction n. 苦难；conflict n./vi. 斗争，冲突

agenda ［ə'ʤendə ］

n. 日程，议程〈同 schedule〉

例　My agenda is quite full for the whole week, so I can't make an appointment with you. 这个星期我的日程已经排得很满了，所以我没有时间跟你会面了。

aggravate ［'ægrəveɪt ］

vt. 使恶化，使加重〈同 worsen〉

例　Mary aggravated her injuries by refusing treatment. 由于玛丽拒绝接受治疗，她的伤情加重了。

记　ag + grav（重）+ ate → 加重

联　aggravating adj. 恼人的，讨厌的；aggravation n. 加重，恶化；grave n. 墓穴，坟墓；gravitate vi. 受引力作用，下沉；gravity n. 庄重，地球引力

agitation ［ˌæʤɪ'teɪʃən ］

n. 焦虑，不安；煽动〈同 anxiety〉

例　Because of her agitation over losing her job, she could not sleep. 由于失业让她很焦虑，她都睡不着觉了。

agony ［'ægəni ］

n. 苦恼；极大的痛苦〈同 anguish〉

例　Listening to my neighbor practice the piano is an agony . 听我的邻居练习钢琴是一件很痛苦的事。

记　agon（挣扎）+y → 拼命挣扎 → 极大的痛苦

联　agonize vt. 使极度痛苦，折磨

agreeable ［ə'gri:əbəl ］

adj. ①（指计划等）使人愉快的，合意的〈同 pleasing, acceptable〉

例　The plan was agreeable to everyone but Mary. 除了玛丽，所有人都对这个计划满意。

② 和蔼可亲的，容易相处的〈同 affable〉

例　Mr. Bao is an agreeable man with a kind smile. 包先生是一个面带微笑、十分随和的人。

记　agree（赞同）+ able → 表示同意的 → 合意的

联　agreement n. 协议，一致；disagree vi. 不一致，争执；disagreeable adj. 不友善的，令人厌恶的

alien ［'eɪlɪən ］

adj. 相异的，陌生的〈同 strange〉

例　When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me. 当我第一次去纽约的时候，那里的一切对我来说都很陌生。

联　alienate vt. 使疏远，离间；salient adj. 显著的，突出的

allege ［ə'leʤ ］

vt. （尤指无根据地）宣称；断言〈同 assert〉

例　Although he has no proof, this man alleges that the janitor stole his watch. 尽管没有证据，这个男人还是断言是看门人偷了他的表。

联　allegedly adv. 据说；allegation n. 主张，断言

alleviate ［ə'li:vɪeɪt ］

vt. 减轻（痛苦等），缓和〈同 reduce, lighten〉

例　To alleviate symptoms, you should drink plenty of water and stay in bed. 为缓解症状，你需要多喝水，卧床休息。

记　al + lev（轻）+ iate → 减轻

联　alleviation n. 缓和；levity n. 轻率，轻浮；levitate v. （使）飘浮在空中

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The loss of their child filled them with ______.

19. Cruelty is ______ to his kind nature.

20. Although Janet was ______ with a bad cold, she kept on working.

21. Congress ______ the President's nominee for the Supreme Court.

22. He arrived home in a state of ______ after he quarreled with his boss.

23. This medicine will ______ your sore throat.

第四部分

allocate ［'æləkeɪt ］

vt. 分配，分派，拨出〈同 allot〉

例　The federal government allocated millions of dollars for cancer research. 联邦政府拨出几百万美元用于癌症研究。

联　allocation n. 分配，安置；locate v. 定位，定居

alternate

［ɔ:l'tɜ:nət ］ adj. ① 交替的，轮流的〈同 intermittent〉

例　Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days. 私家车每隔一天就被禁止入城。

② 替代的〈同 alternative〉

例　If that business does not make what we want, we can always find an alternate one that does. 如果那项业务达不到我们想要的水平，我们随时都可以选择其他的业务来替代。

［'ɔ:ltɜ:neɪt ］ vi. 轮流，交替〈同 rotate〉

例　Her cheerfulness alternated with despair. 她的欢乐和绝望交替而来。

联　alternative adj. 两者（或两者以上）择一的，另外的 n. 可选事物，另一种选择；alternation n. 交替，轮流

ambiguous ［æm'bɪgjʊəs ］

adj. 歧义的，含糊的〈同 unclear, equivocal〉

例　His ambiguous statements could have been understood in more than one way. 他含糊不清的陈述可能让人有不止一种理解方式。

记　ambi（双，两个）+ gu（= go 走）+ ous → 有两种意义的 → 歧义的，含糊的

联　ambiguity n. 歧义，含糊

ambitious ［æm'bɪʃəs ］

adj. 有雄心的，渴望成功的；有野心的〈同 aspiring〉

例　She has some ambitious expansion plans for her business. 她的事业拓展计划野心勃勃。

记　ambi（多于一的）+ tious → 志向多的 → 有雄心的

联　ambition n. 雄心，野心

amend ［ə'mend ］

vt. 修正，改正〈同 revise〉

例　Rather than amend the club's constitution again, let us discard it and start afresh. 与其再次修改俱乐部的章程，我们还不如把它废弃，制定新的章程。

记　a + mend（补，修）→ 修订

联　amends n. 赔偿，赔礼；amendment n. 改正，修正；mend vt. 修改，修理；amenable adj. 应服从的，有责任的；amenity n. （地方、气候等的）宜人，礼仪；mendacious adj. 虚假的，说谎的

ample ［'æmpəl ］

adj. 富足的，充足的〈同 abundant〉

例　She received ample compensation for her injuries from this accident. 她在这起交通事故中所受到的伤害获得了足够的赔偿。

联　trample v. 践踏，毁坏

amplify ［'æmplɪfaɪ ］

vt. 放大；扩大；增强〈同 enlarge, strengthen〉

例　They needed the radio signal to be amplified in order to receive it properly. 他们需要增强广播信号以便更好地接收。

联　amplification n. 扩大

analogy ［ə'næləʤi ］

n. 类比，类推；类似物〈同 comparison, parallel〉

例　He drew an analogy between the brain and a computer. 他打了个比方，把人脑比作电脑。

联　analogous adj. 类似的

analytical ［ˌænə'lɪtɪkəl ］

adj. 分析的，解析的

例　He has a very analytical mind and always gets the highest score in his geometry course. 他的分析能力很强，总是在几何学课程中得最高分。

联　analyze vt. 分析，分解；analysis n. 分析，分解

anonymous ［ə'nɒnɪməs ］

adj. 匿名的〈同 unknown〉

例　Sometimes, the newspaper publishes anonymous articles in the political opinion section. 有时候，报纸在政治观点版刊登匿名文章。

记　an + onym（名称）+ ous → 无名称的 → 匿名的

联　anonymity n. 无名，匿名；onymous adj. 署名的；synonym n. 同义词

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. We needn't hurry; there's ______ time to catch our bus.

25. When sound is ______, it can be heard from a greater distance.

26.“After John hit Dick he ran away”is ______ because we cannot tell which boy ran away.

27. The president ______ each person fifteen minutes for an interview.

28. The Constitution of the United States was ______ so that women could vote.

29. The flag of the United States has ______ stripes of red and white.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | adverse | A. scarce
31. ______ | abrupt | B. aggravate
32. ______ | advent | C. gradual
33. ______ | ample | D. maintain
34. ______ | ambiguous | E. disappearance
35. ______ | alleviate | F. deny
36. ______ | acute | G. soothe
37. ______ | abolish | H. favorable
38. ______ | affirm | I. dull
39. ______ | aggravate | J. unequivocal

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | agreeable | A. unfamiliar
41. ______ | absurd | B. manage
42. ______ | abide | C. similarity
43. ______ | administer | D. tolerate
44. ______ | afflict | E. every other
45. ______ | alien | F. friendly
46. ______ | analogy | G. torment
47. ______ | ambitious | H. champion
48. ______ | alternate | I. ridiculous
49. ______ | advocate | J. enterprising

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

amplify | adjust | adolescent | ambitious | adjacent
abolish | accessory | accent | advent | accommodate

50. The death penalty has recently been ______ in many countries.

51. A. 13 years old, he is still in the ______ stage of development.

52. Please ______ the TV so that the picture doesn't jump.

53. This classroom can ______ twenty-five students.

54. She is ______ to get through high school in two years.

55. Most cars come with optional ______.

56. In“letter,”the ______ is on the first syllable.

57. The prehistoric art of inscribing figures and designs on rock surfaces seems to have slowly disappeared with the ______ of agriculture, which required a large amount of time and energy.

58. Weed killers must be chosen and applied with great care to avoid damage to ______ trees and shrubs.

59. The relatives are reluctant to show up for the funeral, which can ______ the feelings of regret and loss further.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. abnormal
7. acute
8. absurd
9. activates
10. abide by
11. abrupt
12. advocate
13. administers
14. affiliated
15. adjacent
16. Adverse
17. aesthetic
18. agony
19. alien
20. afflicted
21. affirmed
22. agitation
23. alleviate
24. ample
25. amplified
26. ambiguous
27. allocated
28. amended
29. alternate
30. H
31. C
32. E
33. A
34. J
35. B
36. I
37. D
38. F
39. G
40. F
41. I
42. D
43. B
44. G
45. A
46. C
47. J
48. E
49. H
50. abolished
51. adolescent
52. adjust
53. accommodate
54. ambitious
55. accessories
56. accent
57. advent
58. adjacent
59. amplify

Lesson 2

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. He made an apt remark and everybody agreed with it.

(A) a happy
(B) an appropriate
(C) a fast

2. In early New England, bachelors were required to live with families.

(A) school teachers
(B) college students
(C) unmarried men

3. Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the atmosphere .

(A) water
(B) earth
(C) air

4. The term“composition”refers to the way the components of a drawing are arranged by the artist.

(A) took
(B) imagined
(C) put together

5. They hoped to avert a disaster by draining some of the flood waters.

(A) avenge
(B) prevent
(C) endure

第一部分

antarctic ［æn'tɑ:ktɪk ］

adj. ［常作A-］南极的，南极地带的

例　Scientists are keen to track the fortunes of Antarctic plant life over 30 million years. 科学家热衷于追踪3000万年以来南极地区植物的生长情况的宝贵信息。

n. ［常作the A-］南极地区

例　The protection of the Antarctic from commercial exploitation is an important goal of environmentalists. 保护南极地区不被商业开发是环保人士重要的工作目标。

appendix ［ə'pendɪks ］

n. ① 附录；附属品

例　This dictionary has an appendix which lists computer terms. 这本字典有一个列举计算机术语的附录。

②【解】阑尾

例　She had her appendix out last summer. 去年夏天，她做了阑尾切除手术。

applaud ［ə'plɔ:d ］

v. （向…）鼓掌喝彩，欢呼〈同 clap〉

例　The audience stood up and applauded at the end of the concert. 音乐会结束时，观众们起立鼓掌。

联　applause n. 鼓掌欢迎，欢呼；plausible adj. 似是而非的

application ［ˌæplɪ'keɪʃən ］

n. ① 申请

例　Application must be made early for the banquet. 宴会的邀请必须早点发出。

② 施用，运用；作用，影响〈同 employment, influence〉

例　Mathematics has applications in science. 数学在科学领域有所应用。

联　apply v. 申请，应用，适用

appraisal ［ə'preɪzəl ］

n. 评价；估价〈同 assessment〉

例　Fifty thousand dollars would be a fair appraisal of their new house. 给他们的新房估价5万美元是客观公正的。

联　appraise vt. 评价，鉴定；appraiser n. 评价者；apprise vt. 通知，报告

appreciable ［ə'pri:ʃɪəbəl ］

adj. （数量或变化等）很大的；值得重视的〈同 considerable〉

例　There has been an appreciable drop in the number of the unemployed since the new government came to power. 新政府执政以后，失业人员的数量有了明显下降。

记　ap + preci（赞扬）+ able → 值得赞扬的 → 值得重视的

联　appreciate v. 赏识，感激，涨价；depreciate v. 降低，贬值；perceptible adj. 可感觉到的

apprehension ［ˌæprɪ'henʃən ］

n. 担心，害怕；理解〈同 worry, understand〉

例　The English test caused me a lot of apprehension because I did not study hard for it. 因为我没有努力学习，英语测试让我感到很恐惧。

联　apprehend v. 逮捕，忧虑，理解；comprehend vt. 理解，包含；reprehend vt. 责备

apt ［æpt ］

adj. ① 恰当的，贴切的〈同 appropriate〉

例　His apt reply to the question showed that he had understood it very well. 他对这个问题做出的恰当的回答表明他已经理解得很好了。

② 易于…的〈同 likely〉

例　A careless person is apt to make mistakes. 粗心的人容易犯错误。

联　aptly adv. 恰当地，得体地

arc ［ɑ:k ］

n. 弧；弓形

例　The crowd watched as the ball rose in a high arc and fell behind the boundary line. 观众们看着球划了一条高弧线，然后落在了边界线之外。

联　arch n. 拱门；arcade n. 拱廊

arctic ［'ɑ:ktɪk ］

adj. ［常作A-］北极的，北极区的

例　The Arctic Circle is an imaginary line drawn at approximately 66.5 degrees North. 北极圈是在北纬66.5度附近划的一个假想的圈。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. There's an ______ at the end of the book with a list of dates.

7. A. ______ of Five Year Plans reveals that they have failed to decrease unemployment and poverty from the country.

8. The audience ______ her wonderful speech.

9. I filled out an ______ for a job at the supermarket.

10. The roar of the hurricane filled us with ______.

11. The penguin（企鹅）lives in the ______, which is fully covered with snow and ice.

第二部分

arrange ［ə'reɪnʤ ］

vt. ① 计划，准备〈同 plan, schedule〉

例　I'm trying to arrange my work so that I can have a couple of days off next week. 我尽量安排好工作，好在下周请几天假。

② 整理，摆放〈同 organize, order〉

例　Every morning, Janet arranged the papers on her desk and then began work. 每天早上，珍妮特都要整理好桌上的文件，然后开始工作。

联　arrangement n. 排列，安排

array ［ə'reɪ ］

n. 展示，陈列；一批，一系列〈同 collection〉

例　The designer displayed an array of new fashions. 设计师展示了一系列新的流行服饰。

articulate

［ɑ:'tɪkjʊleɪt ］ vt. 清楚地讲话，清晰地发音〈同 enunciate〉

例　People learning a foreign language often have difficulty in articulating certain sounds. 人们在学习一门外语的时候，经常在发某些音时比较困难。

［ɑ:'tɪkjələt ］ adj. 善于言辞的，表达清晰的〈同 clear〉

例　At the age of 93, he was still sharp-witted and articulate . 他93岁了，仍然思维敏捷，表达清晰。

记　articul（接合）+ ate →（语言）连接得好 → 说话清楚的

联　speculate v. 思索，投机；gesticulate v. 用手势示意

ascend ［ə'send ］

v. （渐渐）上升，升高；攀登〈同 climb〉

例　They slowly ascended the steep mountain. 他们慢慢地爬上了这座陡峭的山。

记　a + scend（爬）→ 爬上 → 攀登

联　ascent n. 攀登，上升；ascendancy n. 优势，支配（或统治）地位；descend v. 下降；condescend vi. 屈尊，俯就；transcend vt. 超越

ascertain ［ˌæsə'teɪn ］

vt. 查明；确定〈同 confirm〉

例　I ascertained that no one could overhear us before I told Bob the news. 我确定没有人偷听我们讲话，然后才把这个消息告诉鲍勃。

记　as + certain（肯定的）→ 可以肯定的 → 确定

联　certain adj. 确定的，无疑的

ascribe ［ə'skraɪb ］

vt. 把…归于（to）〈同 attribute〉

例　John ascribed his success to hard work. 约翰把他的成功归功于努力工作。

aspect ［'æspekt ］

n. ①（问题等的）方面；（事物的）一部分〈同 respect〉

例　The one aspect of the case that puzzled me was why he had committed the crime. 这个案子让我感到困惑的一点是，他为什么要犯罪。

② 观点，角度〈同 perspective, viewpoint〉

例　From the cost aspect , the product is not expensive. 从成本角度来看，这个产品不贵。

assault ［ə'sɔ:lt ］

n. （武力）袭击；（语言）攻击〈同 attack〉

例　The man was charged with sexual assault . 这个男人被指控性侵犯。

记　as（一再）+ sault（瀑布，急流）→ 一再像瀑布一样冲击 → 袭击

assert ［ə'sɜ:t ］

vt. 声称，坚持〈同 emphatically state〉

例　The lawyer asserts that his client is not guilty. 律师坚称他的委托人无罪。

记　as + sert（参与）→ 一再参与（讨论）→ 主张

联　assertion n. 主张，断言，声明

assignment ［ə'saɪnmənt ］

n. ① 任务，作业〈同 task, job〉

例　I have a lot of reading assignments to complete before the end of the term. 我有许多阅读作业要在期末前完成。

② 分配；（财产、权力等）转让〈同 distribution, appointment〉

例　The assignment of the property will take place tomorrow. 产权转让将在明天进行。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. John ______ his brother's success to good luck.

13. Despite his team's recent loss, he still ______ that they're the best.

14. The team had an impressive ______ of fine players.

15. She watched the airplane ______ higher and higher.

16. Today's ______ in arithmetic consists of ten exercises.

17. Please ______ the books on the library shelf.

第三部分

assimilate ［ə'sɪmɪleɪt ］

vt. ① 学习，吸收（知识）〈同 understand〉

例　You'll need to assimilate all Einstein's work before doing this research. 在进行这项研究之前，你需要学习一下爱因斯坦所有的研究成果。

② 吃，吸收（食物或营养）〈同 absorb〉

例　People assimilate nutrients from food. 人们从食物中吸收营养。

记　as + simil（相同）+ ate → 使相同 → 同化

astonish ［ə'stɒnɪʃ ］

vt. 使惊讶〈同 surprise, shock〉

例　I was astonished by the news of the divorce—they seemed so happy together. 我听到他们离婚的消息时感到很震惊——他们在一起看起来很幸福。

联　astonished adj. （人）惊讶的；astonishing adj. （某事或物）惊人的

astronomy ［ə'strɒnəmi ］

n. 天文学

例　Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe as a whole and of objects which exist naturally in space, such as the moon, the sun, planets and stars. 天文学是一项针对整个宇宙以及自然存在于宇宙内的天体，如月球、太阳、行星和恒星的科学研究。

联　astronomical adj. 天文学的；astronomer n. 天文学家

atmosphere ［'ætməsfɪə(r) ］

n. 大气；大气层；（某一地的）空气〈同 air〉

例　The atmospheres of Mars and Earth are very different. 火星和地球的大气层差别很大。

联　atmospheric adj. 大气的；sphere n. 球，球体，范围，领域；hemisphere n. 半球

attendant ［ə'tendənt ］

n. 侍者，随从；护理人员〈同 aide〉

例　The prince was followed by five or six attendants . 王子的后面跟着五六个随从。

adj. 伴随的〈同 accompanying〉

例　Coughing and sneezing are some of the attendant discomforts of a cold. 咳嗽和打喷嚏都是由感冒引起的不适感。

联　attendance n. 出席，出席人数

augment ［ɔ:g'ment ］

v. 增加，增大〈同 increase〉

例　The old man sought to augment his wealth by placing it in a bank. 老人想通过把钱存入银行来使自己的财富增值。

记　aug（提高）+ ment → 提高 → 增大

联　augmentative adj. 可增加的；augur v. 占卜，预言；auger n. 螺旋钻

authentic ［ɔ:'θentɪk ］

adj. 真的，真迹的；可靠的，确实的〈同 genuine, valid〉

例　This discovery is an authentic Goya drawing. 这次发现的这幅画是戈雅的真迹。

记　aut（= auto 自己）+ hent（做）+ ic → 自己做的 → 真的

联　authenticity n. 真实性；authenticate vt. 鉴别，证明…是真的

authorize ［'ɔ:θəraɪz ］

vt. 授权，批准〈同 empower〉

例　Congress authorized the spending of money for a new post office. 议会授权拨款新建一座邮局大厦。

联　authority n. 权力；authoritative adj. 权威的，有权威的

automaton ［ɔ:'tɒmətən ］

n. 机器人〈同 robot〉

例　In the future, many human workers may be replaced by automatons . 未来许多人类的工作可能将由机器人来替代完成。

记　auto（自己）+ mat（动）+ on → 自己会动的人 → 机器人

联　automat n. 自动售货（或售票）机；automatic adj. 自动的，机械的；automation n. 自动化

autonomy ［ɔ:'tɒnəmi ］

n. 自治，自治权〈同 independence〉

例　The thirteen original U.S. colonies won their autonomy after the American Revolution. 在美国独立战争之后，原先的13个殖民地赢得了自治权。

记　auto（自己）+ nomy（统治）→ 自己统治 → 自治

联　autonomous adj. 自治的；autobiography n. 自传；automobile n. 汽车

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The bank's manager is the only one ______ to grant loans.

19. That man following is the ______ of the lord.

20. He ______ his income by working overtime three nights a week.

21. The island government was granted complete ______ and could decide issues on their own.

22. An ______ first edition of any Dickens novel is incredibly valuable.

23. He took a class in amateur ______ to learn more about locating comets.

第四部分

avert ［ə'vɜ:t ］

vt. 转移；避免；规避〈同 prevent〉

例　The driver averted an accident by a quick turn of the steering wheel. 驾驶员迅速地打方向盘，避免了一起交通事故。

记　a + vert（转）→ 转开 → 避免

联　averse adj. 讨厌的，不情愿的；adverse adj. 不利的，敌对的；aversion n. 厌恶，讨厌的事（或人）；inversion n. 倒转

aviation ［ˌeɪvɪ'eɪʃən ］

n. 航空；航空学〈同 flying, aeronautics〉

例　Bob likes planes very much. He is interested in aviation . 鲍勃很喜欢飞机。他对航空学感兴趣。

记　avi（鸟，渴望）+ ation → 模仿鸟的飞行 → 航空

联　aviator n. 飞行员；aviary n. 鸟舍；avarice n. 贪心

axis ［'æksɪs ］

n. 轴；轴心〈同 shaft〉

例　The earth revolves around the axis which joins the North and South Poles. 地球围绕连接北极和南极的轴旋转。

bachelor ［'bætʃələ(r) ］

n. ①（文或理）学士

例　Janet has a Bachelor of Engineering degree. 珍妮特有工学学士学位。

② 单身汉〈同 unmarried man〉

例　Before the wedding, he held a party with all his bachelor friends. 在举行婚礼之前，他和他所有的单身汉朋友办了一个派对。

badge ［bæʤ ］

n. 徽章；证章；标志

例　The Red Cross badge is a red cross on a white background. 红十字会的标志是一个在白色背景上的红色十字。

baffle ［'bæfl ］

vt. 使困惑；阻碍〈同 puzzle, hinder〉

例　The absence of clues baffled the police in the investigation of the murder. 线索的缺乏阻碍了警察调查这起谋杀案。

联　baffling adj. 使人困惑的，阻碍的

baggage ［'bægɪʤ ］

n. 行李〈同 luggage〉

例　How much baggage can we take on the plane? 我们能带多少行李上飞机？

联　bandage n. 绷带；barrage n. 堰坝，弹幕射击

bald ［bɔ:ld ］

adj. 秃头的；光秃的〈同 hairless〉

例　At twenty he was already going bald . 他20岁时就开始秃顶了。

联　bald eagle 秃鹰

ballet ［'bæleɪ ］

n. 芭蕾舞；芭蕾舞乐曲

例　A ballet tells a story through the movements of the dancing and is accompanied by music often written specially for it. 芭蕾舞通过舞蹈动作讲述故事，并且配有通常专门为其创作的音乐。

bandage ［'bændɪʤ ］

n. 绷带〈同 strip of cloth〉

例　She offered to put a bandage on his arm. 她主动提出为他包扎手臂。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. I ______ my eyes from the horrible accident.

25. Dancing on the tips of one's toes is ______ most difficult challenge.

26. A ______ degree is the first degree of a college or university.

27. A mountaintop（山顶）with no trees or grass is ______.

28. A ______ is a strip of cloth or other material used in binding up and dressing a wound or injury.

29. This math problem will ______ all but the brightest students.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | augment | A. disallow
31. ______ | applaud | B. diminish
32. ______ | authentic | C. dependence
33. ______ | bald | D. criticize
34. ______ | autonomy | E. descend
35. ______ | authorize | F. deny
36. ______ | ascend | G. hairy
37. ______ | assert | H. fake

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

38. The ideal listener has been humorously described as a person who applauds vigorously.

(A) plays
(B) attends
(C) claps

39. Located in Washington, D.C., the Library of Congress contains an imposing array of books on every conceivable subject.

(A) history
(B) collection
(C) catalog

40. Invented by Walter Hunt in the 1800's, the safety pin gained great popularity because of its many applications .

(A) instruments
(B) habits
(C) uses

41. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving autonomy for the states and liberty for individuals.

(A) independence
(B) prosperity
(C) dignity

42. Biologists have ascertained that specialized cells convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.

(A) determined
(B) argued
(C) pretended

43. Tours are generally arranged by travel agents to satisfy the interests of those who are most likely to take such trips.

(A) planned
(B) explained
(C) studied

44. The Morrill Act of 1862 authorized the states to use federal lands for the establishment of colleges that would offer programs in agriculture and the mechanical arts.

(A) challenged
(B) persuaded
(C) empowered

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | articulate | A. sovereignty
46. ______ | appreciable | B. supplement
47. ______ | apt | C. onslaught
48. ______ | assault | D. confuse
49. ______ | assimilate | E. enounce
50. ______ | autonomy | F. enlarge
51. ______ | augment | G. suitable
52. ______ | appendix | H. perceptible
53. ______ | baffle | I. evaluation
54. ______ | appraisal | J. grasp

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. appendix
7. appraisal
8. applauded
9. application
10. apprehension
11. Antarctic
12. ascribed
13. asserts
14. array
15. ascending
16. assignment
17. arrange
18. authorized
19. attendant
20. augmented
21. autonomy
22. authentic
23. astronomy
24. averted
25. ballet's
26. bachelor's
27. bald
28. bandage
29. baffle
30. B
31. D
32. H
33. G
34. C
35. A
36. E
37. F
38. C
39. B
40. C
41. A
42. A
43. A
44. C
45. E
46. H
47. G
48. C
49. J
50. A
51. F
52. B
53. D
54. I

Lesson 3

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Meteors rarely blaze for longer than a few seconds.

(A) burn brightly
(B) encounter friction
(C) release vibrations

2. It's evident that her handling of them has bruised the peaches.

(A) promulgated
(B) infatuated
(C) damaged

3. Maria Chapman, abolitionist and close associate of William Lloyd Garrison, wrote many brochures condemning slavery.

(A) slogans
(B) short poems
(C) short pamphlets

4. These scissors are blunt and can not cut paper.

(A) weak
(B) broken
(C) dull

5. The formerly barren land has been changed into stretches of rich fields.

(A) dirty
(B) infertile
(C) untouched

第一部分

bankrupt ［'bæŋkrʌpt ］

adj. 破产的

例　The recession had led to many small businesses going bankrupt . 经济萧条导致许多小公司破产。

vt. 使破产

例　Foolish expenditures will bankrupt the company. 胡乱花钱会导致公司破产。

记　bank（银行）+ rupt（断）→ 从银行断了来源的 → 破产的

联　bankruptcy n. 破产；disrupt vt. 使分裂；eruption n. 爆发；interruption n. 打断

barber ［'bɑ:bə(r) ］

n. 理发师〈同 haircutter〉

例　It's time you went to the barber 's. 你该去理发了。

barely ［'beəli ］

adv. ① 仅仅〈同 just〉

例　She was barely fifteen when she won her first championship. 她拿到第一个冠军的时候才15岁。

② 几乎不能〈同 hardly, scarcely〉

例　I hurt my foot and can barely walk. 我的脚受伤了，几乎没法走路。

barrel ［'bærəl ］

n. 桶〈同 vessel〉

例　The price of oil is usually given per barrel . 油价通常按桶计算。

barren ［'bærən ］

adj. 贫瘠的；荒凉的〈同 infertile, desolate〉

例　The barren soil of the Rocky Mountains provides few nutrients to the grasses growing there. 落基山贫瘠的土壤几乎无法给生长在那里的草提供足够的营养。

记　barr（= bare 光光的）+ en → 一无所有的 → 贫瘠的

联　barrenness n. 荒凉

basement ［'beɪsmənt ］

n. 地下室〈同 cellar〉

例　The toy department is in the basement of the store. 玩具部设在商场的地下楼层。

batch ［bætʃ ］

n. （面包等）一炉，一批；（人或物）一批

例　Our second batch of bread was better than the first. 我们第二批的面包要比第一批的好。

beneath ［bɪ'ni:θ ］

prep./adv. 在…之下〈同 below〉

例　The submarine disappeared beneath the waves. 潜水艇消失在浪涛之下。

betray ［bɪ'treɪ ］

vt. ① 背叛〈同 be disloyal to〉

例　Mary betrayed Bill by having a love affair. 玛丽背叛了比尔，和别人谈恋爱了。

②（非故意地）暴露，显露〈同 indicate, show〉

例　Although she is nervous on stage, her actions do not betray her feelings. 虽然她在舞台上很紧张，但是并没有在肢体动作中表现出来。

联　tray n. 碟子；astray adj. 迷路的；traitor n. 叛徒

bewilder ［bɪ'wɪldə(r) ］

vt. 使迷惑，使不知所措〈同 confuse〉

例　The police are bewildered by the mystery of the murder. 这起神秘的凶杀案让警察感到很困惑。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The traitor ______ his country.

7. ______ are usually made of boards held together by hoops（箍）.

8. The company went ______ after a series of bad business decisions.

9. The foreign city ______ him and he did not know where to go.

10. The ______ is the lowest story of a building, partly or wholly below ground.

11. I could not find a job for the whole year and have ______ enough money to live on.

第二部分

bias ［'baɪəs ］

n. 偏见；偏好〈同 prejudice, preference〉

例　A committee has been established to address the problem of racial and sexual bias within the industry. 已成立了一个委员会以解决行业内的种族和性别歧视问题。

联　biased adj. 有偏见的；unbiased adj. 没有偏见的

bibliography ［ˌbɪblɪ'ɒgrəfi ］

n. （有关某一专题或某一作者的）书目，参考书目

例　How many books were listed in this bibliography ? 这个参考书目里列了多少本书？

记　biblio（圣经，书）+ graphy → 书目

联　bibliographer n. 书志学家，书目提要编著人

biography ［baɪ'ɒgrəfi ］

n. 传记

例　The reading of a biography gives a knowledge of people and events that cannot always be obtained from history books. 阅读传记能让人获得关于人物和事件的知识，而这些知识通常在历史书上是学不到的。

联　biographer n. 传记作者；autobiography n. 自传

bizarre ［bɪ'zɑ:(r) ］

adj. （指态度、容貌、款式等）奇异的，古怪的〈同 odd, fantastic〉

例　The frost made bizarre figures on the windowpanes. 霜冻在窗户玻璃上形成了奇异的图案。

blaze ［bleɪz ］

vi. 燃烧，照耀〈同 burn brightly〉

例　A fire was blazing in the fireplace. 壁炉中的火正在燃烧。

n. 火焰，光辉〈同 flame〉

例　We could see the blaze of the campfire across the beach. 我们在海滩这边能看见那边篝火的火焰。

blazing ［'bleɪzɪŋ ］

adj. 燃烧的；闪耀的〈同 burning, bright〉

例　I had to leave the blazing heat of the midday sun. 我不得不躲避正午烈日的炙烤。

联　ablaze adj. 着火的，闪耀的

bleak ［bli:k ］

adj. 荒凉的；凄凉的；寒冷的，阴冷的〈同 desolate, barren〉

例　The rocky peaks of high mountains are bleak . 高山顶上覆盖着岩石，一片荒凉。

记　bleak（参考bleach：漂白，变白）→ 空白的，什么也没有的 → 凄凉的

联　bleach v. 变白，漂白

bless ［bles ］

vt. 祝福，保佑；赐予，给予

例　My parents were blessed with good health. 我的父母有幸拥有健康的身体。

联　blessing n. 恩赐

blossom ［'blɒsəm ］

n./vi. （开）花〈同 bloom〉

例　The apple tree is covered in blossoms . 那棵苹果树开满了花。

blunder ［'blʌndə(r) ］

vt. 跌跌撞撞地走；（犯）大错，做错〈同 stumble〉

例　The exhausted boy blundered through the woods in the dark night. 这个筋疲力尽的男孩在夜晚的森林中跌跌撞撞地行走。

n. 大错〈同 stupid mistake〉

例　Misspelling the title of a book is a silly blunder to make. 把书名拼写错是一个很愚蠢的错误。

记　bl + under → 把bl看作blow（打）→ 犯大错，被打到下面 → 犯大错

联　flounder vi. 困难地往前走，踌躇；plunder v. 抢劫

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. A ______ is a list of books or articles by a certain author or about a particular subject.

13. The ______ winter wind made us shiver.

14. I ______ through the dark house.

15. A. umpire（裁判员）should have no ______.

16. All the orchards ______ in spring.

17. The priest ______ the temple after its construction.

第三部分

blunt ［blʌnt ］

adj. ① 直言不讳的〈同 outspoken, candid〉

例　In the army, he was famous for his rough edges and blunt speech. 在军队里，他以不修边幅、说话直率而闻名。

②（刀、铅笔等）钝的，不尖的〈同 dull〉

例　This knife is too blunt to cut vegetables; could you sharpen it? 这把刀太钝了，没法切菜。你能把它磨得锋利一点吗？

记　blu（参考blur：含糊不清）+ nt → 不锋利的 → 钝的

blush ［blʌʃ ］

vi. 脸红，羞愧〈同 flush〉

例　She always blushes when she is embarrassed. 她在感到尴尬的时候通常会脸红。

boycott ［'bɔɪkɒt ］

n./vt. 联合抵制；拒绝交往或购买〈同 shun〉

例　The group has threatened to boycott the election because it believes it will not be democratic. 该小组威胁要抵制选举，因他们认为这次选举会不民主。

记　来自人名Boycott，历史上一位英国驻爱尔兰的官员，其因拒绝降低房地租而受到爱尔兰人抵制，最终被迫离开爱尔兰。

brace ［breɪs ］

vt. 支撑〈同 support〉

例　We braced the roof with four poles. 我们用四根柱子来支撑屋顶。

n. 支柱；【医】矫形支架

例　I had to wear braces for my crooked teeth when I was a teenager. 我在十几岁的时候，必须戴矫形牙套来矫正长歪的牙齿。

记　brace 原指两只手臂，用手支撑 → 支架

联　embrace v. 拥抱；bracelet n. 手镯

bracket ［'brækɪt ］

n. 托架

例　A bracket is fastened to a wall and used to support something such as a shelf. 支架被固定在墙上，用来支撑架子等物品。

vt. 用托架来固定

例　She bracketed the shelves to make them stronger. 她用托架固定架子，使其更牢固。

brake ［breɪk ］

n. 刹车闸

例　A brake is anything used to slow or stop the motion of a wheel or vehicle by pressing or by rubbing against the wheel. 刹车闸是通过挤压或摩擦车轮而使车辆减速或者停止的装置。

v. （使）刹车〈同 stop〉

例　The bus braked to avoid hitting the pedestrian. 公交车刹车以避免撞到行人。

breakdown ［'breɪkdaʊn ］

n. ① 失败；（机械的）故障〈同 failure〉

例　I had a breakdown in the middle of the trip. 在旅途中，我（的车）出故障了。

② 分解；细目，分类〈同 decomposition〉

例　Fungi obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. 细菌既可以从死亡生物体的分解中获得养分，也可以从生物活体获得养分。

breathe ［bri:ð ］

v. 呼吸，呼出〈同 respire〉

例　I like to breathe deeply of the fresh spring air. 我喜欢深吸春天的新鲜空气。

联　breathing n. 呼吸；breath n. 呼吸，气息；breathless adj. 无声息的，喘不过气来的

bribe ［braɪb ］

n. 贿赂

例　The driver who caused the accident offered the police officer a bribe to let her go. 那起交通事故的肇事司机贿赂警察，好让警察放她走。

vt. 贿赂，向…行贿

例　A gambler bribed one of the boxers to lose the fight. 一个赌徒收买了其中的一个拳击手，让他输掉比赛。

brim ［brɪm ］

n. 边；边缘〈同 edge〉

例　Please do not fill my cup to the brim because I always put a lot of cream in my coffee. 请别把我的杯子倒满，因为我总会往咖啡里放很多奶油。

联　broad-brimmed adj. 宽边的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The side wall of the old house was ______ with a wooden support to prevent it from collapsing.

19. He sharpened the ______ knife before he started to cook.

20. People were urged to ______ the country's products to force it to change its policies.

21. People in that country usually ______ an official to get things done.

22. The bowl was filled to the ______ with soup.

23. The driver ______ the speeding car and it slid to a stop.

第四部分

brisk ［brɪsk ］

adj. 活泼的，轻快的〈同 energetic〉

例　Grandmother likes to take a brisk walk every morning to exercise. 祖母喜欢每天早上散会儿步，锻炼锻炼身体。

联　briskness n. 敏捷，活泼

brittle ［'brɪtəl ］

adj. 易碎的〈同 breakable, fragile〉

例　The pond was covered with a brittle layer of ice. 池塘表面覆盖着一层薄薄的冰。

记　联想记忆：brim（杯边，缘）+ rattle（嘎嘎地响）→ 一击杯边嘎嘎地响 → 易碎的

联　bristle n. 刚毛，猪鬃 v. （使毛发等）竖起，发怒；rattle vi. 喋喋不休，嘎嘎地响

brochure ［'brəʊʃə(r) ; (US)brəʊ'ʃʊər ］

n. 小册子〈同 short pamphlet〉

例　The brochure included a price list for cottage rentals. 手册包含小别墅租金价格表。

bronze ［brɒnz ］

n. 青铜；铜像

例　The church bell is made of bronze . 教堂的钟是由青铜铸成的。

联　Bronze Age 青铜器时代；sun-bronzed adj. 被太阳晒成古铜色的

brood ［bru:d ］

n. 一窝；（一个家庭的）所有孩子

例　That mother and father have a brood of twelve children. 那对父母养育了12个孩子。

vt. 孵化

例　Hens and other birds brood till the young are hatched. 母鸡和其他鸟类会一直孵自己生的蛋，直到幼雏被孵化出来。

broom ［bru:m ］

n. 扫帚

例　A broom is a brush with a long handle for sweeping. 扫帚是一种有着长把、用来扫地的、像刷子一样的工具。

bruise ［bru:z ］

n. 淤伤，擦伤〈同 abrasion〉

例　The bruise on my arm turned black and blue. 我胳膊上的擦伤变得青一块紫一块的。

v. 打伤；撞伤〈同 injure〉

例　Rough handling bruised the apples before they reached the market. 苹果还没送到市场，就被野蛮装卸碰伤了。

brutal ［'bru:təl ］

adj. 野蛮的，残忍的〈同 cruel〉

例　The brutal coach persisted in asking the team to run all afternoon under the hot sun. 这个残忍的教练坚持让队员们在烈日下跑了一下午。

记　brut（野兽的）+ al → 野兽般的 → 残忍的

联　brutality n. 野蛮，残忍

bud ［bʌd ］

n. 芽，蓓蕾〈同 shoot〉

例　The trees all round were covered in buds . 周围的树都发芽了。

vi. 发芽〈同 sprout〉

例　Most of the trees and flowers bud in the spring. 大多数的树和花在春天发芽。

联　taste bud 味蕾；buddy n. 密友，伙伴

buffer ［'bʌfə(r) ］

n. 缓冲器；缓冲者；缓冲物

例　He acted as a buffer between the quarreling children. 他调解了两个孩子的争吵。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The pear had a ______ where it hit the ground.

25. ______ on the trees are a sign of spring.

26. The dead leaves were quite ______.

27. Dozens of employees quit the job because the boss was ______ to them.

28. The bird was trying to find food for its ______.

29. Welcome to our park. Here is a travel ______ for you.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | bizarre | A. humane
31. ______ | boycott | B. wither
32. ______ | bankrupt | C. normal
33. ______ | brisk | D. strong
34. ______ | brutal | E. destroy
35. ______ | barren | F. support
36. ______ | brace | G. accelerate
37. ______ | brittle | H. sluggish
38. ______ | brake | I. fertile
39. ______ | blossom | J. solvent

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Jeanette Eaton, author of Long Journey , is recognized for writing biographies for young readers.

(A) tales of pioneer hardships
(B) science fiction mysteries
(C) accounts of people's life

41. The union members boycotted the meeting because they did not want to go on with the strike.

(A) attended
(B) shunned
(C) blackmailed

42. The first step in planning a marketing strategy for a new product is to analyze the breakdown of sales figures for competitive products.

(A) decrease in
(B) reordering of
(C) itemization of

43. Diplomatic misunderstandings can often be traced back to blunders in translation.

(A) mistakes
(B) attempts
(C) insults

44. The yellow-necked caterpillar defends itself by squirting an acid secretion beneath its thorax（胸腔）.

(A) below
(B) through
(C) out of

45. Many people suggest that a bleak landscape is the most characteristic feature of his paintings.

(A) desolate
(B) colorful
(C) distorted

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
46. ______ | bud | A. fire
47. ______ | bruise | B. puzzle
48. ______ | barber | C. make...out of business
49. ______ | bewilder | D. scrape
50. ______ | brim | E. gloomy
51. ______ | blunt | F. sprout
52. ______ | blaze | G. brink
53. ______ | bankrupt | H. shaver
54. ______ | bleak | I. lively
55. ______ | brisk | J. direct

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. betrayed
7. Barrels
8. bankrupt
9. bewildered
10. basement
11. barely
12. bibliography
13. bleak
14. blundered
15. bias
16. blossom
17. blessed
18. braced
19. blunt
20. boycott
21. bribe
22. brim
23. braked
24. bruise
25. Buds
26. brittle
27. brutal
28. brood
29. brochure
30. C
31. F
32. J
33. H
34. A
35. I
36. E
37. D
38. G
39. B
40. C
41. B
42. C
43. A
44. A
45. A
46. F
47. D
48. H
49. B
50. G
51. J
52. A
53. C
54. E
55. I

Lesson 4

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Some animals, such as rodents, are able to clasp their food with their paws.

(A) bury
(B) hold
(C) eat

2. In what category do Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln belong?

(A) group
(B) order
(C) party

3. Bladder wrack（墨角藻）, a tough, leathery brown seaweed, clings to rocks tenaciously.

(A) grows under
(B) hides under
(C) sticks to

4. Swifts（雨燕）build nests made of twigs that they cement together with their saliva.

(A) press
(B) push
(C) stick

5. Agricultural experts always caution farmers to irrigate in regions receiving only light rainfall.

(A) tell
(B) teach
(C) warn

第一部分

bulletin ［'bʊlətɪn ］

n. 公告，报告〈同 announcement〉

例　Sports bulletins and weather bulletins are published in most newspapers. 大部分报纸都刊登体育新闻快报和天气快报。

burden ［'bɜ:dn ］

n. 担子，货物；负担〈同 load〉

例　The camel collapsed under its heavy burden . 骆驼被身上沉重的货物压垮了。

bureaucracy ［bjʊə'rɒkrəsi ］

n. 官僚，官僚作风

例　I had to deal with the university's bureaucracy before I could change from one course to another. 要想调课，我必须先和学校的官僚体制打好交道。

联　bureaucrat n. 官僚主义者

butter ［'bʌtə(r) ］

n. 奶油

例　Bread and butter were served at dinner. 晚餐有面包和黄油。

联　butterfly n. 【动】蝴蝶，蝶泳

buzz ［bʌz ］

n. 嗡嗡声

例　The buzz of the bee around me was annoying. 蜜蜂在我身边嗡嗡地叫，让我很烦。

联　buzzer n. 蜂鸣器

bypass ［'baɪpɑ:s ; (US)'baɪpæs ］

vt. 迂回，绕过〈同 avoid〉

例　We were in a hurry so we decided to bypass the shopping mall because we knew there'd be a lot of traffic. 为了赶时间，我们决定绕开那个购物中心，因为我们知道那儿的路会很堵。

by-product ［'baɪˌprɒdʌkt ］

n. 副产品〈同 derivative〉

例　Buttermilk is a by-product of making butter. 酪乳是制作黄油时产生的副产品。

cabin ［'kæbɪn ］

n. 小屋；船舱〈同 cottage〉

例　She went to her mountain cabin for the weekend. 她去她的山中小屋过周末。

canvas ［'kænvəs ］

n. 帆布；画布

例　Most of the soldiers carried canvas bags. 大多数士兵都背着帆布包。

联　canvass v. 征求意见，游说拉票；convalesce vt. 渐渐康复

captive ［'kæptɪv ］

n. 俘虏〈同 prisoner〉

例　The pirates took many captives during raids along the coast. 海盗在海岸沿线地区进行突袭，抓获了很多俘虏。

联　captivate vt. 迷住，迷惑；captivity n. 囚禁；capture vt. 俘获，捕获

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The artist painted on a large ______.

7. Kerosene is a ______ of petroleum refining.

8. The weather ______ came over the radio an hour before the storm arrived.

9. The ______ of whispers stopped when the teacher entered the room.

10. The ship's captain asked all passengers to return to the ______.

11. Managing two stores would be a ______ to someone without any management experience.

第二部分

cargo ［'kɑ:gəʊ ］

n. 货物〈同 shipload, freight〉

例　Cargo is carried on ships, airplanes and trucks. 货物由船只、飞机和卡车装运。

carpenter ［'kɑ:pɪntə(r) ］

n. 木匠〈同 woodworker〉

例　The carpenter built a beautiful spiral staircase. 木匠建了一座漂亮的旋转式楼梯。

carve ［kɑ:v ］

vt. ① 把（熟肉）切成片〈同 cut〉

例　The grandmother carves the Thanksgiving Day turkey. 祖母把感恩节火鸡切成片。

② 雕刻〈同 sculpt〉

例　She likes to carve animals out of pieces of wood. 她喜欢用木头块雕刻出动物的形象。

联　carver n. 雕刻匠，雕工

castle ［'kɑ:sl ; (US)'kæsl ］

n. 城堡〈同 citadel〉

例　The knight rode over the drawbridge into the castle . 骑士骑马穿过吊桥，进入了城堡。

casualty ［'kæʒʊəlti ］

n. 事故；伤亡者〈同 accident〉

例　Tom saw a casualty on the highway and phoned the police. 汤姆在公路上看见了一起事故，然后打电话报警了。

记　casual（随便的）+ ty → 因为随便而造成的事故 → 事故

联　casual adj. 偶然的

catalogue ［'kætəlɒg ］

n. 目录〈同 directory〉

例　We looked through the store's catalogue to determine what to buy. 我们浏览了一遍商店的商品目录来决定买什么。

category ［'kætəgəri ］

n. 种类，类目；范畴〈同 classification〉

例　The characters in the story can be divided into two categories : good people and bad people. 故事中的人物可以分为两类：好人和坏人。

联　categorize vt. 分类

cater ［'keɪtə(r) ］

vi. 满足，迎合（需要）（to）〈同 satisfy〉

例　Nowadays TV caters to many different tastes. 现在的电视节目迎合着许多人不同的品位。

联　caterpillar n. 毛虫

caution ［'kɔ:ʃən ］

n. 小心，谨慎〈同 care〉

例　Always use caution when crossing streets. 过马路的时候要小心。

vt. 警告〈同 warn〉

例　I cautioned them against playing in the street. 我警告他们不要在马路上玩耍。

联　cautious adj. 谨慎的，小心的

cavity ［'kævɪti ］

n. 洞；腔〈同 cavern〉

例　The liver lies mainly on the right side of the abdominal cavity . 肝脏大体位于腹腔的右侧。

联　cavil v. 挑剔；cavern n. 大洞穴；cavalry n. 骑兵；cavalier n. 骑士

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. If drivers were more careful, there would be fewer ______ on the highways.

13. A sign with“Danger”on it is a ______.

14. Mary cherished the idea of touring the ______ of Europe.

15. A ______ is a person whose work is building and repairing the wooden parts of things such as houses, barns or ships.

16. The explosion made a large ______ in the ground.

17. The new magazine ______ campers by printing stories about camping, hiking, and nature.

第三部分

cellar ［'selə(r) ］

n. 地窖，地下室

例　A cellar is an underground room, usually under a building and often used for storing food or fuel. 地窖是一种地下室，通常位于建筑物的地下部分，用于储藏食物或者燃料。

cement ［sɪ'ment ］

n. 水泥；接合剂〈同 plaster〉

例　She wrote her name in the wet cement of the new sidewalk. 新修的人行横道水泥还未干，她在上面写下了自己的名字。

v. 接合，胶合；巩固

例　The marriage of our son to their daughter cemented the friendship of our two families. 我们的儿子和他们的女儿的婚姻加深了我们两家人的情谊。

census ［'sensəs ］

n. 人口调查，人口普查

例　We have a census in China every ten years. 中国每隔十年进行一次人口普查。

联　censure n./v. 责难

cereal ［'sɪərɪəl ］

n. 谷物；谷类食品〈同 grain〉

例　Oatmeal and cornmeal are cereals. 麦片和玉米粉属于谷类食品。

certainty ［'sɜ:tənti ］

n. 确定；确实的事情〈同 freedom from doubt, a sure fact〉

例　There are few absolute certainties in life. 生活中很少有绝对确定的事情。

certify ［'sɜ:tɪfaɪ ］

v. 证明；保证〈同 verify, guarantee〉

例　This diploma certifies that you have completed high school. 这张文凭证明你完成了高中学业。

cherish ［'tʃerɪʃ ］

v. 抱有（希望等）；珍爱〈同 harbor, treasure〉

例　An athlete always cherishes the hope of winning a gold medal. 运动员都希望自己能拿金牌。

childish ［'tʃaɪldɪʃ ］

adj. 孩子（气）的；幼稚的〈同 immature〉

例　A childish prank ended in a broken window. 窗玻璃被打碎了，孩子的恶作剧才收场。

chorus ［'kɔ:rəs ］

n. 合唱团〈同 ensemble〉

例　She was always in the chorus , never a star. 她总是唱合唱，成不了明星。

chronic ［'krɒnɪk ］

adj. 长期的；慢性的〈同 persistent〉

例　The doctors were finally able to attribute his chronic headaches to the gas in his apartment. 医生最终成功诊断出，他慢性头疼的原因在于其公寓里有煤气泄漏。

记　chron（时间）+ ic → 长时间的 → 慢性的

联　chronicle n. 编年史；chronology n. 年代学；synchronize v. （使）同时发生；chromatic adj. 彩色的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Our school ______ gave a concert at the town hall.

19. I ______ the time I've had with my daughter.

20. A ______ is taken to find out the number of people, their age, sex and many other facts about them.

21. The man's ______ was amusing, for we could all see that he was wrong.

22. The fire inspector ______ the school building as fireproof（防火的）.

23. He has suffered from ______ asthma（哮喘）for ten years.

第四部分

civilization ［ˌsɪvɪlaɪ'zeɪʃən ］

n. 文明，文化；开化

例　The Babylonian culture was an ancient culture with a high degree of civilization . 巴比伦文化是一种有着高度发达文明的古代文化。

联　civilize vt. 使文明，使开化，教化

clarity ［'klærɪti ］

n. 清晰，易懂〈同 clearness〉

例　Clarity is an essential requirement for any children's textbook. 清晰易懂是所有儿童教材的一项基本要求。

联　clarify v. 澄清，阐明

clasp ［klɑ:sp ］

vi. 扣紧，紧握〈同 grip〉

例　I clasped the railing as I climbed the stairs. 我爬楼梯的时候，紧紧地扶着栏杆。

clay ［kleɪ ］

n. 黏土；泥土

例　Bricks, dishes and vases may be made from clay . 砖、盘子和花瓶都可以用黏土制成。

client ［'klaɪənt ］

n. 顾客，客户〈同 customer〉

例　The stockbroker has several clients whose accounts he oversees. 这位股票经纪人帮忙管理他的几位客户的账户。

climax ［'klaɪˌmæks ］

n. 高潮；顶点〈同 summit〉

例　The story's climax came when the two people finally married. 两个人最终步入婚姻的殿堂，这个故事的高潮也随之而来。

cling ［klɪŋ ］

vi. ① 黏紧，附着（to）〈同 stick〉

例　Wet clothes cling to the body. 衣服湿了，贴在身上。

② 坚持（意见），墨守（习惯）（to）〈同 adhere to〉

例　We have no reason to cling to those old ways. 我们没有理由坚持那些老方法。

联　clingy adj. 粘住的，紧贴的；clinch v. 钉牢，决定

clinic ［'klɪnɪk ］

n. 诊所〈同 dispensary〉

例　He's being treated at a private clinic . 他在一家私人诊所接受治疗。

联　clinical adj. 临床的

clip ［klɪp ］

vt. 修剪〈同 trim〉

例　Mary clipped a few roses off the bushes. 玛丽从树丛中剪下了几支玫瑰。

clockwise ［'klɒkwaɪz ］

adj./adv. 顺时针方向的（地）

例　Turn the key clockwise to unlock the door. 顺时针旋转钥匙来打开房门。

联　counterclockwise adj./adv. 逆时针方向的（地）

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. One should not ______ to the curb（路缘石）while driving.

25. The ______ of a primitive society is a gradual process which takes centuries.

26. A sheep's fleece（羊毛）is ______ off to get wool.

27. A visit to the Grand Canyon was the ______ of our vacation.

28. We got our flu shots（流感疫苗）at the local ______.

29. If this restaurant doesn't improve its service, all its ______ will vanish.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | clarity | A. vendor
31. ______ | client | B. infrequent
32. ______ | climax | C. deny
33. ______ | chronic | D. adult
34. ______ | certify | E. bottom
35. ______ | civilization | F. hate
36. ______ | childish | G. barbarism
37. ______ | cherish | H. obscurity

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
38. ______ | cavity | A. wariness
39. ______ | bulletin | B. singing group
40. ______ | casualty | C. whittle
41. ______ | chorus | D. pit
42. ______ | category | E. infirmary
43. ______ | carve | F. responsibility
44. ______ | burden | G. report
45. ______ | caution | H. grouping
46. ______ | cling | I. injury
47. ______ | clinic | J. insist

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

clip | catalogue | cement | climax | cargo
burden | by-product | carve | cereal | childish

48. Crying for things you can't have is ______.

49. Wheat, rice, barley, oats and maize are ______.

50. The freighter had docked（靠码头）to unload a ______ of wheat.

51. A library had a ______ of its books, arranged in alphabetical order.

52. ______ is used to make concrete and mortar（砂浆）.

53. Fingernails should be frequently ______, otherwise they will grow longer and longer and make it inconvenient to work.

54. Useful drugs are made from inorganic substances or are plant and animal ______.

55. Statues are often ______ out of marble, stone or wood.

56. Her election to the Senate was the ______ of her career.

57. Everyone in my family shares the ______ of housework.

参考答案

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. canvas
7. by-product
8. bulletin
9. buzz
10. cabin
11. burden
12. casualties
13. caution
14. castles
15. carpenter
16. cavity
17. caters to
18. chorus
19. cherish
20. census
21. certainty
22. certified
23. chronic
24. cling
25. civilization
26. clipped
27. climax
28. clinic
29. clients
30. H
31. A
32. E
33. B
34. C
35. G
36. D
37. F
38. D
39. G
40. I
41. B
42. H
43. C
44. F
45. A
46. J
47. E
48. childish
49. cereals
50. cargo
51. catalogue
52. Cement
53. clipped
54. by-products
55. carved
56. climax
57. burden

Lesson 5

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. We found the professor's talk on nuclear reactors quite coherent .

(A) confusing
(B) logical
(C) irritating

2. Most cloud formations occur when air masses of different temperatures collide .

(A) touch
(B) smash
(C) bump

3. Georgia was colonized by a group of debtors from British prisons.

(A) discovered
(B) explored
(C) settled

4. Clusters of special cells in the pancreas（胰腺）manufacture insulin.

(A) groups
(B) dozens
(C) batches

5. In mountainous regions, much of the snow that falls is compacted into ice.

(A) broken down
(B) embedded
(C) compressed

第一部分

cluster ［'klʌstə(r) ］

n. 簇，串，群〈同 group, bunch〉

例　A cluster of strawberries grew in the field. 田野里生长着一簇草莓。

vi. 丛生；聚集〈同 concentrate〉

例　Fans clustered round the pop singer when the concert was over. 演唱会结束后，歌迷们簇拥在这位流行歌手的周围。

记　clust（= clot 凝成块）+ er → 凝成块的东西 → 簇，串，群

联　clutch v. 紧握；bluster v. （风、浪）狂作，（人）咆哮，吓唬；fluster vt. 使紧张，使慌乱

clutch ［klʌtʃ ］

v. 抓住，攫住〈同 grasp tightly〉

例　I clutched the railing to keep my balance. 我抓住栏杆以保持平衡。

n. 一次产的或孵的蛋

例　In the hollow we could see a clutch of beautiful speckled eggs. 在洞里，我们能看见一窝漂亮的带斑点的蛋。

coherent ［kəʊ'hɪərənt ］

adj. 连贯的；有条理的〈同 logical, sound〉

例　We had expected his presentation speech to be brilliant and illuminating, but it turned out to be not even coherent . 我们原本期望他的演讲能够精彩绝伦、引人深思，但结果连连贯都谈不上。

记　co + her（粘连）+ ent → 共同粘连 → 连贯的

联　cohere vi. 黏着，连贯；coherence n. 一致；incoherence n. 不连贯，语无伦次；adherent n. 皈依者，门徒；inherent adj. 天赋的，生来的

cohesion ［kəʊ'hi:ʒən ］

n. 附着（力），凝聚力〈同 unity〉

例　Wet sand has more cohesion than dry sand. 湿沙子比干沙子更容易黏结。

联　cohesive adj. 黏着的

coincide ［ˌkəʊɪn'saɪd ］

vi. （事情等）同时发生；相符合，巧合〈同 concur, correspond〉

例　Our vacations coincided , so we traveled together. 我们同时放假，于是一起去旅行。

记　co + in（进）+ cide（落下）→ 共同落下 → 同时发生

联　coincident adj. 一致的，巧合的；coincidence n. 一致，巧合；coincidental adj. 一致的，巧合的；incident n. 事件，事变

collaborate ［kə'læbəreɪt ］

vi. （在文艺、科学等方面）协作，合作〈同 cooperate〉

例　Two writers collaborated in preparing this book. 两位作家合作撰写这本书。

记　col（一起）+ labor（劳动）+ ate → 一起劳动 → 协作，合作

联　collaboration n. 合作；collaborative adj. 合作的，协作的

colleague ［'kɒli:g ］

n. 同事，同僚〈同 associate, coworker〉

例　Janet is a colleague of Mr. Bao and they cooperate very well. 珍妮特是包先生的同事，他们合作得很愉快。

collection ［kə'lekʃən ］

n. 收藏，搜集品〈同 assemblage〉

例　The collection of these stamps took ten years. 收集这些邮票花了十年的时间。

联　collective adj. 集体的

collide ［kə'laɪd ］

vi. 碰撞；冲突〈同 crash, conflict〉

例　The bus collided with a car when it tried to avoid a pedestrian. 这辆公交车在避让行人时，与一辆小轿车相撞。

联　collision n. 碰撞，冲突，抵触

colonize ［'kɒlənaɪz ］

vt. 建立殖民地，拓殖〈同 settle〉

例　The British first colonized Australia in the 18th century. 18世纪，英国建立了其在澳大利亚的第一个殖民地。

联　colony n. 殖民地；colonist n. 殖民者；colonial adj. 殖民的，殖民地的；colonel n. 陆军上校

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The two authors ______ in writing a history of the United States.

7. Our library has a large ______ of books.

8. The drunk was staggering and barely ______.

9. Janet's boyfriend sent her a ______ of flowers on her birthday and that made her very happy.

10. My version of the accident doesn't ______ with the other driver's story.

11. The two skiers were not injured when they ______ on the slopes.

第二部分

commander ［kə'mɑ:ndə(r) ］

n. 司令官，指挥员〈同 chief, leader〉

例　The soldiers stood at attention while their commander inspected them. 司令检阅的时候，士兵们都立正站好。

commemorate ［kə'meməreɪt ］

vt. 纪念〈同 remember〉

例　A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet's birthday. 人们建了一座雕像来纪念这位诗人百年诞辰。

联　commemorative adj. 纪念的

commence ［kə'mens ］

v. 开始，着手〈同 begin, initiate〉

例　The meeting will commence at noon. 会议将于下午开始。

记　com（共同）+ mence（说，做）→ 一起说或做 → 开始，着手

联　commencement n. 开始，毕业典礼

commend ［kə'mend ］

vt. 称赞〈同 praise〉

例　The judge commended her on her bravery. 法官赞扬了她的勇敢。

记　com + mend（相信）→ 大家相信 → 称赞

联　recommend v. 推荐，介绍；recommendation n. 推荐，介绍（信）

committed ［kə'mɪtɪd ］

adj. 忠心耿耿的，效忠的；致力的〈同 dedicated, devoted〉

例　ESL teachers are strongly committed to the goals of English language education worldwide. ESL（非母语英语课程）老师们积极致力于在全球范围推广英语教育。

联　commit vt. 犯（错误），干（坏事）；commitment n. 许诺，委托事项；committee n. 委员会

commodity ［kə'mɒdɪti ］

n. 商品，日用品〈同 goods〉

例　Groceries are commodities . 杂货属于商品。

commonplace ［'kɒmənpleɪs ］

adj. 平凡的〈同 ordinary〉

例　The plots of TV plays are often commonplace and nearly everyone is tired of them. 电视剧的情节总是老生常谈，几乎所有人都感到厌烦。

community ［kə'mju:nɪti ］

n. 社区；社会〈同 society〉

例　The farmer lived in a rural community . 那位农民在农村生活。

commute ［kə'mju:t ］

vi. 通勤（经常乘汽车或火车往返于两地之间）

例　Most of our students live in the suburbs and commute to school. 我们的大多数学生都住在城郊，每天乘车来上学。

联　commuter n. 通勤者，经常往返者；telecommuter n. （在家里通过使用与工作单位连接的计算机终端来工作的）远程工作者

compact ［kəm'pækt ］

adj. 紧凑的，紧密的；简洁的〈同 compressed, concise〉

例　What a compact office! How did you fit so much into so little space? 你的办公室真紧凑！你是如何把这么多的东西放进这么小的房间的？

vt. 压缩；使密集〈同 tighten〉

例　Cars had compacted the snow until it was like ice. 雪被汽车碾来碾去，最后都变得像冰一样。

联　compaction n. 压紧

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Forty years ago television was a novelty; today it is a ______ necessity.

13. Some people are tired of ______, so they would welcome a chance to live closer to their work.

14. Everyone ______ the mayor's thrifty suggestion.

15. The meeting will ______ at noon and finish at 5 p. m.

16. Paul was promoted to ______ of the army after the previous commander had been shot.

17. The actor was so ______ to his work that he did not spend any time with his wife and she left him.

第三部分

companion ［kəm'pænɪən ］

n. 同伴；同事〈同 associate, partner〉

例　John was Janet's companion at the party and they are really well-matched. 在聚会上，约翰是珍妮特的男伴，他们两人确实很般配。

comparable ［'kɒmpərəbəl ］

adj. 可比的，比得上的；类似的〈同 equivalent, similar〉

例　The new legislation requires that women get the same pay as men for comparable jobs. 新的立法要求女性在从事和男性类似的工作时，要获得和男性同等的报酬。

记　com（共同）+ par（平等）+ able → 能一起平等的 → 类似的

联　compare v. 比较，对照；comparison n. 比较

comparatively ［kəm'pærətɪvli ］

adv. 相当地；比较地〈同 rather, relatively〉

例　Generating electricity from coal is a comparatively new development in that country. 在那个国家，依靠煤来发电是一项相对较新的发展。

联　comparative adj. 比较的

compatible ［kəm'pætɪbəl ］

adj. 可以并存的，相容的，协调的〈同 agreeable〉

例　Fortunately, my roommate and I are quite compatible and we never quarrel with each other. 幸运的是，我和我的室友和睦相处，从来都没有吵过架。

记　com + pat（= path 感情）+ ible → 能有感情的 → 相容的

联　compatibility n. 兼容性；incompatible adj. 不协调的，不相容的，不一致的

compensate ［'kɒmpenseɪt ］

vt. 补偿，赔偿

例　He plans to follow a study program at home to compensate for his lack of college education. 他打算在家执行一项学习计划来弥补大学教育的缺失。

联　compensation n. 补偿，赔偿；compensatory adj. 补偿性的

compete ［kəm'pi:t ］

vi. 竞争，比得上〈同 vie, contest〉

例　When the amateur became a pro he had to compete against better men. 业余选手成为专业选手后，必须要和更强大的对手来竞争。

联　competitor n. 竞争者；competition n. 竞争，竞赛；competitive adj. 竞争的；competitiveness n. 竞争能力；competent adj. 有能力的，胜任的；competence n. 能力

compile ［kəm'paɪl ］

vt. 汇集，编辑〈同 collect, gather〉

例　The scientists compiled a great amount of data to help prove their theory. 科学家收集了大量的数据来帮助证明他们的理论。

记　com + pile（堆）→ 堆积 → 汇集

complaint ［kəm'pleɪnt ］

n. 抱怨，怨言〈同 grievance, criticism〉

例　The boss had a complaint about Bill's tardiness. 老板对比尔的拖延有所抱怨。

联　complain v. 抱怨，悲叹

complement

［'kɒmplɪment ］ vt. 补充，使完善〈同 supplement〉

例　The flower arrangement complements the table decorations. 花的摆放与桌饰互为补充。

［'kɒmpləmənt ］ n. 补足物，补充物〈同 addition〉

例　Your choice of wine was a fine complement to the dinner. 你选择的红酒与晚餐相得益彰。

记　com（加强作用）+ ple（装满，填满）+ ment → 补足物，补充

联　complementary adj. 补充的；implement n. 工具 vt. 实施，执行；compliment n./v. 称赞

complication ［ˌkɒmplɪ'keɪʃən ］

n. 复杂化；（使复杂的）因素〈同 intricacy〉

例　In spite of the complication of the problem, the mathematician solved it quickly. 尽管这个问题很复杂，那位数学家还是很快地解决了。

联　complicate vt. 使复杂；complicated adj. 复杂的，难解的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. They were ______ neighbors, never quarreling over unimportant matters.

19. Two actors are ______ for the starring role.

20. The teacher considers homework a necessary ______ to classroom work.

21. The children mowed our lawn to ______ us for the window they broke while playing ball.

22. A small car is not ______ to a larger one for comfort.

23. The twin sisters work in the same office, so they are ______ in work and play.

第四部分

compliment ［'kɒmplɪment ］

n. 恭维，称赞〈同 praise〉

例　She received several compliments on her excellent performance in the play. 她表演得十分精彩，得到了一些称赞。

联　complimentary adj. 称赞的

comply ［kəm'plaɪ ］

vi. 顺从，遵守（with）〈同 obey, conform to〉

例　My brother was always criticized by my parents because he did not comply with their rules. 我的弟弟不听父母的话，总是被他们批评。

component ［kəm'pəʊnənt ］

n. 成分，组成部分〈同 constituent, element〉

例　An essay question is one component of the test. 作文题是测试的一部分。

记　com（一起）+ pon（放置）+ ent → 把散的放置在一起 → 成分

联　opponent n. 对手；proponent n. 支持者；exponent n. 说明者

composite ［'kɒmpəzɪt ］

adj. 合成的，复合的〈同 compound〉

例　She made a composite photograph by putting together parts of several others. 她把其他照片的部分拼凑在一起，合成了一张新的照片。

n. 综合体，合成物〈同 combination〉

例　Brass is a composite of copper and zinc. 黄铜是铜与锌的合金。

记　com + pos（放）+ ite → 放在一起的 → 合成的

composition ［ˌkɒmpə'zɪʃən ］

n. ① 构成，组成〈同 makeup, constitution〉

例　The design was a highly formal composition of diverse elements. 这个设计是多种元素的高度融合。

② 写作，作文；作曲〈同 writing〉

例　The student wrote a composition for her English writing class. 那个学生应英语写作课的要求写了一篇作文。

联　decomposition n. 分解，腐烂

compulsory ［kəm'pʌlsəri ］

adj. 必须做的，被强制的〈同 mandatory〉

例　Attending school is compulsory until age sixteen. 16岁前的教育都是义务教育。

conceive ［kən'si:v ］

vt. 构思；设想〈同 design, consider〉

例　She conceived a plan to expand her company's business. 她想出了一个扩大公司业务的计划。

记　con + ceive（拿）→ 拿住（想法）→ 构想

联　conceivable adj. 想像得出的，可信的；receive v. 接受；perceive v. 发觉

conception ［kən'sepʃən ］

n. 观念，认识〈同 thought〉

例　We have no real conception of what people suffered during the war, because our country was not involved in it. 我们对于在战争中人们所遭受的苦难没有真切的认识，因为我们国家没有卷入战争。

联　conceptual adj. 概念上的

concert ［'kɒnsət ; 'kɒnsɜ:t ］

n. ① 音乐会

例　The pianist will give a concert at the music hall. 那位钢琴家将在音乐厅举办一场音乐会。

② 一致；共同〈同 harmony, accord〉

例　Two countries acted in concert with each other to stop a war. 两个国家共同行动，制止了一场战争。

联　concerted adj. 商议好的，协定的；concerto n. 协奏曲

concise ［kən'saɪs ］

adj. 简洁的，简明的〈同 succinct〉

例　In spite of the vast number of details in the United States Constitution, the document is remarkably concise . 尽管美国宪法有许多细节，但是这部宪法还是相当简明的。

记　con + cise（切掉）→ 把（多余的）全部切掉 → 简洁

联　concision n. 简洁；excise vt. 切除，删去；incise vt. 切割，雕刻；precise adj. 精确的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The coach gave ______ to the winner of the race by hugging and kissing him.

25. Quartz（石英）and feldspar（长石）are the chief ______ of granite.

26. Her ______ of this problem was different from mine, because we did different daily work.

27. She ______ a plan for earning some more spending money.

28. There was little time left, so he gave a ______ report of the meeting.

29. He revised and polished his ______ until it was flawless.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | commend | A. optional
31. ______ | concise | B. irrational
32. ______ | coherent | C. differ
33. ______ | commence | D. discord
34. ______ | coincide | E. criticize
35. ______ | compulsory | F. terminate
36. ______ | concert | G. wordy

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

37. After 1850, various states in the United States began to pass compulsory school attendance laws.

(A) harsh
(B) diversified
(C) mandatory

38. Cosmologists are more concerned with the origin and evolution of the universe than with the composition of the planets and stars.

(A) interaction
(B) background
(C) makeup

39. The initial appearance of the silver three-cent piece coincided with the first issue of three-cent stamps in 1851.

(A) occurred at the same time as
(B) collided with
(C) was necessitated by

40. Salt has been an important commodity for much of recorded time.

(A) flavoring
(B) preservative
(C) article of trade

41. He is going to compile the data requested by the tax collector.

(A) sprout
(B) evade
(C) gather

42. Beans are comparable to meat as a source of protein.

(A) equivalent
(B) complementary
(C) preferable

43. Citizens who collaborated with the enemy during the war were executed after the war.

(A) resisted
(B) fought with
(C) cooperated with

44. James Monroe was by no means regarded as commonplace by his contemporaries.

(A) ordinary
(B) lazy
(C) brilliant

45. Psychologists have done extensive studies of how well patients comply with doctors' orders.

(A) obey
(B) understand
(C) improve with

46. A. early form of softball originated in 1895, when a Minneapolis firefighter decided to provide a simple and inexpensive recreational outlet for his colleagues .

(A) fellow workers
(B) friends and family
(C) university

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
47. ______ | commemorate | A. idea
48. ______ | compact | B. ingredient
49. ______ | cohesion | C. condemnation
50. ______ | commute | D. condense
51. ______ | complaint | E. team up
52. ______ | component | F. strike
53. ______ | conception | G. memorialize
54. ______ | collaborate | H. solidarity
55. ______ | collide | I. mixture
56. ______ | composite | J. travel regularly

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

complaint | comply with | commend | comparable | collaborate
compliment | compile | concert | compensate | complication

57. The troop of soldiers marched in ______.

58. I will ______ the doctor's orders and take the medicine on time.

59. The food was terrible; finally he wrote a ______ letter.

60. Their work output was ______, yet the senior was paid a higher salary.

61. The two brothers ______ in writing a history of their family.

62. I must ______ you on your beautiful speech.

63. She was ______ by the insurance company for her loss.

64. Dave couldn't find his passport at the airport and then there were further ______ when his wife lost her baggage.

65. She received many ______ on her science project.

66. The coach ______ a list of his players' phone numbers.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. collaborated
7. collection
8. coherent
9. cluster
10. coincide
11. collided
12. commonplace
13. commuting
14. commended
15. commence
16. commander
17. committed
18. compatible
19. competing
20. complement
21. compensate
22. comparable
23. companions
24. compliments
25. components
26. conception
27. conceived
28. concise
29. composition
30. E
31. G
32. B
33. F
34. C
35. A
36. D
37. C
38. C
39. A
40. C
41. C
42. A
43. C
44. A
45. A
46. A
47. G
48. D
49. H
50. J
51. C
52. B
53. A
54. E
55. F
56. I
57. concert
58. comply with
59. complaint
60. comparable
61. collaborated
62. commend
63. compensated
64. complications
65. compliments
66. compiled

Lesson 6

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The research team needs to confer with the director before it begins its final report.

(A) argue
(B) debate
(C) consult

2. Representatives try to act in the interest of their constituents .

(A) campaign contributors
(B) parties
(C) districts' voters

3. Relations between the two countries have never been more cordial .

(A) strained
(B) pleasant
(C) unsympathetic

4. The consensus among the senators was that the bill would not be passed.

(A) controversy
(B) gathering
(C) agreement

5. Mary McCarthy's satires are couched in a prose style that has a classic precision.

(A) expressed
(B) prefaced
(C) fused

第一部分

condensation ［ˌkɒnden'seɪʃən ］

n. 压缩，浓缩〈同 compression〉

例　This 10-page summary is a condensation of a 100-page report. 这份10页的总结是一份100页报告的浓缩。

联　condense v. （使）浓缩，精简；condenser n. 冷凝器

confer ［kən'fɜ:(r) ］

v. ① 颁给，赋予（on）〈同 bestow〉

例　The President of Harvard University conferred a doctorate on the distinguished politician. 哈佛大学校长授予这位著名的政治家博士头衔。

② 协商（with）〈同 consult〉

例　One should confer with one's elders before making a big decision. 在做重大决定之前应该和前辈商量一下。

联　conference n. 会议；conferee n. 参加会议者

conference ［'kɒnfərəns ］

n. 会议；协商会，讨论会〈同 meeting, discussion〉

例　A conference was called to discuss getting a playground for the school. 为了讨论给学校建操场的事情召开了一次会议。

confidential ［ˌkɒnfɪ'denʃəl ］

adj. 秘密的，机密的〈同 secret〉

例　Only highly trusted employees could read the confidential report. 只有非常可信的雇员才能看这份机密报告。

记　con + fid（相信）+ ent + ial → 被相信才能知道的 → 机密的

联　confide v. 吐露，信托；confident adj. 自信的，有把握的；confidant n. 知心朋友；diffident adj. 自卑的，胆怯的；perfidy n. 不忠实，背叛；affidavit n. 口供书，宣誓书

configuration ［kənˌfɪgə'reɪʃən ; (US)kənˌfɪgjʊ'reɪʃən ］

n. 轮廓，构形〈同 outline〉

例　Geographers study the configuration of the surface of the earth. 地理学家研究地球表面的地形构造。

记　con + figur(e)（形状）+ aion → 全部形状 → 轮廓

联　figure n. 轮廓；figurative adj. 比喻的；figurine n. 小雕像

conform ［kən'fɔ:m ］

vi. 遵守，顺从；符合（to）〈同 comply with, follow〉

例　Every member must conform to the rules of our club. 每位会员必须遵守我们社团的规章制度。

联　conformity n. 一致，符合；nonconformity n. 不墨守成规，不一致；nonconformist n. 不守成规者

congratulation ［kənˌgrætjʊ'leɪʃən ］

n. 祝贺，道喜

例　I sent a card of congratulation to the newly married couple. 我给这对新婚夫妇发了一张祝福贺卡。

conscientious ［ˌkɒnʃɪ'enʃəs ］

adj. 尽责的，一丝不苟的〈同 responsible, reliable〉

例　Conscientious work is careful and exact. 认真尽责的工作意味着细心和准确。

记　con（全部）+ sci（知道）+ ent + ious → 知道、关心多的 → 有责任心的

联　conscious adj. 有意识的，自觉的；conscience n. 良心

consecutive ［kən'sekjʊtɪv ］

adj. 连续的〈同 successive, sequential〉

例　He was reelected for four consecutive terms. 他又连着当选了四次。

记　con + secu（跟随）+ tive → 一个接一个地跟随 → 连续的

consensus ［kən'sensəs ］

n. 意见一致〈同 agreement〉

例　The council reached a consensus on the date of the election. 委员会就选举日期达成一致。

记　con + sensus（感觉，认识）→ 共识 → 意见一致

联　sensible adj. 明智的；sensitive adj. 敏感的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. I ______ my dentist about getting braces for my teeth.

7. She does not want others to know that she has been married, so she told me in low, ______ tones.

8. Janet was a ______ employee who never left before her work was done.

9. The club members finally reached a ______ about adopting the proposal.

10. I sent her my ______ when she graduated from college.

11. Our teachers have ______ with their students' parents each semester.

第二部分

consent ［kən'sent ］

n./vi. 同意，赞同〈同 approval, agree〉

例　You need the principal's consent to leave campus. 你得到校长的同意才可以离开学校。

consequent ［'kɒnsɪkwənt ］

adj. 作为结果的，随之发生的〈同 resulting〉

例　His long illness and consequent absence put him far behind in his work. 他久病请假，使他的工作落后了许多。

联　consequence n. 结果

conserve ［kən'sɜ:v ］

vt. 保存，保藏〈同 preserve〉

例　An experienced backpacker can give you many suggestions for conserving energy on a long, tough hike. 一位经验丰富的背包客可以在长途跋涉方面给你很多保存体力的建议。

联　conservation n. 保存，保持；conservationist n. （天然资源的）保护理论者

consolidate ［kən'sɒlɪdeɪt ］

v. ① 巩固〈同 strengthen〉

例　The political party consolidated its power by winning many state elections. 该政党赢得很多州的选票，巩固了势力。

② 合并〈同 combine〉

例　If we consolidate our efforts, we'll get the job done much faster. 如果我们共同努力，就会更早地完成这项工作。

记　con + solid（结实）+ ate → 巩固

联　consolidation n. 巩固，合并；solidity n. 坚固；solidarity n. 团结；consolation n. 安慰

conspicuous ［kən'spɪkjʊəs ］

adj. 显著的；显眼的，引人注目的〈同 noticeable〉

例　With everyone else dressed in colorful party clothes, my old blue jeans were painfully conspicuous . 其他人都穿了艳丽的礼服，和他们在一起，我旧旧的蓝色牛仔裤特别扎眼。

记　con（大家）+ spic（看）+ uous → 大家都看见的 → 显眼的

联　perspicuous adj. 明白的，明晰的

constituent ［kən'stɪtjʊənt ］

n. ① 成分，要素〈同 component, ingredient〉

例　Hydrogen and oxygen are the constituents of water. 氢和氧是水的成分。

② 选举者〈同 voter〉

例　As a senator he was excellent—always talking to his constituents and listening to their problems. 这位参议员很优秀，他总是耐心与选民交谈并认真聆听他们的问题。

记　con + stit（= stat 站）+ uent → 站在一起的东西 → 成分

联　constitution n. 宪法，构成；institute vt. 创立 n. 学院；destitute adj. 缺乏的；restitute vt. 归还

constrain ［kən'streɪn ］

vt. 限制，抑制；约束；关押〈同 restrain〉

例　Bill tried to constrain a cough during the lecture. 上课时比尔尽量忍着不咳嗽。

联　constraint n. 约束，强迫；restrain vt. 抑制

construct ［kən'strʌkt ］

vt. 建造；创立〈同 build〉

例　Eye witness reports constructed a detailed description of the man. 目击者的报告构成了有关此人相貌的一幅详图。

联　construction n. 建筑，建造

consume ［kən'sju:m ; (US)kən'su:m ］

vt. 消费，消耗；大吃大喝〈同 devour, eat〉

例　At our Thanksgiving dinner, we consumed an entire turkey. 感恩节晚餐我们吃了一整只火鸡。

联　consumer n. 消费者；consumption n. 消耗，消费；costume n. 服装；resume v. 继续；presume v. 假定

contaminate ［kən'tæmɪneɪt ］

vt. 弄脏，污染；感染〈同 pollute, taint〉

例　The wound was contaminated by bacteria. 伤口受到了细菌感染。

联　contamination n. 玷污，污染；contaminant n. 致污物，污染物；contagious adj. 传染性的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. I was upset because my pimple（丘疹）was so ______.

13. The marathon runner ______ her energy for the final mile.

14. Toxic waste from the factory ______ our drinking water.

15. I ______ almost all the money I earned last summer and am broke now.

16. The three banks ______ and formed a single large bank.

17. We ______ the dog with a chain tied to a pole.

第三部分

contemplate ［'kɒntempleɪt ］

v. 注视；沉思，（对…做）周密考虑〈同 ponder〉

例　Please contemplate my request before answering. 答复之前请认真考虑下我的请求。

记　con + templ（思考，观察）+ ate → 全心思考 → 深思

联　contemplation n. 注视，沉思；temple n. 太阳穴，庙宇

contempt ［kən'tempt ］

n. 轻视，蔑视〈同 scorn〉

例　I have great contempt for people who hurt others. 我特别鄙视伤害别人的人。

联　contemptible adj. 可轻视的，可鄙的；tempt vt. 诱惑；attempt vt. 尝试，企图

contend ［kən'tend ］

vi. 斗争，竞争〈同 fight〉

例　Two chimpanzees contended for one banana. 两只黑猩猩为争一根香蕉打了起来。

联　contender n. 竞争者；contention n. 争论，争辩；content adj. 满足的，满意的；pretend v. 假装，装扮；portend vt. 预示；distend v. （使）扩大，（使）扩张

continuity ［ˌkɒntɪ'njʊ:ɪti ; (US)ˌkɑntə'nu:ɪti ］

n. （时间、空间上的）连续性，连贯性〈同 coherence〉

例　The continuity of her talk was broken when the telephone rang. 电话铃声打断了她的讲话。

联　continuous adj. 连续的，持续的

contradict ［ˌkɒntrə'dɪkt ］

vt. 同…矛盾，同…抵触；提出反对意见〈同 confront〉

例　His mean actions contradicted his fine words. 他的卑劣行径与甜言蜜语互相矛盾。

联　contradiction n. 反驳，矛盾；contradictory adj. 反驳的，对立的；contravene vt. 违反，同…抵触

contrary ［'kɒntrəri ］

adj. 相反的；对抗的〈同 opposite〉

例　Contrary to the advertisement, this cleanser does not remove tough stains. 与广告宣传的效果不同，这种清洁剂并不能去除顽固污渍。

contrive ［kən'traɪv ］

v. 设计，发明；策划，图谋〈同 invent, plot〉

例　He contrived an illness to miss a day of school. 他装病请假不去学校。

记　con + tri（反）+ ve（= vene 走）→（和普通人）反着走 → 设计（新东西）

联　contrived adj. 不自然的，勉强的；trivial adj. 琐碎的；contrite adj. 深感懊悔的

controversial ［ˌkɒntrə'vɜ:ʃəl ］

adj. 引起（或可能引起）争论的〈同 disputable〉

例　The controversial bill was passed by a narrow vote. 在投票中，这项有争议的议案以微小的差异获得通过。

记　contro（反）+ vers（转）+ ial → 反转的 →（可能）引起争论的

联　controvert vt. 反驳，攻击；controversy n. 争论，议论；convert v. （使）转变，（使）…改变信仰；introvert n. 性格内向的人

converge ［kən'vɜ:ʤ ］

vi. 聚合，集中于一点，会聚〈同 meet, come together〉

例　At first, the two candidates disagreed on every issue, but as the campaign went on, their opinions seemed to converge . 起初，两位候选人在每个议题上意见都不同，但随着竞选的持续，他们的观点似乎越来越趋于一致。

cope ［kəʊp ］

vi. （善于）应付，（善于）处理〈同 manage successfully〉

例　She was busy but she was still able to cope with the extra work. 她很忙，但仍然可以应付额外的工作。

联　lope v. （使）大步慢跑

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. After promising to come early, she did the ______ and came late.

19. The first settlers in America had to ______ with harsh winters, sickness and lack of food.

20. A large group ______ on the city hall to listen to the famous politician's lecture.

21. What's the matter with you today? Everything I say you seem to want to ______.

22. I have great ______ for people who are disloyal to their friends.

23. There were too many problems for the newbee to ______ with.

第四部分

cordial ［'kɔ:dɪəl ; (US)'kɔ:rʤəl ］

adj. 热情而真诚的；友好的〈同 hearty, friendly〉

例　He was not very cordial to his girlfriend's former boyfriend. 他对他女朋友的前男友不大友好。

corps ［kɔ:(r) ］

n. 军团，兵团

例　Janet worked for the Peace Corps for two years in North America. 珍妮特在北美洲的美国和平队工作了两年。

联　corpse n. 尸体；corpus n. 尸体，文集；corpuscle n. 血球

correlate ［'kɒrɪleɪt ］

vt. 使相互关联；使相互影响〈同 relate〉

例　Increasing cancer rates appear to correlate with rising levels of pollution. 癌症发病率的攀升似乎和环境污染日益严重相关。

联　correlation n. 相互关系，相关（性）

correspondence ［ˌkɒrɪ'spɒndəns ］

n. ① 通信；信件〈同 message, mail〉

例　Jane saved all of her grandmother's correspondence for years. 简保存了多年来祖母的所有信件。

② 符合，一致〈同 agreement〉

例　Your account of the accident has little correspondence with the story the other driver told. 你对故事的描述与另一位司机的讲述几乎完全不同。

记　cor（共同）+ respond（回答）+ ence → 两人互相回答 → 通信

联　correspond vi. 符合，协调，通信，response n. 反应

corrode ［kə'rəʊd ］

v. （受）腐蚀，（受）侵蚀〈同 erode〉

例　Acid will corrode certain types of metal. 酸性物质会腐蚀某些金属。

联　corrosion n. 侵蚀，腐蚀状态

corrupt ［kə'rʌpt ］

v. （使）堕落，（向…）行贿〈同 degrade〉

例　Bad companions may corrupt a person. 品行不端的伙伴可能会毁掉一个人。

adj. 堕落的；不诚实的；贪污受贿的〈同 dishonorable〉

例　The corrupt police officer took bribes. 这个腐败的警官接受了贿赂。

记　cor + rupt（断）→ 全断了的 →（使）堕落

联　corruption n. 腐败；rupture n. 破裂，绝交；abrupt adj. 突然的；disrupt vt. 使分裂，使瓦解；eruption n. 爆发

cosmic ［'kɒzmɪk ］

adj. 宇宙的

例　Some people believe that what happens in their lives is influenced by cosmic forces. 有些人认为他们生命中所发生的事是受到了宇宙力量的影响。

联　cosmetics n. 化妆品

costly ［'kɒstli ］

adj. 昂贵的〈同 of great value〉

例　Janet paid a costly salary to hire an American teacher to help her improve her English. 珍妮特高薪聘请了一位美国老师来帮她提高英语水平。

记　cost（费用，代价）+ ly → 费用高的 → 昂贵的

costume ［'kɒstju:m ; (US)'kɒstu:m ］

n. 服装〈同 attire〉

例　The actors in the play had beautiful costumes . 剧中的演员们穿着好看的服装。

couch ［kaʊtʃ ］

n. 长椅，长沙发〈同 sofa〉

例　A couch refers to a long seat, usually upholstered and having a back and arms. 长沙发都有长长的座位，通常装软垫，并且有靠背和扶手。

vt. （用语言）表达〈同 express〉

例　His thoughts were couched in beautiful language. 他用优美的语言表达了自己的想法。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The boy kept up a ______ with his friend in Europe for years.

25. The kimono（和服）is part of the national ______ of Japan.

26. The conservative principal believes rock music ______ teenagers.

27. ______ forces produce stars and meteors.

28. Her friends gave her a ______ welcome.

29. Moist air ______ iron.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | consolidate | A. open
31. ______ | construct | B. diverge
32. ______ | contempt | C. disobey
33. ______ | converge | D. frigid
34. ______ | corrupt | E. destroy
35. ______ | confidential | F. unobtrusive
36. ______ | conform | G. admiration
37. ______ | conserve | H. divide
38. ______ | conspicuous | I. consume
39. ______ | cordial | J. honest

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Needlepoint（针绣花边）has always been an elegant and costly form of embroidery.

(A) expensive
(B) beautiful
(C) popular

41. Crayfish（小龙虾）, small freshwater crustaceans similar to lobsters, are consumed by inhabitants of the Mississippi River Basin.

(A) bred
(B) caught
(C) eaten

42. Originally, a hallmark was a mark stamped on gold to show that the gold conformed to official standards.

(A) was exempt form
(B) fell short of
(C) met

43. In 1963 Maria Mayer was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for her findings on the constituents of the atomic nucleus.

(A) discovery
(B) components
(C) dimensions

44. In the United States the judiciary decides whether or not congressional enactments are contrary to the principles of the Constitution.

(A) connected to
(B) in favor of
(C) in conflict with

45. Goldenrod（秋麒麟草属植物）was once considered to be a leading cause of hay fever（花粉热）, probably because it blooms at the same time as the less conspicuous ragweed（豚草属）.

(A) beautiful
(B) controllable
(C) noticeable

46. Congressman Sam Rayburn's 25 consecutive terms in the House of Representatives marked one of the longest tenures（任期）of any representative in United States history.

(A) successive
(B) prolonged
(C) elected

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
47. ______ | contradict | A. concord
48. ______ | conference | B. associate
49. ______ | configuration | C. oppose
50. ______ | consensus | D. arguable
51. ______ | contrive | E. dedicated
52. ______ | correlate | F. battle
53. ______ | conscientious | G. session
54. ______ | consent | H. design
55. ______ | contend | I. approve
56. ______ | controversial | J. contour

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. conferred with
7. confidential
8. conscientious
9. consensus
10. congratulations
11. conferences
12. conspicuous
13. conserved
14. contaminated
15. consumed
16. consolidated
17. constrained
18. contrary
19. contend
20. converged
21. contradict
22. contempt
23. cope
24. correspondence
25. costume
26. corrupts
27. Cosmic
28. cordial
29. corrodes
30. H
31. E
32. G
33. B
34. J
35. A
36. C
37. I
38. F
39. D
40. A
41. C
42. C
43. B
44. C
45. C
46. A
47. C
48. G
49. J
50. A
51. H
52. B
53. E
54. I
55. F
56. D

Lesson 7

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Many ecologists believe that raising rare animal species in a protected environment will curb the decline of endangered wildlife.

(A) foster
(B) begin
(C) inhibit

2. The epic, which makes great demands on a poet's knowledge and skill, has been deemed the most ambitious of poetic forms.

(A) regarded as
(B) praised as
(C) compared with

3. Embroidery depicting scenic views became popular in the United States toward the end of the eighteenth century.

(A) distorting
(B) commemorating
(C) portraying

4. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be deliberately controlled and modified.

(A) both
(B) noticeably
(C) intentionally

5. In astronomy, a scale of magnitude from one to six denotes the brightness of a star.

(A) signifies
(B) predicts
(C) contrasts

第一部分

counterpart ［'kaʊntəpɑ:t ］

n. 相似的人或物，配对物〈同 match〉

例　She's my counterpart in our New York office. 她在我们纽约办事处的职位和我的职位相当。

courtesy ［'kɜ:təsi ］

n. 礼貌，谦恭〈同 civility〉

例　It is a sign of courtesy to give one's seat to another person on a crowded bus. 在拥挤的公共汽车上给人让座是一种有礼貌的表现。

联　courteous adj. 有礼貌的，谦恭的

coward ［'kaʊəd ］

n. 懦弱的人，胆小的人

例　Mr. Black is a coward ; he is easily scared by others' threats. 布莱克先生是个胆小鬼；他很容易被别人的威胁吓到。

联　cowardly adj. 怯懦的；cowardice n. 怯懦，胆小

crew ［kru: ］

n. （船上、飞机上的）全体工作人员；同事们〈同 team〉

例　The aircraft has a crew of seven. 飞机上有七名机务人员。

联　screw n. 螺丝钉；screwdriver n. 螺丝起子

cripple ［'krɪpəl ］

vt. 使残废；削弱〈同 handicap, maim〉

例　India has been crippled by foreign debts. 印度由于外债累累而陷入困境。

crisp ［krɪsp ］

adj. 脆的，易碎的

例　Dry toast and fresh celery are crisp . 干面包和新鲜芹菜都是脆的。

criterion ［kraɪ'tɪərɪən ］

n. （pl. -ria）（评判的）标准，尺度〈同 standard〉

例　They think that wealth is the only criterion of success. 他们认为财富是判断是否成功的唯一标准。

记　crit（判断，分辨）+ erion → 标准

crown ［kraʊn ］

n. 王冠；花冠；顶部

例　He won the amateur boxing crown in his latest bout. 他在最近的一场拳击比赛中赢得了非职业选手冠军。

vt. 加冕；褒奖

例　After the death of the old king, the princess was crowned in London. 老国王死后，女王在伦敦加冕。

cruelty ［'kru:əlti ］

n. 残忍，残酷〈同 brutality〉

例　His former wife accused him of beating, verbal abuse and other cruelties . 他的前妻控告他的殴打、谩骂等残忍行为。

联　cruel adj. 残忍的，残酷的

cue ［kju: ］

n. 提示，暗示（尤指戏剧等演出中对演员起暗示作用的道白或动作）〈同 hint, suggestion〉

例　The actor entered the stage right on cue . 就在这个时候，男演员走上了舞台。

联　(right) on cue 就在这时候；barbecue n. 吃烧烤肉的野餐

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. When you visit others, you should take a ______ from the host when it is time to leave.

7. You might get on better with your parents if you showed them some ______.

8. Night is the ______ of day.

9. Pastry and biscuits（饼干）are well-cooked so that they are dry and hard enough to be ______.

10. The loss of our two star players ______ our team.

11. The student was accused of ______ to bears—he poured the vitriol（硫酸）on them!

第二部分

culminate ［'kʌlmɪneɪt ］

v. （使）达到高潮；（使）以…告终〈同 climax, terminate〉

例　The wedding culminated with a big dance. 婚礼的气氛随着大型舞蹈达到了高潮。

记　culmin（顶点，高峰）+ ate → 达到高潮

cumulative ［'kju:mjʊlətɪv ］

adj. 累积的，累加的〈同 accumulated〉

例　The cumulative effects of many illnesses made the patient weak. 诸病缠身，病情日益恶化，病人变得很虚弱。

cunning ［'kʌnɪŋ ］

n./adj. 狡猾（的），有心计（的）〈同 clever, tricky〉

例　The cunning businesswoman sold the house for double its value. 这个精明的女商人以实际价值两倍的价钱卖掉了这座房子。

curb ［kɜ:b ］

n. 路边

例　Park the car close to the curb . 靠路边停车。

vt. 抑制，约束〈同 restrain〉

例　I went on a diet and curbed my appetite for food and drink. 我节食，并且控制自己的食欲。

curious ［'kjʊərɪəs ］

adj. （令人）好奇的〈同 inquisitive〉

例　Little kids are usually very curious and ask a lot of questions. 小孩通常都很好奇，问很多问题。

联　curiosity n. 好奇心

curriculum ［kə'rɪkjʊləm ］

n. （pl. -s; -la）学校的全部课程〈同 courses〉

例　They are trying to widen the college curricula to meet the students' needs. 他们正在试着拓宽大学课程范围，以满足学生们的需求。

联　sanitarium n. 疗养院；chrysanthemum n. 菊花；opium n. 鸦片；bacterium n. 细菌

customary ［'kʌstəməri ; (US)'kʌstəmeri ］

adj. 习惯上的；通常的〈同 habitual, usual〉

例　Ten o'clock is Janet's customary bedtime. 珍妮特通常十点上床睡觉。

记　custom（习惯）+ ary → 习惯上的

联　customer n. 顾客；accustom vt. 使习惯；accustomed adj. 习惯的，通常的

cynical ［'sɪnɪkəl ］

adj. 愤世嫉俗的〈同 skeptical〉

例　Bob's too cynical to believe in psychic phenomenon, while Janet believes in it completely. 鲍勃不相信存在什么灵异现象，但珍妮特却深信不疑。

记　cyn（狗）+ ic + al → 像狗一样活着的 → 犬儒主义的 → 愤世嫉俗的

联　cynic n. 犬儒主义者，愤世嫉俗者；cynicism n. 愤世嫉俗

damn ［dæm ］

v. 谴责，指责〈同 condemn〉

例　The critics damned the new book and pointed out a lot of mistakes in it. 评论家们对这本新书提出了指责，并指出了书中的很多处错误。

damp ［dæmp ］

adj. 潮湿的，有湿气的〈同 humid, moist〉

例　Metals rust most rapidly in damp regions. 金属在潮湿的地方生锈最快。

记　dam（水坝）+ p → 水坝是潮湿的 → 潮湿的

联　dampen vt. 使潮湿；tamp vt. 填塞，夯实

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The ______ fox outwitted the dogs and got away.

13. At our school the ______ for Grade 6 includes mathematics, science, social studies, reading and spelling.

14. I ______ my hunger by eating a piece of cheese.

15. Weeks of unsuccessful bargaining for wage increases ______ in a strike.

16. The novel has been unanimously ______ by the critics.

17. Young parents should be very patient to answer the questions their ______ children ask.

第三部分

dazzling ［'dæzlɪŋ ］

adj. 眼花缭乱的；耀眼的〈同 bright〉

例　The laser system temporarily blinds enemy pilots with rays of dazzling light. 激光系统利用强光让敌机飞行员暂时看不见东西。

联　daze vt. 使茫然，使晕眩；drizzle n. 细雨 vi. 下毛毛雨

deadline ［'dedlaɪn ］

n. 最终期限〈同 due date〉

例　If I didn't turn in the report by the deadline , I would be fired. 如果我到最后期限还没有把报告交上去，我会被解雇的。

deadly ［'dedli ］

adj. 致命的〈同 fatal〉

例　This is one of nature's deadliest poisons. 这是自然界最致命的毒药之一。

记　dead（死）+ ly → 致死的

联　deadlock n. 僵局

decimal ［'desɪməl ］

adj. 十进制的，小数的〈同 of tens〉

例　The metric system is a decimal system. 公制是十进制。

n. 小数

例　The course will help students develop mathematical skills including the use of decimals , fractions, percentages and simple statistics. 这项课程会帮助学生提高数学能力，包括小数、分数、百分比和简单的统计学的应用能力。

记　decim（十分之一）+ al → 小数

联　decimeter n. 分米

decisive ［dɪ'saɪsɪv ］

adj. 决定性的〈同 determined, conclusive〉

例　The team won by 20 points, which was a decisive victory. 这个队以20分的优势赢得了决定性的胜利。

联　decision n. 决定，决心

dedicate ［'dedɪkeɪt ］

vt. 把奉献于，致力于〈同 devote〉

例　The book was dedicated to the author's husband. 此书谨献给作者的丈夫。

联　dedicated adj. 专注的，献身的

deem ［di:m ］

v. 认为，相信〈同 think, believe〉

例　Doctors prescribe the medicines they deem necessary to cure their patients. 医生们给病人开药，这些药是医生认为对治疗有必要的。

联　dean n. 学院院长，系主任

deficiency ［dɪ'fɪʃənsi ］

n. 缺乏；不足〈同 scarcity〉

例　In Africa, most children live a poor life because of economic deficiency in their families. 在非洲，大多数的儿童因为家庭贫穷过着困苦的生活。

联　deficient adj. 缺乏的，不足的；proficient adj. 精通的，熟练的；sufficient adj. 足够的，充分的；efficient adj. 有效率的

deficit ［'defɪsɪt ］

n. 赤字〈同 shortfall〉

例　The government tried to avoid a budget deficit and spend strictly according to the plan. 政府为避免财政赤字，根据计划严格控制消费。

联　illicit adj. 违法的；solicit v. 恳求；implicit adj. 含蓄的；explicit adj. 清楚的

defy ［dɪ'faɪ ］

vt. 公然反抗，蔑视，挑衅〈同 disobey〉

例　The child defied his baby-sitter by refusing to go to bed. 这个小孩不听保姆的话，就是不上床睡觉。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The ______ point in his getting the job is that he speaks Greek.

19. The metric system is a ______ system of measurement.

20. A ______ of calcium in your diet can cause soft bones and teeth.

21. He decided to ______ himself to helping the poor.

22. The skater gave a ______ display of his excellent skill and won the first prize.

23. He ______ his parents and stayed out all night.

第四部分

degenerate ［dɪ'ʤenəreɪt ］

vt. （使）变坏；（使）退化〈同 grow worse〉

例　Her health degenerated because of the disease. 因为这个病，她的身体越来越差。

degrade ［dɪ'greɪd ］

vt. 使降级，贬低〈同 humiliate, debase〉

例　Janet would not degrade herself by begging for help from the person who insulted her. 珍妮特是不会低头向那些侮辱她的人乞求帮助的。

记　de + grade（等级）→ 使降级

联　degradation n. 退化，降级，降格；retrograde v. （使）后退；upgrade vt. 升级；gradient adj. 倾斜的 n. 坡度

deliberate ［dɪ'lɪbərət ］

adj. ①（尤指坏事）故意的，早有准备的〈同 intentional, planned〉

例　Their excuse was a deliberate lie, but nobody detected it. 他们的理由是个精心编造的谎言，但没人发觉。

② 审慎的，深思熟虑的〈同 careful〉

例　He is very deliberate in everything he says and does, so he rarely hurts others. 他说话办事总是考虑周全，所以他很少伤害到其他人。

记　de + liber（自由）+ ate → 非自由的 → 不是随随便便的 → 审慎的

联　liberate vt. 解放，释放

delight ［dɪ'laɪt ］

n./v. （使）高兴，（使）愉快〈同 pleasure, cheer〉

例　Winning the award delighted him. 他得了奖，这令他非常高兴。

denial ［dɪ'naɪəl ］

n. 否定，否认；拒绝〈同 refusal〉

例　Galileo was forced to make a public denial of his belief that the Earth goes around the Sun. 伽利略相信地球是绕着太阳转的，他被迫公开否认了这个观点。

denote ［dɪ'nəʊt ］

vt. 指示，表示〈同 signify〉

例　His levity at such a serious moment denoted a lack of feeling. 在这么严肃的时刻，他轻浮的举动显示出他的无情。

联　denouement n. 结局；demote vt. 使降级，使降职

denounce ［dɪ'naʊns ］

vt. （公开）谴责，斥责〈同 censure, condemn〉

例　The reform candidate denounced the corrupt city officers for having betrayed the public's trust. 改革派候选人公开指责腐败的城市官员背叛了民众的信任。

记　de + nounce（报告）→ 坏报告 → 指责

联　announce vt. 宣布；renounce vt. 抛弃，拒绝；pronounce v. 发音，宣告；pronounced adj. 著名的

dentist ［'dentɪst ］

n. 牙科医生

例　A dentist fills cavities in teeth, cleans, straightens or extracts them, and supplies artificial teeth. 牙医的工作是补牙、洗牙、矫正牙、拔牙，还有装义齿。

联　dental adj. 牙齿的

departure ［dɪ'pɑ:tʃə(r) ］

n. 出发，离开〈同 leaving〉

例　The airplane's departure for New York was delayed by a blizzard. 飞往纽约的航班因暴风雪推迟起飞时间。

联　partition n. 分开，划分；impart vt. 传授，通知

depict ［dɪ'pɪkt ］

vt. 描绘，描写，描述〈同 portray, describe〉

例　Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century. 她的油画描绘了上个世纪老百姓的生活。

记　de（强调作用）+ pict（画）→ 刻画 → 描述

联　depiction n. 描写；depot n. 仓库

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Their quick ______ of our request was very unkind.

25. Antarctica is often ______ as a cold and forbidding place.

26. Students gathered in the administration building to ______ the school's discriminatory（歧视性的）practices.

27. Please do not ______ yourself by cheating on a test.

28. It was such a ______ to see you after all these years.

29. Red circles ______ danger zones on this map.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | deliberate | A. unusual
31. ______ | deficit | B. obey
32. ______ | counterpart | C. sufficiency
33. ______ | customary | D. surplus
34. ______ | deadly | E. undetermined
35. ______ | cynical | F. unsuspicious
36. ______ | decisive | G. commence
37. ______ | culminate | H. antithesis
38. ______ | deficiency | I. innocuous
39. ______ | defy | J. accidental

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | degrade | A. indication
41. ______ | courtesy | B. consider
42. ______ | criterion | C. polite behavior
43. ______ | departure | D. criticize
44. ______ | denial | E. takeoff
45. ______ | cue | F. dishonor
46. ______ | curious | G. prudent
47. ______ | deem | H. eager to know
48. ______ | deliberate | I. standard
49. ______ | denounce | J. disapproval

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

deficit | damp | departure | cynical | dedicate
deadline | degenerate | depict | curb | deadly

50. Educational standards in this school are ______ year by year because of a lack of funds.

51. It looks like we're going to have another budget ______ this year because we overspent.

52. Arsenic（砷，砒霜）is a ______ substance and can kill people in a couple of minutes.

53. The grass is still ______ from yesterday's rain.

54. If Janet wants to succeed, she must first learn how to ______ her temper.

55. The teacher made Friday afternoon the ______ for handing in all book reports.

56. It is hard to befriend（待人如友）someone who is ______ about friendship.

57. The doctor ______ her life to improving hospital care.

58. Our ______ was delayed because of bad weather at the destination airport.

59. These paintings ______ the lives of the aristocracy（贵族）in the last century.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. cue
7. courtesy
8. counterpart
9. crisp
10. crippled
11. cruelty
12. cunning
13. curricula
14. curbed
15. culminated
16. damned
17. curious
18. decisive
19. decimal
20. deficiency
21. dedicate
22. dazzling
23. defied
24. denial
25. depicted
26. denounce
27. degrade
28. delight
29. denote
30. J
31. D
32. H
33. A
34. I
35. F
36. E
37. G
38. C
39. B
40. F
41. C
42. I
43. E
44. J
45. A
46. H
47. B
48. G
49. D
50. degenerating
51. deficit
52. deadly
53. damp
54. curb
55. deadline
56. cynical
57. dedicated
58. departure
59. depict

Lesson 8

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The situation is bound to deteriorate and more and more people will be laid off during the economic depression.

(A) come about
(B) continue
(C) become worse

2. A special dispatch of food and clothing was flown to the refugees this morning.

(A) shipment
(B) punch
(C) jerk

3. Boy's Clubs do not deprive poor children of the opportunity to participate in sports.

(A) deny
(B) retract
(C) improvise

4. Electronic telescopes enable astronomers to discern galaxies ten billion light years away.

(A) classify
(B) detect
(C) measure

5. The two reports have a number of discrepancies although they were written by two people who did the same experiment.

(A) mistakes
(B) maturity
(C) differences

第一部分

deprive ［dɪ'praɪv ］

vt. 剥夺，使失去〈同 deny, take away〉

例　He was deprived of his sight by the accident. 那次事故使他丧失了视力。

联　deprivation n. 缺乏，剥夺；privation n. 丧失，缺乏；privy adj. 秘密的，私有的；depraved adj. 堕落的，腐化的

descendant ［dɪ'sendənt ］

n. 子孙，后裔〈同 offspring〉

例　She is a descendant of the 18th-century immigrants. 她是18世纪移民者的后裔。

记　descend（传下）+ ant → 子孙

联　descend v. 下降，遗传；ascend v. 上升；condescend vi. 谦逊，屈尊；transcend vt. 超越，胜过

descent ［dɪ'sent ］

n. ① 下降〈同 drop〉

例　The gull made a quick descent and plucked a fish from the water. 海鸥突然俯冲，把一条鱼从水里叼了出来。

② 血统，世系〈同 ancestry〉

例　He is of Arabic descent . 他有阿拉伯血统。

designate ［'dezɪgneɪt ］

vt. 指定，任命〈同 nominate, name〉

例　The teacher has designated me as the group leader. 老师指定我为小组组长。

despise ［dɪ'spaɪz ］

vt. 轻视；鄙视〈同 disdain〉

例　I've always despised people who say nasty things about others. 我一向看不起那些说别人坏话的人。

dessert ［dɪ'zɜ:t ］

n. 餐后甜点

例　We had apple pie and coffee for dessert . 我们的餐后甜点有苹果派和咖啡。

destine ［'destɪn ］

vt. 命中注定；预定〈同 predestine〉

例　Whether as statesman, scientist or philosopher, Benjamin Franklin was destined to gain lasting honor throughout much of the world. 无论是作为政治家、科学家还是哲学家，本杰明·富兰克林注定声名远扬，留芳百世。

记　de（向下）+ stin（站，立）+ e → 在下面站好的 → 命中注定

联　destined adj. 命中注定的；destiny n. 命运，定数；obstinate adj. 顽固的；destination n. 目的地

destruction ［dɪ'strʌkʃən ］

n. 破坏，毁灭〈同 havoc, demolition〉

例　The war brought death and destruction to the city. 战争给这座城市带来了死亡和毁灭。

destructive ［dɪ'strʌktɪv ］

adj. 破坏的；毁灭性的〈同 devastating〉

例　The house is being battered by a destructive hurricane. 房子被一场毁灭性的龙卷风损毁。

记　de + struct（结构，建造）+ ive → 反建设性的 → 破坏的

联　destroy vt. 破坏，毁坏；instructive adj. 教导的，有教育意义的；constructive adj. 建设性的

detach ［dɪ'tætʃ ］

vt. ① 拆开，分开〈同 disconnect〉

例　She had trouble detaching the gum from her shoe. 她弄不掉鞋上的口香糖。

② 派遣，分派〈同 dispatch〉

例　One squad of soldiers was detached to guard the road. 一班士兵被派去防守公路。

记　de + tach（接触）→ 不接触 → 分开

联　detachment n. 拆开，特遣部队；detached adj. 独立的，分开的；attachment n. 附件，依恋

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. A bulldozer was used in the ______ of the old barn.

7. I ______ a key from the chain and gave it to my daughter to open the door.

8. You are a direct ______ of your parents, grandparents, great-grandparents and earlier ancestors.

9. We were ______ of a good harvest because of the lack of rain.

10. The princess was ______ from birth to be a queen.

11. Parents are very concerned about the ______ effects that violent films may have on children.

第二部分

detail ［'di:teɪl ; (US)dɪ'teɪl ］

n. 细节，详情

例　Her report was complete; it didn't leave out a single detail . 她完成了报告，没有遗漏任何细节。

vt. 详述，细说〈同 itemize〉

例　Our son detailed all the things he had done on his trip to Europe to us. 我们的儿子把他在去欧洲的旅途中所做的事详细地跟我们说明了。

detective ［dɪ'tektɪv ］

n. 侦探〈同 investigator〉

例　Sherlock Holmes is the best known of all fictional detectives . 夏洛克·福尔摩斯是所有虚构故事中最有名的侦探。

联　detect vt. 察觉，发觉，侦查，探测

deteriorate ［dɪ'tɪərɪəreɪt ］

v. （使）恶化；（使）质量下降〈同 become worse, decline〉

例　Your health will deteriorate if you work so hard. 如果你这么拼命工作，你的健康将会恶化。

deviate ［'di:vɪeɪt ］

v. （使）背离，（使）偏离〈同 diverge〉

例　His account of the accident seems to deviate from the facts. 他对事故的陈述似乎偏离了事实。

联　deviation n. 背离；deviant adj. 反常的 n. 不正常的人（或物）

diagnose ［'daɪəgˌnəʊs ］

vt. 诊断〈同 analyze, identify〉

例　The doctor diagnosed the disease as measles. 医生诊断这种疾病为麻疹。

dictator ［dɪk'teɪtə(r) ］

n. 独裁者〈同 autocrat〉

例　The dictator seized control of the government and took complete power over the people of the country. 独裁者掌握了政权，剥夺了该国人民的一切权利。

differentiate ［ˌdɪfə'renʃɪeɪt ］

v. 区分，区别〈同 set apart, discriminate〉

例　Consideration for others differentiates a thoughtful person from a thoughtless person. 能否为别人考虑是体贴的人与不体贴的人之间的区别。

联　undifferentiated adj. 无差别的，无明显特征的

diffuse ［dɪ'fju:s ］

v. 扩散；散播〈同 spread out〉

例　Schools and libraries diffuse knowledge. 学校和图书馆都传播知识。

adj. 散开的，弥漫的〈同 dispersed〉

例　The technology is diffused and adopted by other countries. 这项技术在其他国家得到传播和使用。

dignity ［'dɪgnɪtɪ ］

n. 尊严，高贵〈同 nobility〉

例　The king should manifest the dignity matching his status. 国王应该展现出与自己地位相符的尊严。

联　dignify vt. 使有尊严，使高贵；indignity n. 轻视，侮辱；indignant adj. 愤慨的，愤愤不平的

dilemma ［daɪ'lemə ; dɪ'lemə ］

n. 困境，进退两难〈同 predicament〉

例　Janet faced the dilemma of whether to go abroad to study or earn a lot of money in China by taking advantage of her current good opportunity. 珍妮特面临进退两难的境地，她不知道是该出国深造，还是该利用这次机会在中国挣更多的钱。

记　di（两个，双）+ lemma（争论）→ 两种争论 → 进退两难

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The Sun ______ the light and heat necessary for life.

13. The abnormal pattern of weather that we have been experiencing in the last few weeks ______ from the norm for this time of year.

14. Two parties are going on tonight, and it's a ______ trying to decide which one to attend.

15. Some color-blind（色盲）people cannot ______ red from green.

16. His condition was ______ as some sort of blood disorder.

17. A judge should maintain the ______ of his or her position by strictly keeping fair.

第三部分

diligent ［'dɪlɪʤənt ］

adj. 勤勉的，勤奋的〈同 assiduous, industrious〉

例　He's not especially clever, but he's a diligent worker and should do well in the examinations. 他不是特别聪明，但他是一个勤奋的工人，应该会在这次考核中取得好成绩。

记　di（双）+ lig（选出）+ ent → 双倍选出（时间）的 → 勤勉的

联　diligence n. 勤奋；indigent adj. 贫乏的，穷困的

dilute ［daɪ'lju:t ; (US)daɪ'lu:t ］

vt. 稀释，淡化〈同 weaken, attenuate〉

例　She preferred her coffee diluted with milk. 她更喜欢用牛奶稀释咖啡。

diminish ［dɪ'mɪnɪʃ ］

v. （使）减少，（使）变小〈同 dwindle, reduce〉

例　The excessive heat diminished as the sun went down. 随着太阳下山，余热也慢慢减退。

dine ［daɪn ］

vi. 就餐〈同 eat〉

例　Let's dine out tonight. 我们今天晚上去外面吃饭吧。

diploma ［dɪ'pləʊmə ］

n. 文凭，毕业证书〈同 certificate〉

例　Companies hiring today require a high school diploma as a bare minimum. 现在公司招聘要求的最低学历是中学。

联　diplomacy n. 外交；diplomat n. 外交官

directory ［dɪ'rektəri ］

n. 目录，指南〈同 catalog〉

例　A telephone book is a directory of people who have telephones. 电话本是一本电话持有者的目录。

dirt ［dɜ:t ］

n. 泥土；污垢

例　She had dirt on her shoes when she came in from the muddy street. 她从泥泞的街道上走进来的时候，鞋子上都是泥。

联　dirty adj. 肮脏的，卑鄙的，下流的

disable ［dɪs'eɪbəl ］

vt. 使残废；使失去能力〈同 cripple〉

例　Traffic accidents disable thousands of children a year. 交通事故每年造成数以千计的儿童残疾。

记　dis（不，消失）+ able（能够的）→ 使不能 → 使残疾

联　disability n. 无能力，失去能力；enable vt. 使能够

disaster ［dɪ'zɑ:stə(r) ; (US)dɪ'zæstər ］

n. 灾难，不幸；彻底的失败〈同 catastrophe, misfortune〉

例　The month-long period of rain was a disaster for the farmer. 持续一个月之久的降雨对农民来说是一场灾难。

联　disastrous adj. 损失惨重的，悲伤的

discern ［dɪ'sɜ:n ］

vt. 看出；察觉到〈同 detect, perceive〉

例　It was too hard to discern the location of the hidden key. 找到藏起来的钥匙实在是太难了。

记　dis + cern（= sift 筛）→ 筛出来 → 看出

联　discernible adj. 可识别的；discerning adj. 有识别力的，眼光敏锐的；discernment n. 眼光，洞察力；concern n./vt. 关系

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. I cannot ______ the purpose of her visit because she never contacted me.

19. It's Jan's birthday today, so we're ______ out tonight at a special little restaurant.

20. She gets good grades because she's ______ in her studies.

21. The hurricane's violent winds brought ______ to the coastal town.

22. She ______ her orange juice with water.

23. The sound ______ as we got farther away.

第四部分

disclose ［dɪs'kləʊz ］

vt. 揭露；透露；露出〈同 reveal〉

例　I can't disclose the source of my information, because I promised not to tell. 我不能公开我的信息来源，因为我答应过不会说出去。

联　disclosure n. 揭发，败露

discourage ［dɪs'kʌrɪʤ ］

vt. 使气馁；阻碍〈同 depress〉

例　Nothing will discourage him from his determination to take part in the London Marathon. 没有什么能动摇他参加伦敦马拉松赛的决心。

discrepancy ［dɪ'skrepənsi ］

n. 相差，差异；矛盾〈同 disparity, conflict〉

例　There was a discrepancy in the two witnesses' reports of the accident. 在这两份目击者关于交通事故的报告中有矛盾之处。

discrete ［dɪ'skri:t ］

adj. 独立的；不连续的，离散的〈同 separate, individual〉

例　These computers operate in a series of discrete steps. 这些计算机以一连串独立的步骤运行。

联　discreet adj. 小心的，谨慎的；discretion n. 判断力

discriminate ［dɪ'skrɪmɪneɪt ］

v. ① 区别，辨别〈同 distinguish〉

例　The twins' appearance is alike and I cannot discriminate one from another. 这对双胞胎长得很像，我无法分辨出他们谁是谁。

② 歧视，区别对待

例　It is wrong to discriminate against people because of their race, religion, nationality or sex. 因为种族、宗教、国籍或者是性别的原因而去歧视他人是错误的。

联　discrimination n. 辨别，区别，歧视

disguise ［dɪs'gaɪz ］

n./vt. 伪装，掩盖〈同 camouflage, conceal〉

例　At Halloween I disguised myself as a ghost. 过万圣节时，我把自己伪装成鬼怪。

记　dis（不同）+ guise（姿态，伪装）→ 掩盖

联　guise n. 外表，伪装；dissemble v. 掩饰（真实感情或意图）；disgust n./vt. （使）厌恶，（使）嫌恶

dishonor ［dɪs'ɒnə(r) ］

n. 不名誉，耻辱〈同 shame〉

例　The robbers brought dishonor to their families. 强盗使他们的家庭蒙受耻辱。

vt. 玷辱，使蒙羞〈同 bring shame to〉

例　She dishonored her family by marrying a thief. 她嫁给了一个小偷，使她的家庭蒙受耻辱。

dismay ［dɪs'meɪ ］

n./vt. （使）惊慌；（使）沮丧〈同 discourage, consternation〉

例　They were filled with dismay when they saw the rattlesnake. 他们看见响尾蛇之后惊慌失措。

联　dismember vt. 肢解；dismiss v. 解散，开除；dismantle vt. 拆除；dismal adj. 阴沉的，凄凉的

dispatch ［dɪ'spætʃ ］

vt. （紧急）派遣〈同 send off〉

例　Two loads of woolen cloth were dispatched to the factory on December 12th. 两车呢绒在12月12日被送到了工厂。

n. 派遣；急件；重要消息

例　The correspondent in Paris rushed news dispatches to her newspaper in New York. 在巴黎的通讯员紧急将新闻发送给了她在纽约的报社。

disperse ［dɪ'spɜ:s ］

vt. 分散，散开〈同 scatter〉

例　The police fired tear gas into the crowd to disperse the protesters. 警察喷射催泪瓦斯驱赶抗议的人群。

联　dispersal n. 疏散，散开；dispense vt. 分发；分配

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The law does not allow employers to ______ between men and women who do the same jobs.

25. The thought that she might fail the test ______ her.

26. The crowd ______ when it began raining.

27. The lifting of the curtain ______ a beautiful winter scene.

28. The accountant found a ______ between the receipts and what was recorded in the ledger.

29. The pirates ______ their ship as a trading vessel.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | destructive | A. conceal
31. ______ | disperse | B. improve
32. ______ | diligent | C. consistency
33. ______ | diffuse | D. assemble
34. ______ | disclose | E. preservation
35. ______ | deteriorate | F. concentrate
36. ______ | dilute | G. concentrated
37. ______ | discrepancy | H. encourage
38. ______ | dismay | I. constructive
39. ______ | destruction | J. lazy

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | detach | A. examine
41. ______ | deviate | B. divest
42. ______ | diligent | C. decrease
43. ______ | deprive | D. mask
44. ______ | destine | E. depart
45. ______ | diagnose | F. calamity
46. ______ | diminish | G. separate
47. ______ | disguise | H. disrespect
48. ______ | dishonor | I. hard-working
49. ______ | disaster | J. cause by fate

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

differentiate | despise | disable | dilemma | discourage
disperse | disaster | dirt | descent | dispatch

50. A sprained wrist（手腕扭伤）______ the tennis player for three weeks.

51. She can ______ this kind of rose from the others.

52. In Mississippi many individuals of Acadian ______, called Cajuns, still maintain a separate folk culture.

53. The Browns were in a ______ about whether to buy a house in the country or an apartment in the city where they worked.

54. The San Francisco earthquake and the Chicago fire are two of the greatest ______ in American history.

55. They were ______ for their dishonesty.

56. Failing again and again would ______ anyone.

57. The captain ______ a boat to bring a doctor on the ship in order to save his wife.

58. When the rain came down the crowds started to ______.

59. You should take off your coat before you sit on that sofa, because it is covered with ______ from outside.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. destruction
7. detached
8. descendant
9. deprived
10. destined
11. destructive
12. diffuses
13. deviates
14. dilemma
15. differentiate
16. diagnosed
17. dignity
18. discern
19. dining
20. diligent
21. disaster
22. dilutes
23. diminished
24. discriminate
25. dismayed
26. dispersed
27. disclosed
28. discrepancy
29. disguised
30. I
31. D
32. J
33. G
34. A
35. B
36. F
37. C
38. H
39. E
40. G
41. E
42. I
43. B
44. J
45. A
46. C
47. D
48. H
49. F
50. disabled
51. differentiate
52. descent
53. dilemma
54. disasters
55. despised
56. discourage
57. dispatched
58. disperse
59. dirt

Lesson 9

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Please do not smoke for the duration of the flight.

(A) length
(B) severity
(C) frequency

2. Rotifers（轮虫）are microscopic animals that dwell in quiet waters and live on algae.

(A) reside
(B) feed
(C) rest

3. The drought destroyed the crops in the Southwest of the United States.

(A) dry period
(B) precipitation
(C) locusts

4. Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily or have some other drawback .

(A) property
(B) additive
(C) disadvantage

5. Professor Smith continued his research and disregarded his colleague's advice.

(A) ignored
(B) deplored
(C) explored

第一部分

displace ［dɪs'pleɪs ］

vt. 移置，转移；取代，替代〈同 move〉

例　The building of a new dam will displace thousands of people who live in this area. 建造一座新的水坝将使数以千计生活在这里的人转移。

联　displacement n. 移置，转移

disposal ［dɪ'spəʊzəl ］

n. 垃圾倾倒；处置〈同 getting rid of, discarding〉

例　Locals are objecting to the park being used as a disposal site for household waste. 当地人反对将公园用作家庭垃圾的处理场。

联　dispose of 除去，扔掉，解决，处理；disposed adj. 有…倾向的

disposition ［ˌdɪspə'zɪʃən ］

n. 性情；倾向〈同 temperament, tendency〉

例　His cheerful and kind disposition made him popular. 他开朗和善的性格让他很受欢迎。

联　dispose vt. 布置，安排

disregard ［ˌdɪsrɪ'gɑ:d ］

n./vt. 不理会；漠视〈同 ignore, take no notice of〉

例　Disregarding the cold weather, we played outside all day. 我们全然不顾寒冷的天气，在外面玩了一整天。

联　disregardful adj. 不顾的，轻视的；regard n./v. 关心，尊敬

disrupt ［dɪs'rʌpt ］

vt. 使混乱，使中断〈同 upset, interrupt〉

例　A heavy snowfall had disrupted the city's transportation system. 一场暴雪让这座城市的交通陷入瘫痪。

dissipate ［'dɪsɪpeɪt ］

vi. 消失，消散〈同 disappear, scatter〉

例　Darkness soon dissipated as morning dawned. 破晓时，黑夜被一驱而散。

联　dissipated adj. 放荡的；dissipation n. 消散，挥霍

distill ［dɪ'stɪl ］

vt. 蒸馏，提取〈同 extract〉

例　A substance is distilled in order to purify it, to separate its liquid parts from its solid parts, or to break it down into separate substances. 蒸馏是为了净化物质，或者将液体从固体中分离出来，又或者是将它分解成分离的物质。

distort ［dɪ'stɔ:t ］

vt. 弄歪（形状等）；歪曲〈同 deform, twist〉

例　His face was distorted in agony. 他的表情因为痛苦而扭曲。

联　undistorted adj. 未失真的；distortion n. 曲解，歪曲；extort vt. 敲诈，强取；retort v. 反驳；contort v. 扭歪；tortuous adj. 曲折的

distract ［dɪ'strækt ］

vt. 使…分心，分散（注意力）〈同 disturb〉

例　The noise of traffic outside the classroom may distract the students' focus of attention. 教室外面的交通噪音可能会分散学生们的注意力。

联　distracted adj. 心烦意乱的；distraught adj. 心神错乱的，发狂的；protract vt. 延长；subtract vt. 减去

district ［'dɪstrɪkt ］

n. 区域，地区〈同 region, area〉

例　Wall Street is in the financial district of New York. 华尔街位于纽约的金融区。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. A quarrelsome person has a ______ to start trouble.

7. Someone has ______ my tools so I cannot find them.

8. The reckless driver was arrested for ______ of the traffic laws.

9. The driver ______ the facts of the accident to escape blame.

10. The naughty student ______ our class every day.

11. Gasoline is ______ from crude oil.

第二部分

disturbance ［dɪ'stɜ:bəns ］

n. 骚动，动乱〈同 disorder〉

例　The police were called to quieten the disturbance at the street corner. 警察被派去平息街角的骚乱。

联　disturb vt. 打扰，扰乱

diversion ［daɪ'vɜ:ʃən ; (US)daɪ'vɜ:rʒn ］

n. ① 转移，转换〈同 turning aside〉

例　A magician's talk creates a diversion of attention so that people do not see how the tricks are done. 魔术师通过说话来转移观众的注意力，这样观众们就无法看清楚魔术是怎么变的了。

② 消遣，娱乐〈同 recreation〉

例　After studying for several hours, he needed a diversion from work. 在学习了几个小时之后，他需要停下来放松一会儿。

divert ［daɪ'vɜ:t ］

v. 转移，（使）转向〈同 distract〉

例　Traffic will be diverted through the side streets while the main road is resurfaced. 交通将从支路改道，同时主路会重新铺设。

divine ［dɪ'vaɪn ］

adj. 上帝的，神性的；神圣的〈同 holy〉

例　The Bible describes the creation of the world as a divine act.《圣经》将创造世界描述成神的行为。

记　div（神）+ ine → 神圣的；参考：divinity（神性）

联　divinity n. 神，神性；vine n. 葡萄藤

divorce ［dɪ'vɔ:s ］

v. ① 离婚

例　They divorced after ten years of marriage. 在经历了十年的婚姻之后，他们离婚了。

② 脱离〈同 separate〉

例　Economics cannot be divorced from politics. 经济无法与政治脱离关系。

dizzy ［'dɪzi ］

adj. 眩晕的〈同 light-headed〉

例　When you spin round and round and stop suddenly, you feel dizzy . 当你转了一圈又一圈然后突然停下来的时候，你会感到眩晕。

记　dizz（转）+ y → 转得多的 → 眩晕的

联　dizziness n. 头昏眼花，眩晕；fuzzy adj. 毛茸茸的，模糊的

dock ［dɒk ］

n. 码头，船坞

例　Ships load and unload beside a dock . 轮船在码头旁装卸货物。

doctrine ［'dɒktrɪn ］

n. 教义，教旨〈同 principle〉

例　The cult members obeyed their leader's doctrines . 信徒遵循他们教会首领的教义。

联　doctor n. 医生，博士；doctoral adj. 博士的；doctrinaire n. 教条主义者；doctrinairism n. 教条主义，空论；docile adj. 听话的，温顺的

domain ［dəʊ'meɪn ］

n. 领域，范围〈同 field〉

例　This valley is the domain of our people. Nobody can enter it without our permission. 这座山谷是我们的地盘，任何人未经允许不得入内。

记　dom（屋，家）+ ain → 自家的领土 → 领域

dome ［dəʊm ］

n. 圆屋顶〈同 vault〉

例　The new baseball stadium is covered by a dome . 新的棒球场由穹形顶覆盖。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. It was once thought in Japan that the emperor ruled by ______ right.

13. As a selfish saleswoman, she treated the business and customers' information as her private ______.

14. In the United States, government and religion are completely ______.

15. The principal investigated the ______ in the school cafeteria—two groups of boys were fighting!

16. Tie your boat at the ______ when you arrive.

17. A ditch ______ water from the stream into the fields.

第三部分

donate ［dəʊ'neɪt ; (US)'dəʊˌneɪt ］

vt. 捐赠〈同 grant, contribute〉

例　Susan asked her lawyer to donate all her possessions to charity after her death. 苏珊要求她的律师在她去世后，把她所有的财产捐给慈善机构。

联　donation n. 捐赠，捐款；donor n. 捐助者

doom ［du:m ］

vt. 注定〈同 destine〉

例　The prisoner sentenced to death was doomed to be killed. 被判死刑的犯人注定会被处死。

drag ［dræg ］

vt. 拖动〈同 pull, haul〉

例　The woodcutter dragged the heavy fallen tree to the roadside. 樵夫将倒下的、沉重的树拖到了路边。

drainage ［'dreɪnɪʤ ］

n. 排水；排出物

例　The drainage of swamps improved the land. 把沼泽的水排掉提高了土地质量。

记　来自 drain（排水）

dramatic ［drə'mætɪk ］

adj. 戏剧性的；引人注目的〈同 striking〉

例　Shaving off his beard created a dramatic change in his appearance. 他把胡子刮掉之后，相貌发生了戏剧性的改变。

联　dramatize v. 改编成为戏剧，编写剧本

drastic ［'dræstɪk ］

adj. 激烈的，猛烈的〈同 radical, severe〉

例　NATO threatened more drastic action if its terms were not met. 北约威胁如果不履行条款，将采取更为激烈的措施。

联　drastically adv. 大大地

drawback ［'drɔ:bæk ］

n. 弊端，缺点〈同 disadvantage〉

例　The drawback to working the morning shift is having to get up early. 上早班的弊端就是你必须早早起床。

联　withdraw v. 撤回；drawer n. 抽屉

dread ［dred ］

n. 畏惧，恐怖〈同 fear, terror〉

例　The prospect of meeting her boyfriend's relatives filled Janet with dread . 珍妮特一想到要与她男朋友的亲属见面，就感到十分恐惧。

联　dreadful adj. 可怕的

drill ［drɪl ］

vt. 钻孔，打眼〈同 bore〉

例　Bob drills an opening in the door for the lock. 鲍勃为了给门装锁，把门钻了一个开口。

n./vi. 训练，操练；反复练习〈同 instruct, train〉

例　He drilled the children in what they should say. 他训练孩子们学会该说什么话。

联　grill v. 烤，拷问 n. 烤架

drought ［draʊt ］

n. 干旱〈同 dry period〉

例　The water level in the reservoirs was low because of the long drought . 由于长期干旱，水库里的水位变得很低。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. A ______ of three months during the summer caused the brooks and streams to dry up.

19. Our trip was interesting but the rainy weather was a ______.

20. A team of horses ______ the big log out of the forest.

21. My parents ______ some old furniture for the school rummage sale（捐赠物义卖）.

22. The police took ______ measures to put a stop to the wave of robberies.

23. A carpenter ______ several holes in the board.

第四部分

dual ［'dju:əl ; (US)'du:əl ］

adj. 双的；双重的〈同 twofold〉

例　The driving school's cars had dual controls; one set for the learner and one for the teacher. 驾校的汽车有两套控制系统，一套为学员而设，一套为教练而设。

dubious ［'dju:bɪəs ; (US)'du:bɪəs ］

adj. 可疑的；怀疑的，不确定的〈同 questionable, uncertain〉

例　The senator was dubious about his chances of reelection because of the scandal. 由于丑闻，参议员对他改选获胜的机会持怀疑态度。

记　dub（二，双）+ ious → 在两种状态间游移的 → 不肯定的 → 怀疑的

联　dubiety n. 怀疑，可疑的东西

duplicate

［'dju:plɪkeɪt ; (US)'du:pləkeɪt ］vt. 复写，复制〈同 copy, reproduce〉

例　Duplicate the picture so that we may both have a copy of it. 把照片复制下来，这样我们俩都会留一份。

［'dju:plɪkət ; (US)'du:plɪkət ］adj. 两重的，两倍的；完全相同的〈同 double, identical〉

例　A human being has duplicate lungs but only one heart. 人有两片肺，但是只有一个心脏。

记　du + plic（重叠）+ ate → 使重叠 → 复制

联　replicate vt. 复制；complicate vt. 使变复杂

duration ［djʊə'reɪʃən ; (US)dʊ'reɪʃn ］

n. 持续的时间〈同 length, period〉

例　The duration of the examination is three hours. 考试时间是三个小时。

dwell ［dwel ］

vi. 居住，生活于〈同 reside〉

例　Janet dwells in Harbin. 珍妮特住在哈尔滨。

联　dweller n. 居住者，居民；dwelling n. 住处，寓所；swell v. （使）膨胀，（使）增大；swill vi. 涮，冲洗

earnings ［'ɜ:nɪŋz ］

n. 所得，收入〈同 income〉

例　My earnings for the job weren't as high as I expected. 这份工作的收入没有我期望的高。

ease ［i:z ］

n. 安逸；悠闲〈同 easiness, leisure〉

例　The reporter writes with great ease , because he is good at writing and did a lot of research on this topic. 因为这位记者十分擅长写作，并且对这个选题做了很多研究，所以他写起来很轻松。

eccentric ［ɪk'sentrɪk ］

adj./n. 古怪的（人），异常的（人）〈同 strange, odd〉

例　If you go to the palace in tennis shoes, they'll think you're rather eccentric . 如果你穿着网球鞋去王宫，他们会觉得你十分古怪。

记　ec（出）+ centr（中心）+ ic → 离开中心的 → 古怪的

联　eccentricity n. 反常，怪癖；acentric adj. 无中心的；concentric adj. 同心的；egocentric adj. 以自我为中心的

eclipse ［ɪ'klɪps ］

n. 日食，月食

例　There will be a lunar eclipse tonight. 今晚会有月食。

vt. 盖过，使失色；遮蔽〈同 shadow〉

例　She is completely eclipsed by her sister, who is cleverer, prettier and more amusing. 她在她妹妹面前黯然失色。她的妹妹比她更聪明、更漂亮、更迷人。

ecology ［ɪ'kɒləʤi ］

n. 生态（学）；生态平衡

例　The oil spill caused terrible damage to the fragile ecology of the coastline. 石油泄漏给脆弱的沿海生态环境造成了严重的破坏。

联　ecologist n. 生态学者；ecological adj. 生态的，生态学的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. You can do this lesson with ______ because you already studied it last semester.

25. Your ______ are the amount of money that you are paid for the work you do.

26. These claims are ______ and not scientifically proven.

27. ______ is a branch of biology that deals with the relation of living things to their environment and to each other.

28. No one ______ in this bleak and forbidding land.

29. Her ______ habits made her friends feel uncomfortable.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | drastic | A. organize
31. ______ | dissipate | B. peace
32. ______ | disrupt | C. expose
33. ______ | eclipse | D. expenses
34. ______ | dubious | E. moderate
35. ______ | disturbance | F. certain
36. ______ | earnings | G. concentrate

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

37. During working hours, there are more people in the Wall Street district of New York City than in many large cities.

(A) section
(B) building
(C) subway

38. A daring experimentalist（试验者，实验主义者）in language, Gertrude Stein wrote in a style so eccentric that early critics were uncertain whether to take her seriously.

(A) circular
(B) conservative
(C) strange

39. Academic records from other institutions often become part of a university's official file and can neither be returned to a student nor duplicated .

(A) borrowed
(B) purchased
(C) copied

40. Maria Callas became one of the world's most widely known opera singers because of her musical talent, acting ability, and fiery（火焰的，炽热的）disposition .

(A) voice
(B) producer
(C) temperament

41. Included in the University of Delaware Gallery's art collection are sixteen photographs of the painter John Sloan, donated by his wife.

(A) contributed
(B) taken
(C) bought

42. The moon, the sun, and the visible planets were considered by earliest observers to be divine objects.

(A) orbital
(B) sacred
(C) fanciful

43. As early as the eleventh century, the Pueblo people dwelt in large cities that were constructed from boulders and mud bricks.

(A) longed for
(B) resided in
(C) planned for

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | drought | A. contort
45. ______ | drag | B. shift
46. ______ | displace | C. horror
47. ______ | distort | D. relocate
48. ______ | divert | E. realm
49. ______ | duplicate | F. aridity
50. ______ | dread | G. split
51. ______ | doctrine | H. tug
52. ______ | domain | I. dogma
53. ______ | divorce | J. twofold

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

disposal | dissipate | eclipse | dizzy | diversion
drill | duration | duplicate | doom | distract

54. He drank 5 glasses of whisky and felt ______.

55. The ______ of our garden rubbish is always a problem.

56. Noise ______ me from study.

57. The sergeant ______ the new soldiers strictly.

58. We'll stay by the sea for the ______ of my summer vacation.

59. Our view from the window was partially ______ by the tall trees.

60. Poor health ______ the little kid to an inactive life.

61. Golf is my parents' favorite ______.

62. After a brisk morning wind ______ the clouds, the sky was clear all day.

63. Once is enough; don't ______ the mistake.

参考答案

1. A
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. disposition
7. displaced
8. disregard
9. distorted
10. disrupted
11. distilled
12. divine
13. domain
14. divorced
15. disturbance
16. dock
17. diverted
18. drought
19. drawback
20. dragged
21. donated
22. drastic
23. drilled
24. ease
25. earnings
26. dubious
27. Ecology
28. dwells
29. eccentric
30. E
31. G
32. A
33. C
34. F
35. B
36. D
37. A
38. C
39. C
40. C
41. A
42. B
43. B
44. F
45. H
46. D
47. A
48. B
49. J
50. C
51. I
52. E
53. G
54. dizzy
55. disposal
56. distracts
57. drilled
58. duration
59. eclipsed
60. doomed
61. diversion
62. dissipated
63. duplicate

Lesson 10

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The professor elicited a loud groan from his students with his difficult assignment.

(A) eluded
(B) heard
(C) drew out

2. Plays that entail direct interaction between actor and audience present no unusual difficulties for actors.

(A) advocate
(B) involve
(C) elicit

3. The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of an epoch of exodus（大批的离去）from rural areas to cities.

(A) episode
(B) period
(C) migration

4. The number of United States citizens who are eligible to vote continues to increase.

(A) encouraged
(B) enforced
(C) entitled

5. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass' eloquent speeches helped him achieve great success.

(A) rigorous
(B) persuasive
(C) familiar

第一部分

edge ［eʤ ］

n. 边缘〈同 brink〉

例　John is at the edge of death. 约翰处于死亡的边缘。

edible ［'edəbəl ］

adj. 可食用的〈同 eatable〉

例　Laurels are valued for their aromatic oils and spices, edible fruits and timber. 月桂树的价值在于能提供芳香油、香料、可食用的果实以及木料。

记　ed（= eat 吃）+ ible → 可食用的

effective ［ɪ'fektɪv ］

adj. 有效的；生效的〈同 efficient, productive〉

例　Sharing corporate stocks with employees can be an effective way to promote harmony, efficiency and equitability in the workplace. 让员工入股可以有效地提高职场的和谐、效率和公平的程度。

记　effect（效果）+ ive → 有效的

联　effect vt. 实施 n. 效果；effectiveness n. 效力；effectual adj. 有效的；affective adj. 情感的，表达感情的；disaffected adj. 不满的

eject ［ɪ'ʤekt ］

vt. ① 逐出，驱逐〈同 expel〉

例　The hooligans were ejected from the restaurant. 小流氓被赶出了餐厅。

② 喷出，喷射〈同 discharge〉

例　Ants eject formic acid when another insect tries to attack them. 当被其他昆虫攻击的时候，蚂蚁就会释放出蚁酸。

记　e + ject（推）→ 推出 → 逐出

联　abject adj. 卑鄙的，可怜的；dejected adj. 沮丧的

elapse ［ɪ'læps ］

vi. （时间）过去，消逝〈同 slip away, pass〉

例　Many hours elapsed while I slept. 我睡了好多个小时。

elderly ［'eldəli ］

adj. 过了中年的；近老年的；稍老的〈同 old〉

例　The elderly woman lives with her grandson. 老妇人和她的孙子一起生活。

elevate ［'elɪveɪt ］

vt. 举起；抬高；使上升〈同 raise〉

例　The marchers elevated the flag as they passed the president. 从总统身边走过的时候，游行者举起了旗帜。

联　elevation n. 高度，海拔；elevator n. 电梯，起重机

elicit ［ɪ'lɪsɪt ］

vt. 得出；引出〈同 draw forth〉

例　The comedian's joke elicited laughter from the audience. 喜剧演员的笑话逗得观众哈哈大笑。

记　e（出）+ licit（引导）→ 引出

联　illicit adj. 违法的

eligible ［'elɪʤəbəl ］

adj. 合格的，有资格的〈同 qualified〉

例　Only native-born citizens are eligible for the office of President. 只有本国公民才有资格当总统。

记　e + lig（选）+ ible → 选出来的 → 合格的

联　ineligible adj. 不合格的；legible adj. 清晰的，易读的；negligible adj. 可以忽略的，不予重视的

elite ［eɪ'li:t ］

n. 精英，中坚分子

例　Only the elites attended the reception for the visiting queen. 只有社会精英们参加了女王访问招待会。

记　e + lite（= lig 选择）→ 选出来的 → 精英

联　elitism n. 精英论

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The stage was ______ to allow a clear view for the spectators.

7. Pupils had to pass all subjects to be ______ for graduation.

8. The volcano ______ lava and ashes.

9. The old man lived in a little shack（小室）on the ______ of the town.

10. Four years have ______ since Janet left business school and now she is a successful businesswoman.

11. His rude remarks only served to ______ boos（嘘声）from the crowd.

第二部分

eloquent ［'eləkwənt ］

adj. 善于表达的，有口才的，雄辩的〈同 persuasive〉

例　Janet is an eloquent speaker and good at business negotiation. 珍妮特口才很好，擅长商业谈判。

记　e + loqu（说话）+ ent → 能说出来的 → 有口才的

联　eloquence n. 雄辩，口才；elocution n. 雄辩术，演说法；soliloquy n. 独白，自言自语；loquacious adj. 多话的，饶舌的

embark ［ɪm'bɑ:k ］

v. ①（使）上船（或飞机）〈同 board〉

例　The ship will leave soon and all passengers must embark in ten minutes. 船马上就要起航了，所有乘客务必在十分钟内登船。

②（使）着手，（使）开始〈同 start〉

例　After leaving college, Janet embarked upon a business career. 离开大学之后，珍妮特开始了商业生涯。

记　em（= in）+ bark（三桅船）→ 进到船里 →（使）上船（或飞机）

联　embargo n./vt. 禁止，禁运；embarrass vt. 使困窘

embassy ［'embəsi ］

n. 大使馆〈同 consulate〉

例　While traveling abroad we had to go to the Chinese embassy to resolve the emergency. 在境外旅行遇到紧急情况时，我们不得不去中国大使馆寻求帮助。

embed ［ɪm'bed ］

vt. 插入；镶嵌〈同 encase〉

例　Small stones were embedded in the ice. 小石子嵌入了冰块里。

联　embellish v. 修饰；embezzle vt. 盗用，挪用

embody ［ɪm'bɒdi ］

vt. 使具体化；包含，收录〈同 express, include〉

例　My grandmother embodies all the qualities of her generation. 我的祖母体现了她这一代人所具有的所有素质。

记　em + body（身体）→（思想）变成身体 → 使具体化

联　antibody n. 抗体；melody n. 旋律，歌曲

emigrate ［'emɪgreɪt ］

vi. 移居他国

例　Her family emigrated to America in the 1850s. 在19世纪50年代，她们家移居到了美国。

联　migrate v. （使）移居，迁徙；immigrate v. （使）移居入境

emission ［ɪ'mɪʃən ］

n. 散发；发射〈同 radiation, discharge〉

例　An emission of smoke showed that there was a fire in the house. 有烟冒出来说明房子起火了。

记　来自 emit（发出），e（出来）+ mit（送）→ 送出 → 发出

联　emit vt. 发出；remission n. 宽恕，赦免

empirical ［em'pɪrɪkəl ］

adj. 以实际经验为依据的〈同 experimental〉

例　This theory needed to be backed up with solid empirical evidence. 这个理论需要可靠的实验来证明。

记　来自 empiric，原指单凭经验行医的医生

联　empire n. 帝国

encourage ［ɪn'kʌrɪʤ ］

vt. 鼓励，支持〈同 stimulate〉

例　The coach encourages Jimmy to practice more often. 教练鼓励吉米再多加练习。

联　courage n. 勇气，精神；outrage n. 暴行，愤怒；disparage vt. 蔑视，贬损；mirage n. 海市蜃楼，幻想

endanger ［ɪn'deɪnʤə(r) ］

vt. 危及；危害〈同 threaten, jeopardize〉

例　Drinking endangers one's liver. 饮酒对肝脏有害。

联　endangered adj. （生命等）有灭绝危险的，将要绝种的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Precious stones are often found ______ in rock.

13. The storm ______ many lives.

14. ______ from the coal-fired power plant exceeded federal pollution standards.

15. My father will ______ for America at noon tomorrow and I will see him off at the airport then.

16. A building ______ the idea of an architect.

17. Chemistry is largely an ______ science.

第三部分

endeavor ［ɪn'devə(r) ］

n./vi. 尝试，努力〈同 effort, try〉

例　No matter how much he endeavors to move it, the stone remains in its place. 无论他怎么努力去搬，这块石头就是纹丝不动。

记　en（放进）+ deavor（责任）→ 放进责任 → 尝试，努力

endow ［ɪn'daʊ ］

vt. ① 捐赠〈同 grant〉

例　Graduates endowed their colleges with funds to support their operation. 毕业生们给母校捐款，支持学校运营。

② 赋予

例　Nature not only gave the Middle Atlantic region fine harbors, but also endowed it with a first-class system of inland waterways. 大自然不仅给予大西洋中部地区优良的海港，也赋予其一流的内陆水运系统。

联　endowment n. 禀赋，捐款

endurance ［ɪn'djʊərəns ］

n. 忍耐（力），持久（力）〈同 perseverance, stamina〉

例　Triathlon athletes must have incredible endurance . 铁人三项运动员必须具有惊人的耐力。

energetic ［ˌenə'ʤetɪk ］

adj. 精力充沛的；积极的〈同 active〉

例　The energetic athlete runs 5 miles every day. 那位精力充沛的运动员每天跑5英里。

记　en + erg（能量，活力）+ y + etic → 精力充沛的

联　energize v. （使）活跃，给予精力；enervate vt. 使失去精力

enforce ［ɪn'fɔ:s ］

vt. ① 强制服从或遵守；实施，执行〈同 execute〉

例　The police enforce the law. 警察执行法律。

② 坚持（主张等）；加强（论点等）〈同 compel〉

例　The speed limit is strongly enforced in this state. 这个国家严格执行限速规定。

enlighten ［ɪn'laɪtən ］

vt. 启发，启蒙〈同 educate〉

例　The book enlightened me on the subject of medicine. 这本书在医药方面启发了我。

记　en + light（光）+ en →（使）进入有光的状态 → 启发

联　enlightenment n. 启迪，教化

enrich ［ɪn'rɪtʃ ］

vt. 加料于（食物）；使富足，使肥沃〈同 make rich, improve〉

例　I shall try to enrich my knowledge of the English language during this summer vacation. 我会在这个暑假扩充英语知识量。

记　en + rich（富足）→ 使富足

enrol(l) ［ɪn'rəʊl ］

vi. 参军；注册〈同 enlist, register〉

例　We must enroll in school on Friday. 我们必须在周五注册学籍。

ensue ［ɪn'sju: ; (US)ɪn'su: ］

vi. 接着发生，因而产生〈同 follow〉

例　Soldiers began firing at each other and a gun battle ensued . 士兵们开始互相射击，继而发生了一场枪战。

联　ensuing adj. 接着发生的；sue v. 控告；（向…）请求

ensure ［ɪn'ʃʊə(r) ］

vt. 保证，担保〈同 insure〉

例　Your term paper is good enough to ensure a passing grade. 你的学期报告很优秀，一定能及格。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. He didn't know he had to pay his rent in advance until I ______ him.

19. The extra lessons ______ him a good score on the examination.

20. The farmer ______ his field with fertilizers.

21. Our discussion became heated, and an argument ______.

22. The rich philanthropist（慈善家）______ the school with a lot of money.

23. We have laws to ______ the payment of income taxes.

第四部分

entail ［ɪn'teɪl ］

vt. 使成为必要，使承担；使…发生〈同 involve〉

例　Owning an automobile entailed greater expense than we had expected. 拥有一辆汽车必须承担超过我们预期的开支。

记　en + tail（尾巴）→ 给…加上尾巴 → 使承担

联　detail n. 细节，详情 vt. 详述，细说；retail v. 零售

entertainment ［ˌentə'teɪnmənt ］

n. 娱乐；款待〈同 amusement〉

例　The monkeys at the zoo provided the children with a lot of entertainment . 动物园里的猴子给孩子们带来了很多欢乐。

entity ［'entɪti ］

n. 实体

例　England, Scotland and Wales are all parts of Great Britain but each is also a separate entity . 英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士都属于英国，但是它们每一个都是独立体。

联　entitle vt. 给…权利（或资格）；给…题名；entitled adj. 有资格的

entrepreneur ［ˌɒntrəprə'nɜ:(r) ］

n. 企业家，创业人〈同 businessperson〉

例　The intrepid entrepreneur transformed the town into a thriving shopping area. 那位强悍的企业家把这个城镇变成了繁华的商业中心。

envelop ［ɪn'veləp ］

vt. 把…包住，裹住〈同 enclose, encase〉

例　The mountains were enveloped in sunlight. 群山笼罩在阳光里。

记　en（放进）+ velop（包）→ 把…包住

envisage ［ɪn'vɪzɪʤ ］

vt. 设想，预见

例　The architect looked at the plans and envisaged the finished house. 建筑师看着设计图，想像房子建成以后的样子。

联　envy n./vt. 羡慕，嫉妒

epidemic ［ˌepɪ'demɪk ］

n. 传染病，流行病〈同 plague〉

例　There are epidemics of influenza nearly every winter. 几乎每个冬天都有流感。

episode ［'epɪsəʊd ］

n. 一段情节；【音】插曲

例　He told me about an episode in the war. 他给我讲了战争时期的一个故事。

epoch ［'i:pɒk ］

n. 新纪元，时代〈同 period of time, era〉

例　The glacial epoch lasted for thousands of years. 冰河期持续了数千年。

equilibrium ［ˌi:kwɪ'lɪbrɪəm ］

n. 平衡，均衡〈同 balance〉

例　The acrobat in the circus maintained equilibrium on a tightrope. 杂技团的演员在拉紧的绳索上保持平衡。

联　equate vt. 使相等 vi. 等同；equator n. 赤道

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. An ______ is a person who organizes and manages a business or industrial undertaking.

25. Being named the best athlete of the year was an important ______ in the baseball player's life.

26. Scales are in ______ when the weights on each side are equal.

27. Persons, mountains, languages and beliefs are distinct ______.

28. An ______ of measles broke out in our summer camp.

29. The overcoat（外套，大衣）completely ______ my little sister.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | elite | A. impoverish
31. ______ | empirical | B. mislead
32. ______ | enrich | C. inarticulate
33. ______ | edible | D. drop
34. ______ | eloquent | E. theoretical
35. ______ | enrol(l) | F. weakness
36. ______ | enlighten | G. lower
37. ______ | endurance | H. protect
38. ______ | elevate | I. rabble
39. ______ | endanger | J. noxious

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | ensue | A. incorporate
41. ______ | entertainment | B. fix something deeply and firmly
42. ______ | edge | C. begin
43. ______ | elapse | D. margin
44. ______ | embark | E. come after
45. ______ | embody | F. issuance
46. ______ | emission | G. vigorous
47. ______ | energetic | H. diversion
48. ______ | embed | I. erupt
49. ______ | eject | J. glide by

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

encourage | entail | effective | energetic | emigrate
envisage | enroll | elevate | endeavor | endurance

50. My family ______ during the war to escape the dictator's rule.

51. A runner must have great ______ to run 30 miles in a day.

52. Try to ______ how the house will look after the changes.

53. Her mother ______ in a boating class after retirement.

54. With each ______ every day, Janet progressively did better.

55. We have to have ______ plans if we are to deal with serious flooding.

56. The ______ puppy tired us out.

57. The fireman's job ______ a lot of risk.

58. The success of Hoover Dam ______ other similar projects throughout the nation.

59. John Singleton Copley ______ the status of American portraiture through his series of paintings of notable eighteenth century New Englanders.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. elevated
7. eligible
8. ejected
9. edge
10. elapsed
11. elicit
12. embedded
13. endangered
14. Emissions
15. embark
16. embodies
17. empirical
18. enlightened
19. ensured
20. enriched
21. ensued
22. endowed
23. enforce
24. entrepreneur
25. episode
26. equilibrium
27. entities
28. epidemic
29. enveloped
30. I
31. E
32. A
33. J
34. C
35. D
36. B
37. F
38. G
39. H
40. E
41. H
42. D
43. J
44. C
45. A
46. F
47. G
48. B
49. I
50. emigrated
51. endurance
52. envisage
53. enrolled
54. endeavor
55. effective
56. energetic
57. entails
58. encouraged
59. elevated

Lesson 11

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Eventually the proportion of people of working age will decline.

(A) Ultimately
(B) Actually
(C) Definitely

2. Exposure to excessive amounts of noise can cause hearing loss.

(A) high pitched
(B) constant
(C) extreme

3. Although barbers now restrict their services to cutting and styling hair, their predecessors used to extract teeth as well.

(A) clean
(B) remove
(C) drill

4. Mount St. Helens erupted in March 1980 after 123 years of silence.

(A) exploded
(B) split
(C) roared

5. Feudal society（封建社会）depended on the existence of faithful vassals（诸侯）.

(A) diligent
(B) gullible
(C) loyal

第一部分

erosion ［ɪ'rəʊʒən ］

n. 腐蚀，侵蚀〈同 corrosion〉

例　The disintegration of the stone wall was caused by erosion . 石墙由于腐蚀作用而瓦解。

联　erode v. （受）腐蚀，（受）侵蚀；erosive adj. 侵蚀性的，腐蚀性的；corrode v. （受）腐蚀，（受）侵蚀

erroneous ［ɪ'rəʊnɪəs ］

adj. 错误的〈同 wrong〉

例　Janet held the erroneous belief that the more the goods cost the better they must be. 珍妮特错误地认为价格越贵，商品越好。

记　err（错误，谬误）+ oneous → 错误的

联　error n. 错误；errant adj. 周游的，犯错的

erupt ［ɪ'rʌpt ］

vi. 喷出，爆发〈同 explode〉

例　Steam erupted from the broken pipe. 蒸汽从破损的管道里喷发出来。

联　eruption n. 爆发，喷发；corrupt adj. 腐败的；rupture n./v. （使）破裂，断绝（关系等）；bankrupt adj. 破产的

escort ［'eskɔ:t ］

n. 护卫（队）；护送，陪同（人员）〈同 guard〉

例　The Prime Minister's car has a police escort . 总理的车有警察护卫。

essence ［'esns ］

n. 本质，要素；精髓，精华〈同 nature, substance〉

例　Being thoughtful of others is the essence of politeness. 为别人考虑是礼貌的本质。

联　essential adj. 本质的，实质的，基本的，精华的

eternal ［ɪ'tɜ:nəl ］

adj. 永恒的；永远的〈同 forever, everlasting〉

例　Not only do the tides advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself is never at rest. 不仅是潮涨潮落有其本身永恒的规律，而且海平面也从来都不是静止的。

记　etern（时间，岁月）+ al → 永恒的

联　eternity n. 永远，来世；external adj. 外部的

ethics ［'eθɪks ］

n. 伦理学；道德规范〈同 morals, principles〉

例　Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the values of life in a coherent, systematic and scientific manner. 伦理学是哲学的分支，其对生命价值的探讨具有连贯性、系统性以及科学性。

联　ethical adj. 道德的，伦理的

ethnic ［'eθnɪk ］

adj. 种族的〈同 racial〉

例　The city's population includes a wide range of different ethnic groups. 城市的人口包括许多不同的种族。

联　ethnics n. 伦理学；人种学；ethnology n. 民族学

eventually ［ɪ'ventjʊəli ］

adv. 终于〈同 ultimately, finally〉

例　We eventually arrived home after a long and tiring journey. 在经历了漫长而劳累的旅行之后，我们终于到家了。

everlasting ［ˌevə'lɑ:stɪŋ ］

adj. 永久的，永恒的；无止境的

例　We wished them everlasting happiness. 我们祝他们永远幸福。

记　ever + lasting（持久的）→ 在任何时候都持久的 → 永恒的

联　lasting adj. 持久的，耐久的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The ______ of the rock singer's appeal is his boyish（少年的，孩子气的）looks.

7. Years ago many people held the ______ belief that the earth was flat.

8. Romeo and Juliet pledged ______ love to each other.

9. There are many ______ groups in our large country.

10. The queen's ______ walked with her to the carriage（马车；客车).

11. ______ reduced the once mighty boulder to a tiny nubbin(小片）.

第二部分

evidence ［'evɪdəns ］

vt. 证明；表明，显示〈同 reveal, indicate〉

例　The volcano is still active, as evidenced by the recent eruption. 这座火山仍然活跃，最近的喷发就证明了这一点。

n. 证据〈同 proof〉

例　Is there any scientific evidence that a person's character is reflected in their handwriting? 有科学证据表明，笔迹能反映一个人的性格吗？

联　evident adj. 明显的

evoke ［ɪ'vəʊk ］

vt. 引起，激起，唤起〈同 bring out, arouse〉

例　This fragrance evokes the memory of a cool summer evening. 这种芳香唤起了我对一个凉爽夏夜的回忆。

记　e + voke（喊）→ 喊出来 → 唤起

联　provoke vt. 惹怒；revoke vt. 取消；invoke vt. 乞求，恳求；convoke vt. 召集（开会）

exception ［ɪk'sepʃən ］

n. 例外

例　Everyone passed the math test, with the exception of Tom. 除了汤姆之外，所有人都通过了数学考试。

exceptional ［ɪk'sepʃənəl ］

adj. 异常的；杰出的〈同 extraordinary, unusual〉

例　The exceptional tennis player won the championship. 这个杰出的网球选手赢得了冠军。

记　ex（出）+ cept（拿）+ ion + al → 异常的；杰出的

excessive ［ɪk'sesɪv ］

adj. 过度的，过分的，过多的〈同 extreme, too much〉

例　You must curb your excessive spending, or you will become penniless. 你必须控制你的过度消费，否则你会变得身无分文。

记　ex + cess（走）+ ive → 走出去的 → 过分的

联　excess n. 过度；access n. 接近，入口；recessive adj. 隐性遗传的，后退的

exclusive ［ɪk'sklu:sɪv ］

adj. 单独的，唯一的，排外的〈同 single, sole〉

例　A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fixed period of time. 专利赋予发明人在特定的时期内对该项发明的独占权。

记　ex + clus（关闭）+ ive → 关出去的 → 排外的

联　exclusively adv. 完全地，仅仅；exclude vt. 排除；inclusive adj. 包含的，包括的；elusive adj. 难懂的，易忘的

execution ［ˌeksɪ'kju:ʃən ］

n. 实施，执行；完成〈同 putting into practice〉

例　The committee is planning carefully for the execution of the project. 委员会仔细地为执行该项计划而进行规划。

联　execute v. 执行，完成，实行；executioner n. 死刑执行人，刽子手；executive adj. 执行的，行政的 n. 经理，主管人员；excursion n. 远足

exemplify ［ɪg'zemplɪfaɪ ］

vt. 例证；作为…的例子〈同 illustrate〉

例　This building exemplifies the architect's dedication and hard work. 这座建筑是建筑师无私奉献和辛苦工作的例证。

联　example n. 例子；exemplary adj. 可仿效的，可做模范的

exempt ［ɪg'zempt ］

vt. 使免除，豁免（from）〈同 immune〉

例　His lame leg exempted him from military service. 他因为瘸腿而被免除兵役。

记　ex + empt（拿，买）→ 拿出去 → 使免除

联　exemption n. 免除；preempt v. 抢先占有；tempt vt. 引诱

exile ［'eksaɪl ; 'egsaɪl ］

vt. 放逐，流放〈同 expel〉

例　The deposed leaders were exiled to a neighboring country. 这几位被罢免的首领被流放到邻国。

记　ex（出）+ il（无目的地游荡）+ e → 出去无目的地游荡 → 放逐

联　exit n. 出口；expatriate v. 逐出国外 n. 亡命国外者

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The speaker's witty remarks ______ many smiles from the audience.

13. Although the original idea was good, its ______ has produced a disappointing result.

14. Her conduct ______ the high standards we should all maintain.

15. His attempted escape is ______ of his guilt.

16. In business school, students who get an A on this homework are ______ from final examinations.

17. It is hard to get admitted to an ______ club.

第三部分

exotic ［ɪg'zɒtɪk ］

adj. 异国的，外来的；奇异的〈同 foreign, unusual〉

例　We saw many exotic plants at the flower show; some of them were seen for the first time by the local people. 我们在花展上看到了很多外来植物，有些是本地人第一次看到的。

记　exo（外面）+ tic → 外来的

联　erotic adj. 性爱的，色情的；quixotic adj. 堂吉诃德式的，空想的

expedition ［ˌekspɪ'dɪʃən ］

n. 远征；探险队〈同 journey〉

例　The explorers started on a year-long expedition down the Nile. 探险家们沿尼罗河而下，开始了为期一年的探险。

联　expeditionary adj. 远征的；expedient adj. 方便的，有利的；expediency n. 方便，便利，权宜之计

expel ［ɪk'spel ］

vt. 驱逐，开除；排出〈同 oust, discharge〉

例　When we exhale we expel air from our lungs. 当我们呼气的时候，肺将空气排出体外。

expend ［ɪk'spend ］

vt. 花费；用光（精力、时间、体力等）〈同 spend〉

例　He expended thought, work and money on this big project. 这个重要工程使他费尽心思、精力和金钱。

联　expense n. 费用，代价，开支；expenditure n. 支出，花费；expensive adj. 花费的，昂贵的

expertise ［ˌekspɜ:'ti:z ］

n. 专门技术、技能〈同 skill〉

例　Because of his expertise in analysis, John was hired as a consultant. 由于约翰有分析的专门技术，他被聘为顾问。

记　expert（专家）+ ise → 专家知识 → 专门技术、技能

expire ［ɪk'spaɪə(r) ］

vi. ① 期满，到期〈同 end〉

例　My driver's license will expire next month and I have to renew it. 我的驾照下个月就要到期了，我必须更新。

② 呼气〈同 exhale〉

例　Air is expired from the lungs. 空气从肺部排出来。

explicit ［ɪk'splɪsɪt ］

adj. 明确的，清楚的〈同 clear〉

例　Your remarks are explicit ; no one can misinterpret them. 你的评论很清楚，没人会误解。

联　explicitly adv. 明确地，明白地；implicit adj. 暗示的，含蓄的

exposition ［ˌekspə'zɪʃən ］

n. 博览会，展览会〈同 exhibition〉

例　A world's fair with exhibits from many countries is an exposition . 展品来自世界各国的展览称为博览会。

记　ex + pos（放）+ ition → 放出来（让人看）→ 博览会

联　expose vt. 暴露，揭露，使曝光；exposure n. 暴露，揭露，曝光

exquisite ［ɪk'skwɪzɪt ］

adj. 优美的，精致的，高雅的〈同 delicate, elegant〉

例　I've just bought an exquisite piece of china. 我刚买了一件精美的瓷器。

记　ex + quisit（要求，寻求）+ e → 按要求（做出来）的 → 精致的

联　requisite adj. 必要的 n. 必需品；prerequisite n. 先决条件；perquisite n. 额外补贴，津贴

extension ［ɪk'stenʃən ］

n. 延长，扩充；增加的部分〈同 supplement, expansion〉

例　The handle isn't long enough; I need an extension . 手柄不够长，我需要延长它。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. He has received a six-month ______ on the deadline for his book writing.

19. She gave such ______ directions that everyone understood them.

20. In 1856, Sir Richard Burton led an ______ to discover the source of the Nile River.

21. She ______ too much energy for such a small profit.

22. You must obtain a new permission when the old one ______.

23. The unruly（不守规矩的）student was ______ from school.

第四部分

extensive ［ɪk'stensɪv ］

adj. 广的；多方面的；广泛的〈同 vast, widespread〉

例　The newspaper reported extensive damage from the fire. 报纸报道了火灾造成的重大损失。

extinct ［ɪk'stɪŋkt ］

adj. （动物）灭绝的；（火山）不再活跃的，熄灭的〈同 nonexistent, vanished〉

例　Dinosaurs may have become extinct when a meteor struck Earth. 恐龙可能在陨石撞击地球的时候灭绝了。

记　ex（出）+ tinct（促使）→ 促使失去的 → 灭绝的

联　extinction n. 灭绝；extinctive adj. 使熄灭的，使消亡的；extinguish vt. 熄灭，消灭；distinct adj. 清楚的，明显的；instinct n. 本能，天性

extinguish ［ɪk'stɪŋgwɪʃ ］

vt. 熄灭；消灭，压制〈同 put out, destroy〉

例　Water extinguished the fire. 水浇灭了火。

记　ex（出去）+ (s)tingu（压制，破坏）+ ish → 消灭，压制

联　distinguish v. 区别

extract

［'ekstrækt ］n. 精，汁；榨出物〈同 essence〉

例　Vanilla extract is a common ingredient in candies. 香草提取物是糖果的常用配料。

［ɪk'strækt ］ vt. 拔出；榨取〈同 derive, squeeze〉

例　The doctor extracted the snake's poison from the bite. 医生把蛇毒从蛇咬的伤口处吸了出来。

联　retract v. 缩回，收回；protract vt. 延长

extravagant ［ɪk'strævəgənt ］

adj. 奢侈的，浪费的〈同 wasteful〉

例　His extravagant buying habits will have to stop. 他花钱大手大脚的习惯得改掉。

记　extra + vag（走）+ ant → 走得过分的 → 奢侈的

联　vagrant n. 流浪者

fable ［'feɪbəl ］

n. 寓言，神话〈同 tale, myth〉

例　My favorite fable is the one about the tortoise and the hare. 我最喜欢的一个寓言是关于乌龟和兔子的。

记　fabl（讲，说）+ e → 一代代讲的故事 → 神话

联　fabulous adj. 令人难以置信的；affable adj. 温和的，和蔼的；effable adj. 能表达出来的；ineffable adj. 说不出的

fabricate ［'fæbrɪkeɪt ］

vt. ① 制作，构成〈同 make, assemble〉

例　Automobiles are fabricated from parts made in different factories. 汽车由不同工厂生产出来的配件组装而成。

② 伪造，虚构

例　The clerk fabricated an excuse to avoid questioning. 这个职员编造了一个理由，以免被质询。

记　fabric（构造）+ ate → 构造出来 → 伪造

联　prefabricate vt. 预制（房屋），预先构想；fabric n. 织物，构造；fabrication n. 制作，捏造

facet ［'fæsɪt ］

n. 面；（问题等的）方面〈同 side, aspect〉

例　The problem that we face now has many legal and financial facets . 我们现在面临的问题有很多法律和金融方面的问题。

联　facetious adj. 幽默的，滑稽的，轻浮的；multifaceted adj. 多层面的；face vt. 面对

facilitate ［fə'sɪlɪteɪt ］

vt. 使容易；有助于，促进〈同 promote, expedite〉

例　Modern technology has facilitated the production process. 现代科技促进了生产力的发展。

联　facilitation n. 促进，帮助；facile adj. 容易的，敏捷的；facility n. 容易，方便

faithful ［'feɪθfʊl ］

adj. 忠实的〈同 loyal, devoted〉

例　Several senior workers were given awards for long and faithful service. 几位高级工人因为长期、忠诚的奉献而获得表彰。

联　faithfulness n. 忠诚，诚实

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Executives at the company enjoyed an ______ lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and exceptionally high salaries.

25. If he said he would help, I'm sure he'll be ______ to his promise.

26. Selfishness was a ______ of her character that we seldom saw.

27. Aesop（伊索）, an old Greek story-teller, told many ______.

28. The spy ______ the secret plans from a security guard.

29. Both the dodo（古代巨鸟，渡渡鸟）and the passenger pigeon（候鸽）are ______ species of birds. We cannot see them any more.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | extravagant | A. suppress
31. ______ | explicit | B. temporal
32. ______ | eternal | C. ignite
33. ______ | exceptional | D. disassemble
34. ______ | exquisite | E. familiar
35. ______ | fabricate | F. ugly
36. ______ | extinguish | G. normal
37. ______ | expel | H. thrifty
38. ______ | evoke | I. admit
39. ______ | exotic | J. ambiguous

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. The uses of computer-based technology in factories and offices are extensive .

(A) spacious
(B) progressive
(C) widespread

41. Some scientific phenomena evidence that a person's character is reflected in their handwriting.

(A) reveal
(B) impair
(C) outdo

42. Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses（鹦鹉螺）regulate their buoyancy（浮力）, have been able to dispel erroneous ideas about these creatures.

(A) misconceptions
(B) misdemeanors
(C) misgivings

43. The first important exposition in the United States was held in Philadelphia in 1876.

(A) excursion
(B) exhibition
(C) concert

44. Extracted from flaxseed（亚麻籽）, linseed oil（亚麻籽油）is the principal source of drying oil for paint and varnish.

(A) Derived
(B) Differentiated
(C) Detached

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | expedition | A. only
46. ______ | facilitate | B. attendant
47. ______ | erosion | C. exploration
48. ______ | essence | D. be a typical example of
49. ______ | exile | E. deterioration
50. ______ | execution | F. burst out
51. ______ | exclusive | G. assist
52. ______ | escort | H. banish
53. ______ | erupt | I. carrying out
54. ______ | exemplify | J. basis

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

facilitate | exceptional | exception | extinguish | facet
extensive | expertise | fabricate | expire | ethic

55. Joanna's well-known for her ______ in cooking.

56. Please ______ the campfire before you leave.

57. The mayor reconsidered his ______ and apologized for his actions.

58. The payroll department uses a computer to ______ the processing of checks.

59. He owns an ______ ranch（大农场）in Wyoming and you cannot see from one border to the other.

60. You all must attend the meeting—there can be no ______.

61. He ______ computers from a variety of components.

62. He has ______ strength for such a small boy.

63. We will need to consider all the ______ of this matter before we decide.

64. My passport ______ soon so I need to apply for a new one.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. essence
7. erroneous
8. eternal
9. ethnic
10. escort
11. Erosion
12. evoked
13. execution
14. exemplifies
15. evidence
16. exempted
17. exclusive
18. extension
19. explicit
20. expedition
21. expended
22. expires
23. expelled
24. extravagant
25. faithful
26. facet
27. fables
28. extracted
29. extinct
30. H
31. J
32. B
33. G
34. F
35. D
36. C
37. I
38. A
39. E
40. C
41. A
42. A
43. B
44. A
45. C
46. G
47. E
48. J
49. H
50. I
51. A
52. B
53. F
54. D
55. expertise
56. extinguish
57. ethics
58. facilitate
59. extensive
60. exceptions
61. fabricates
62. exceptional
63. facets
64. expires

Lesson 12

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Archaeologists have discovered fossils of ancient animals in excavations.

(A) remnants
(B) graves
(C) records

2. The white blood cell count in one's body may fluctuate by 50 percent throughout a day.

(A) undulate
(B) multiply
(C) vary

3. Many people who can't afford fur coats can buy fake furs.

(A) costly
(B) soft
(C) imitation

4. This item has a flaw in it.

(A) defect
(B) chimney
(C) shard

5. My grandfather has become feeble since his bad fall.

(A) weak
(B) rhythmic
(C) deliberate

第一部分

fake ［feɪk ］

n. 赝品，假货〈同 imitation, counterfeit〉

例　The antique collector must be able to distinguish real antiques from fakes . 古董收藏者一定要有鉴别古董真伪的能力。

adj. 假的，伪造的〈同 false〉

例　Her ring is set with a fake diamond. 她的戒指上镶了一颗假钻石。

联　counterfeit n. 伪造品（货币、文件等）

fantastic ［fæn'tæstɪk ］

adj. 〈口〉极好的；奇异的〈同 marvelous, extraordinary〉

例　He told a fantastic story about being abducted by creatures from outer space. 他讲了一个他被外太空生物绑架的离奇故事。

记　来自 fantasy（幻想，怪念头）

联　fantasy n. 想像，幻想；fantasia n. 幻想曲；fantasize v. 幻想，做白日梦

fare ［feə(r) ］

n. 车（船）费〈同 charge〉

例　What is the plane fare from London to Los Angeles? 从伦敦飞往洛杉矶的机票价格是多少？

fascinate ［'fæsɪneɪt ］

vt. 使着迷，使神魂颠倒〈同 intrigue, enthrall〉

例　She fascinated the audience with tales of her adventures. 她的冒险故事令观众们很着迷。

联　fascinating adj. 迷人的，醉人的；fascination n. 魅力，入迷，着迷

faulty ［'fɔ:lti ］

adj. 有过失的；有缺点的，不完美的〈同 defective, imperfect〉

例　You should repair the faulty electrical machines because it's dangerous for people to touch them. 你应该修理好这些有问题的电机，因为要是有人碰到它会很危险。

favorable ［'feɪvərəbəl ］

adj. 有利的；顺利的；赢得赞扬的〈同 beneficial, approving〉

例　We ought to set sail soon, while the weather is still favorable . 我们应该趁着天气还不错的时候马上起航。

联　favored adj. 首选的，受到优待的，受优惠的；unfavorable adj. 不宜的，相反的

feast ［fi:st ］

n. 节日，盛宴〈同 banquet〉

例　The queen held a feast in honor of her son's marriage. 女王设宴为儿子庆祝新婚。

federation ［ˌfedə'reɪʃən ］

n. 联盟，同盟，联邦

例　Each member of the federation keeps control over its own affairs. 联盟中每个成员的事务由他们自己来控制。

feeble ［'fi:bəl ］

adj. 微弱的；衰弱的〈同 weak, faint〉

例　The old man was too feeble to walk. 老人太虚弱了，连路都没法走了。

feedback ［'fi:dbæk ］

n. 反馈，反应〈同 response〉

例　Janet received a lot of feedback on her ideas about baby-sitting. 珍妮特当保姆的想法得到了很多人的回应。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Janet was ______ by the designs and colors in African art and bought many artworks of this style.

7. The old man's voice was so ______ that we could barely hear him.

8. He just paid $100, 000 for a painting that turned out to be a ______.

9. His new play is successful because it received ______ reviews.

10. The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed ______ hundreds of years ago.

11. His car doesn't run well because it has a ______ valve（阀）.

第二部分

fellowship ［'feləʊʃɪp ］

n. 奖学金；研究员基金；同伙关系

例　She's applied to various foundations for a research fellowship . 她向许多基金会提交了研究员基金申请。

feminine ［'femɪnɪn ］

adj. 女性的；有女性气质的；［语法学］阴性的〈同 womanly〉

例　The shop was decorated in a feminine manner. 这个商店的装饰风格很女性化。

记　femin（= woman女人）+ ine → 女人的

联　female adj. 女性的；feminism n. 男女平等主义，女权运动；effeminate adj. 柔弱的，女人气的；masculine adj. 男性的，男子气概的

fertilize ［'fɜ:tɪlaɪz ; 'fɜ:təlaɪz ］

vt. 施肥，使丰饶；使受精〈同 enrich〉

例　Many farmers fertilize their farmland with chemicals. 很多农民给他们的农田施化肥。

联　fertilized adj. 施过肥的，受精的；fertilized egg 受精卵；fertilizer n. 肥料（尤指化学肥料）

finite ［'faɪnaɪt ］

adj. 有限（制）的〈同 limited〉

例　The resources of our planet are finite . 我们地球上的资源是有限的。

记　fin（范围，结束）+ ite → 有范围的 → 有限（制）的

联　infinite adj. 无限的；definite adj. 确定的，限定的；indefinite adj. 模糊的，不确定的；infinitesimal adj. 无限小的

fist ［fɪst ］

n. 拳头

例　She clenched her fists because of the pain. 她因为疼痛而紧握双拳。

fixture ［'fɪkstʃə(r) ］

n. （房屋等的）固定装置；固定设备

例　All fixtures are included in the house price. 房价包含房屋内的所有固定装置。

flank ［flæŋk ］

n. 侧面，侧翼

例　The general concentrated his attack on the left flank of the opposing army. 将军集中火力攻击敌军的左翼。

flap ［flæp ］

v. 拍动，拍打；鼓翼而飞〈同 flutter, vibrate〉

例　The caged bird flapped its wings in a vain attempt to fly away. 笼子里的鸟拍打着翅膀想飞走，但却徒劳无功。

flare ［fleə(r) ］

n. 闪光，闪耀〈同 flash〉

例　There was a sudden flare when she threw the petrol onto the fire. 当她把汽油浇到火上的时候，火势突然增大了。

vi. 闪光，突然爆发或燃烧，闪耀〈同 glare〉

例　The candle flared in the darkness. 蜡烛的火焰在黑暗中闪耀。

flatter ［'flætə(r) ］

v. 阿谀奉承；讨好〈同 overpraise〉

例　He flattered her by saying she looked like a movie star. 他讨好她，说她长得像电影明星。

联　flattery n. 谄媚，阿谀，巴结

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Usually, the price of the house includes the ______.

13. His remarks about her new dress ______ her.

14. The goose ______ its wings but could not rise from the ground.

15. The funds available for the health service are ______ and we cannot afford to waste money.

16. Janet financed her MBA study with a ______ granted by the business school.

17. It's a good idea to ______ your garden every spring.

第三部分

flaw ［flɔ: ］

n. 缺点，瑕疵〈同 fault〉

例　This shirt is inexpensive because it has a minor flaw . 这件衬衫价钱不贵，因为有一个小瑕疵。

联　flawless adj. 完美的，无瑕疵的；flow vi. 流，流动

fleet ［fli:t ］

n. （尤指有固定活动地区的）舰队，船队

例　A fleet is a group of ships under one command. 舰队由一组军舰组成，并接受统一指挥。

adj. 快速的，敏捷的〈同 rapid〉

例　The robber made a fleet escape. 强盗飞快地逃走了。

fling ［flɪŋ ］

v. 猛投，掷〈同 throw〉

例　In a rage the wife flung the cup out of the room. 妻子一怒之下把杯子从房间里扔了出去。

fluctuate ［'flʌktjʊeɪt ］

vi. 波动，起伏〈同 alternate〉

例　The citizens' opinion of the president fluctuated from week to week. 人民对总统的看法每周都有所不同。

记　fluct（= flu 流动）+ uate → 波动，起伏

联　fluctuant adj. 变动的，波动的；fluctuation n. 波动，起伏；flux n. 流动，变迁；influx n. 流入

flush ［flʌʃ ］

v. ① 冲洗；奔涌〈同 wash〉

例　After dinner, she flushed food scraps down the garbage disposal. 晚饭以后，她把剩饭倒到垃圾处理机里冲走。

②（使脸）发红〈同 redden〉

例　He flushed with anger when I insulted him. 我羞辱了他，他的脸气得通红。

联　flushed adj. 兴奋的，洋溢着喜悦的；blush vi. 脸红，羞愧

flutter ［'flʌtə(r) ］

v. 鼓翼，拍（翅膀）；（使）飘动〈同 wave〉

例　The flag fluttered in the breeze. 旗子在微风中飘扬。

foam ［fəʊm ］

n. 泡沫

例　I like to shake my soda to create a foam . 我喜欢摇晃苏打水来产生泡沫。

foil ［fɔɪl ］

n. 金属薄片，箔

例　Candy is sometimes wrapped in foil to keep it fresh. 为了保鲜，糖果有时会被裹上一层箔纸。

v. 阻止，挫败〈同 thwart, frustrate〉

例　His attempt to kill the leader was foiled by the guard. 他试图刺杀首领，被守卫阻止了。

fold ［fəʊld ］

v. 折叠；抢〈同 crease〉

例　He folded his arms in anticipation of a long wait at the doctor's office. 他把双臂抱在胸前，做好在医生的办公室里等很长时间的准备。

n. 折痕，褶〈同 pleat〉

例　The kitten played in the folds of the curtain. 小猫在窗帘的皱褶处玩耍。

联　scaffolding n. 脚手架；thousandfold adj. 千倍的；unfold v. 打开，显露

foremost ［'fɔ:məʊst ］

adj. 最重要的；最先的〈同 primary, leading〉

例　Getting home safely was the lost hiker's foremost thought. 迷路的徒步旅行者的首要目的是平安到家。

记　组合词：fore（提前）+ most（最）→ 在最前面的 → 最先的

联　furthermost adj. 最远的；uppermost adj. 至上的，最高的；forerunner n. 先驱者

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The price of oil ______ from year to year.

19. The birds perched on a wire and ______ their wings.

20. An alert guard ______ the robbery attempt.

21. Constant embarrassment ______ his cheeks.

22. Janet is a hard-working and smart assistant; however her quick temper is a ______ in her character.

23. Some people like a good head of ______ on their beer.

第四部分

foresee ［fɔ:'si: ］

vt. 预见，预知〈同 anticipate〉

例　We didn't take our bathing suits because we could foresee that the water would be too cold for us to swim. 我们没有带泳衣，因为我们预计水会很凉而不适合游泳。

记　fore（前面）+ see（看见）→ 提前看见 → 预见

联　foresight n. 远见，深谋远虑；foreshadow vt. 预示；forehead n. 前额；forestall vt. 阻止；forefather n. 前人，祖先；forearm n. 前臂

formidable ［fə'mɪdəbəl ; 'fɔ:mɪdəbəl ］

adj. 令人敬畏的，可怕的〈同 dreadful, forbidding〉

例　Cancer is a formidable disease, killing millions of people every year. 癌症是一种可怕的疾病，每年夺去数百万人的生命。

记　formid（看作formic，蚂蚁的）→ 蚁群很可怕 → 可怕的

formulate ［'fɔ:mjʊleɪt ］

vt. 系统地阐述（或提出）

例　The best way to formulate one's ideas is usually to write them down. 要想清楚地阐述自己的观点，最好的办法是把它们都写下来。

联　formulation n. 制造，系统地阐述；formula n. 公式；formation n. 样式，形式

fort ［fɔ:t ］

n. 要塞 ，堡垒〈同 fortress〉

例　The soldiers hastily constructed a crude log fort . 战士们匆忙地建造了一座简易的木头堡垒。

联　fortress n. 要塞，堡垒；fortify v. 增强，筑堡垒（于）；forte n. 特长，专长，强项

forthcoming ［fɔ:θ'kʌmɪŋ ］

adj. 即将来临的〈同 approaching〉

例　The forthcoming year for Janet will be busy because she needs to find a new job. 来年珍妮特将会很忙，因为她需要重新找工作。

记　组合词：forth（向前）+ com(e)（来）+ ing → 即将来临的

联　coming adj. 即将到来的；oncoming adj. 即将到来的，接近的

forum ［'fɔ:rəm ］

n. 论坛，讨论会〈同 meeting〉

例　The phone-in program provides a forum for the public to express their views on different topics. 热线电话直播节目提供了一个平台，让公众针对不同话题表达自己的观点。

fossil ［'fɒsəl ］

n. 化石；僵化的事物〈同 remnant〉

例　Fossils of ferns are found in coal. 煤炭里发现了蕨类植物的化石。

联　fossilize vt. 使成化石

foster ［'fɒstə(r) ; (US)'fɔ:stər ］

vt. ① 鼓励，促进〈同 encourage〉

例　The leader fostered the growth of small-scale industries. 领导鼓励小型企业的发展。

② 养育，抚养〈同 raise〉

例　This orphanage fosters many children. 这家孤儿院收养了很多小孩。

foul ［faʊl ］

adj. 污秽的，肮脏的〈同 disgusting〉

例　His muddy clothes smelled foul . 他那件沾满泥巴的衣服闻着很臭。

fracture ［'fræktʃə(r) ］

n. 骨折；破裂〈同 fragment〉

例　He did not think that he had broken his arm, but the X-rays revealed a slight fracture . 他不觉得胳膊断了，但是X光片显示有轻微骨折。

vt. 使破裂，断裂〈同 break〉

例　The rock fractured under the tremendous pressure. 石头在受到重压之后裂了。

记　fract（破开）+ ure → 裂开，破开 → 骨折；破裂

联　fracas n. 喧闹；fraction n. 小部分，碎片；fractional adj. 部分的，分数的；fractious adj. 易怒的，好争吵的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The World Economic ______ met in Switzerland.

25. A ______ is a strong building or place that can be defended against the enemy.

26. The ______ in the foundation（地基）is widening and the building could collapse.

27. We found a ______ of an ancient sea creature.

28. He should have ______ the threat posed by the storm which was mentioned in the weather report.

29. Nobody accept his offer to do this project because the difficulties they will have to face are ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | fake | A. disenchant
31. ______ | finite | B. correct
32. ______ | feeble | C. authentic
33. ______ | faulty | D. last
34. ______ | foremost | E. unbounded
35. ______ | fold | F. ordinary
36. ______ | fantastic | G. support
37. ______ | flatter | H. straighten
38. ______ | fascinate | I. robust
39. ______ | foil | J. belittle

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | formulate | A. swift
41. ______ | foster | B. feed
42. ______ | flush | C. predict
43. ______ | favorable | D. blush
44. ______ | fertilize | E. take care of
45. ______ | fleet | F. cast
46. ______ | foresee | G. stronghold
47. ______ | fracture | H. elaborate
48. ______ | fort | I. good
49. ______ | fling | J. crack

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

feminine | forthcoming | flank | feast | foul
fracture | flare | flaw | fluctuate | fist

50. The fire will ______ up if you throw the petrol（汽油）onto it.

51. We dressed up and went to the wedding ______ last Sunday.

52. A small group of houses clings to the eastern ______ of the mountain.

53. ______ language is inappropriate in this international forum.

54. The manic（躁狂者）usually ______ between great excitement and deep depression.

55. Bill's girlfriend hit him with her ______.

56. The Russian word for“book”is ______.

57. The ______ month will be busy because we need to publish five books.

58. Gems（宝石）are usually cut to bring out their natural luster and to remove any ______.

59. Tom broke his arm with a slight ______.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. fascinated
7. feeble
8. fake
9. favorable
10. fantastic
11. faulty
12. fixtures
13. flattered
14. flapped
15. finite
16. fellowship
17. fertilize
18. fluctuates
19. fluttered
20. foiled
21. flushed
22. flaw
23. foam
24. Forum
25. fort
26. fracture
27. fossil
28. foreseen
29. formidable
30. C
31. E
32. I
33. B
34. D
35. H
36. F
37. J
38. A
39. G
40. H
41. E
42. D
43. I
44. B
45. A
46. C
47. J
48. G
49. F
50. flare
51. feast
52. flank
53. Foul
54. fluctuates
55. fist
56. feminine
57. forthcoming
58. flaws
59. fracture

Lesson 13

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Once started, a chain reaction sustains itself without further outside influence.

(A) endless
(B) measurable
(C) additional

2. He looked gloomy when he showed up this morning.

(A) terrible
(B) energetic
(C) dismal

3. Tennessee possesses many caverns with gorgeous rock formations.

(A) beautiful
(B) large
(C) significant

4. Cattle graze on the dry uplands（丘陵地）of the island of Hawaii.

(A) wander
(B) breed
(C) browse

5. Charles Wilson Peale is generally considered the most gifted of the Philadelphia colonial artists.

(A) talented
(B) presented
(C) eccentric

第一部分

fragile ［'fræʤaɪl ; (US)'fræʤɪl ］

adj. 易碎的，脆的；脆弱的〈同 brittle, delicate〉

例　That dish is fragile , so be careful. 那个盘子容易碎，小心点。

联　fragility n. 脆弱

fragrant ［'freɪgrənt ］

adj. 香的，芬芳的〈同 aromatic〉

例　In the park, Anne bent over to smell the fragrant rosebuds. 在公园里，安妮俯下身来闻玫瑰花蕾的芳香。

联　fragrance n. 芬芳，香气；flagrant adj. 恶名昭著的

fraud ［frɔ:d ］

n. 欺骗；骗子〈同 deceit〉

例　The politician's conviction for tax fraud jeopardized his future in public life. 这个政客的税务欺诈罪名成立，这影响了他未来在公众生活中的形象。

联　fraudulent adj. 欺骗的，不诚实的；fraught adj. 充满…的

frigid ［'frɪʤɪd ］

adj. ① 寒冷的〈同 icy〉

例　People in Harbin enjoy swimming in the frigid water in winter. 哈尔滨人喜欢冬天在冰冷刺骨的水里游泳。

② 冷淡的

例　He received a frigid greeting from the man he had insulted. 那个曾经被他辱骂过的人给了他一个冷冰冰的问候。

fringe ［frɪnʤ ］

n. 边缘；边界〈同 border, margin〉

例　The spaceship traveled to the outer fringe of the solar system. 宇宙飞船飞抵太阳系边缘。

联　flange n. 【机】法兰，凸缘

frontier ［'frʌntɪə(r) ; (US)frʌn'tɪər ］

n. 国境，边境〈同 boundary〉

例　Lewis and Clark led an expedition that explored America's frontier . 刘易斯和克拉克率领一支勘查过美国边境的探险队。

fulfill ［fʊl'fɪl ］

vt. 履行，实现；使满足〈同 satisfy〉

例　She has to take only one more course to fulfill her graduation requirements. 她再学习一门课程就能达到毕业要求了。

furious ［'fjʊərɪəs ］

adj. 狂怒的；狂暴的〈同 angry, violent〉

例　He is furious over the theft of his wallet. 他的钱包被偷了，这让他感到十分恼火。

further ［'fɜ:ðə(r) ］

vt. 促进，增进〈同 advance〉

例　She hoped that taking night classes would further her career. 她希望读夜校能进一步发展她的事业。

adj. 更多的，另外的〈同 additional, extra〉

例　Have you received any further news about the accident? 关于这场事故，你有更多新的消息吗？

fuse ［fju:z ］

v. 熔合〈同 combine〉

例　The chemist fused two metals together to create a new alloy. 化学家把两种金属熔合，形成了新的合金。

联　fusion n. 【物】核聚变，熔化，联合

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. My parents were ______ when I stayed out past midnight.

7. The two rivals are ______ by their common motives.

8. The arctic region has a ______ climate.

9. This crystal vase is very ______.

10. He was arrested for ______ when he sold a counterfeit painting.

11. These ______ flowers made the room smell nice.

第二部分

galaxy ［'gæləksi ］

n. 星系；银河

例　We live in a huge galaxy called the Milky Way. 我们生活在一个叫银河系的巨大星系中。

gamble ［'gæmbəl ］

n./v. 冒险，赌博，投机〈同 bet〉

例　Don't gamble what you can't afford to lose. 别拿你输不起的东西当赌注。

garbage ［'gɑ:bɪʤ ］

n. 垃圾，废物〈同 trash, waste〉

例　I forgot to put the garbage out for collection this morning. 我早上忘记把垃圾拿出去扔到垃圾收集站了。

联　garage n. 修车厂，车库

garment ［'gɑ:mənt ］

n. 衣服，外衣〈同 apparel, clothing〉

例　She hung her garments in the closet. 她把她的衣服挂在了衣橱里。

gasp ［'gɑ:sp ; (US)gæsp ］

vi. 气喘，急促地喘气

例　The hiker gasped for air as she reached the destination. 当那位徒步旅行者到达目的地时，她大口喘着气。

gaze ［geɪz ］

vi. 盯，凝视〈同 stare〉

例　The child gazed at the magician to see what would happen. 小孩盯着魔术师，想看看将会发生什么事。

联　faze vt. 打扰，使狼狈；maze n. 曲径，迷宫；graze v. 放牧，吃草

generalize ［'ʤenərəlaɪz ］

v. 归纳，概括〈同 infer, deduce〉

例　He generalized from the president's speech that the nation is not going to be involved in the war. 他从总统的演讲中推断出国家不会卷入战争。

联　generalization n. 归纳，概括；general adj. 一般；generality n. 一般性；generalist n. 多面手，通才

genetic ［ʤə'netɪk ］

adj. 遗传的，起源的〈同 hereditary〉

例　His heart problems are a result of his genetic code; his father also had heart problems. 他的心脏病是遗传的，他的父亲也有心脏病。

联　genetics n. 遗传学

genius ［'ʤi:njəs ］

n. 天才；天赋〈同 talent, gift〉

例　Important discoveries are usually made by men and women of genius . 天才往往会有重大发现。

giant ［'ʤaɪənt ］

adj. 庞大的，巨大的〈同 enormous〉

例　This huge project cost a giant amount of money. 这个庞大的项目开支数额巨大。

记　通过念此词的嘴形及发音可体会出“巨大的”的意思

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. If you know that cats, lions, leopards and tigers eat meat, you can ______ that the cat family eats meat.

13. Investing in the stock market can be a ______.

14. I ______ at her in disbelief when she told me the result of the examination.

15. The Earth and the Sun are part of one ______.

16. The cleaner picks up the ______ on the lawn every morning.

17. He's got amazingly long legs and walks with ______ steps.

第三部分

gifted ［'gɪftɪd ］

adj. 有天赋的〈同 talented〉

例　Gifted children need special teaching. 有天赋的孩子需要特殊教育。

联　gift n. 礼物，天赋

gigantic ［ʤaɪ'gæntɪk ］

adj. 巨大的〈同 mammoth, huge〉

例　An elephant is a gigantic animal. 大象是一种庞大的动物。

记　giant（巨人）中间加一个g，成为gigant + ic → gigantic → 巨大的

glance ［glɑ:ns ; (US)glæns ］

n. /v. 掠过，匆匆一看〈同 glimpse〉

例　Tom took one glance at the wretched animal and turned away. 汤姆瞟了一眼那只可怜的动物，随即离开了。

glare ［gleə(r) ］

n. 炫目的光〈同 light, brightness〉

例　Sunglasses will eliminate the glare . 太阳镜能减少（射入眼睛的）强光。

v. 闪耀〈同 flare〉

例　The headlights of the truck glared , illuminating the street. 卡车刺眼的前灯照亮了街道。

gleam ［gli:m ］

n. 微弱的闪光，一丝光线〈同 glimmer〉

例　A gleam of light shone through the prison window. 一缕微光从监狱的窗户照射进来。

glide ［glaɪd ］

vi. 滑动，滑行〈同 slide〉

例　The plane glided to a safe landing after its engines failed. 飞机引擎出故障之后，飞机靠滑翔下降并安全着陆。

联　gliding adj. 流畅的，滑行的；glider n. 滑行者，滑翔机；slide v. 滑过；glade n. 林间空地

glitter ［'glɪtə(r) ］

vi. 闪闪发光，闪烁〈同 sparkle〉

例　From the top of the hill we could see city lights glittering below. 从山顶往下看，我们能看见城市的灯光闪闪发亮。

联　由gl组成的一些词与发光（glow）相关，例如：glimmer n. 微光；glisten vi. 闪耀；glare n. 炫目的光

global ［'gləʊbəl ］

adj. 全球性的〈同 worldwide〉

例　The energy problem, far from being limited to the United States, is truly global . 能源危机不仅是美国更是全球都面临的问题。

gloomy ［'glu:mi ］

adj. 黑暗的；阴沉的，使人沮丧或恐惧的〈同 dark, dim〉

例　She has been in a gloomy mood since she lost the contest. 自从竞赛失败之后，她情绪一直很低落。

记　来自gloom（阴暗）

联　gloom n. 黑暗，阴暗；bloom v. 开花；groom n. 马夫，新郎

glorify ［'glɔ:rɪfaɪ ］

vt. 美化，赞扬〈同 exalt, beautify〉

例　It's not a good idea to glorify money above all else. 赞美金钱至高无上并不是一个好主意。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Due to the long economic depression in the US, people's views about the future are ______.

19. The only source of light in the cellar came in the form of a ______ through a hole in the wall.

20. He ______ out of the window to see if the rain had stopped.

21. Don't limit your business within the nation but try to take a more ______ view of it.

22. The sailboat ______ gracefully over the water.

23. I was dazzled（使目眩）by the ______ of the oncoming headlights.

第四部分

gorgeous ［'gɔ:ʤəs ］

adj. 绚丽的；灿烂的〈同 beautiful, magnificent〉

例　A gorgeous model won the beauty contest. 一个魅力十足的模特赢得了选美比赛。

记　来自gorge（峡谷）+ ous → 峡谷的风景是美丽的 → 绚丽的

联　gorge n. 咽喉，峡谷 v. 狼吞虎咽

gossip ［'gɒsɪp ］

n. 社会新闻，小道传闻〈同 rumor〉

例　There was a lot of gossip in the village about their affair. 关于他们的风流韵事，村子里有很多传闻。

govern ［'gʌvən ］

vt. 统治，管理；控制〈同 rule, control〉

例　The president governed the nation for eight years. 这位总统统治了这个国家八年。

联　governable adj. 可控制的；governance n. 统治，支配；government n. 政府；governor n. 州长，总督

gracious ［'greɪʃəs ］

adj. 亲切的；高雅的〈同 kind〉

例　Her gracious manners were appreciated by the guests. 她优雅的举止深受客人赞赏。

grateful ［'greɪtfʊl ］

adj. 感激的，感谢的〈同 thankful〉

例　I am grateful for the help that you have given to me. 我十分感谢你给予我的帮助。

graze ［greɪz ］

v. （牲畜）吃草；放牧〈同 feed〉

例　Sheep graze in the meadows. 羊群在草地上吃草。

联　overgraze v. 过度放牧；grazing land 牧场，草场；grave n. 墓穴，坟墓 adj. 严重的；raze vt. 夷为平地；glaze vt. 上釉，使表面光滑

grease ［gri:s ］

n. 油脂〈同 oil, fat〉

例　For any adhesive to make a really strong bond, the surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease . 对任何黏合剂来说，要想真正粘得结实，胶合面必须要干净，没有一点水或油脂。

grief ［gri:f ］

n. 悲痛；不幸〈同 sorrow〉

例　The beggar's life was full of grief . 这个乞丐的生活充满了不幸。

联　grieve v. （使）悲伤，（使）伤心

grim ［grɪm ］

adj. 严厉的；严峻的〈同 severe, harsh〉

例　My parents were grim when they heard about the broken window. 我的父母听说窗户被打破时生气了。

grin ［grɪn ］

vi. 露齿笑，咧嘴笑〈同 smile broadly〉

例　She grinned at the chipmunk's antics. 花栗鼠做出的滑稽动作逗得她咧嘴大笑。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The shepherd（牧羊人）______ sheep.

25. They had ______ the country so badly that they lost the election.

26. She ______ at him with delight when he arrived.

27. She doesn't like foods that have a lot of ______.

28. It was my ______ task to tell them of their friend's death.

29. I'm most ______ to you for all your help.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | global | A. smelly
31. ______ | fragile | B. tiny
32. ______ | fragrant | C. warm
33. ______ | genius | D. untalented
34. ______ | frigid | E. center
35. ______ | glorify | F. separate
36. ______ | gifted | G. tough
37. ______ | fuse | H. disparage
38. ______ | fringe | I. idiot
39. ______ | giant | J. local

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | govern | A. risk
41. ______ | frontier | B. clothes
42. ______ | gamble | C. stern
43. ______ | gossip | D. shine
44. ______ | grim | E. manage
45. ______ | generalize | F. deception
46. ______ | garment | G. border
47. ______ | fraud | H. catch one's breath
48. ______ | gasp | I. reach conclusion
49. ______ | glare | J. hearsay

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

glitter | gorgeous | glide | fulfill | further
gracious | govern | gossip | grateful | grief

50. The queen's ear-rings ______ with diamonds.

51. The hills are ______ when the leaves turn gold in autumn.

52. This diet will ______ all your nutritional needs.

53. Such essentially different stimuli as cold, drugs or ______ can provoke identical chemical reactions in the body.

54. He welcomed his guests in a ______ manner, which made them feel at ease.

55. Movie stars must get tired of all the ______ about them.

56. Anthropologist Barbara Myerhoff ______ her reputation as an authority on Native American culture with her study of the symbols, myths and rituals of the Huichols.

57. Birds, ships, dancers and skaters ______.

58. Janet is very ______ for all the help Mr. Bao has given to her in the past three years.

59. The election determined which party would ______ the United States for four years.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. furious
7. fused
8. frigid
9. fragile
10. fraud
11. fragrant
12. generalize
13. gamble
14. gazed
15. galaxy
16. garbage
17. giant
18. gloomy
19. gleam
20. glanced
21. global
22. glided
23. glare
24. grazed
25. governed
26. grinned
27. grease
28. grim
29. grateful
30. J
31. G
32. A
33. I
34. C
35. H
36. D
37. F
38. E
39. B
40. E
41. G
42. A
43. J
44. C
45. I
46. B
47. F
48. H
49. D
50. glittered
51. gorgeous
52. fulfill
53. grief
54. gracious
55. gossip
56. furthered
57. glide
58. grateful
59. govern

Lesson 14

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. That's a quite interesting hypothesis .

(A) assumption
(B) hazard
(C) solution

2. The truck was hampered by a stone.

(A) evaded
(B) overlooked
(C) hindered

3. The antifreeze（防冻剂）in motor oil hinders its freezing in cold weather.

(A) requires
(B) measures
(C) impedes

4. Beethoven was handicapped by deafness but wrote some of the world's best music.

(A) afflicted
(B) crippled
(C) restricted

5. If stored while wet, hay（干草）may build up heat and ignite spontaneously.

(A) sprout
(B) catch fire
(C) release gases

第一部分

groan ［grəʊn ］

v. 呻吟；叹息〈同 moan〉

例　The wounded men groaned in agony as the stretcher-bearers tried to move them. 抬担架的人试着去挪动伤员时，伤员们发出了痛苦的呻吟。

联　moan n./v. 呻吟

grope ［grəʊp ］

v. 摸索，探索〈同 probe〉

例　Tom groped around in the dark in order to find the light switch. 汤姆在黑暗中摸索着，想找到电灯的开关。

记　分割记忆：g（看作 grasp 抓住）+ rope（绳子）→ 抓住绳子，摸索向前 → 摸索，探索

联　gripe v./n. 抓牢；rope n. 绳；lope v. （尤指动物）轻跳着奔跑

gross ［grəʊs ］

adj. 总的；毛重的〈同 total, entire〉

例　Gross receipts are all the money taken in before costs are deducted. 总收入是指未扣除开支的所有收入。

guardian ［'gɑ:dɪən ］

n. 保护人，监护人〈同 protector〉

例　Mary's stepmother was a terrible guardian . 玛丽的继母是一个很糟糕的监护人。

habitual ［hə'bɪtjʊəl ］

adj. 习惯的〈同 customary〉

例　Janet can't start work in the morning without her habitual cup of coffee. 珍妮特如果早上没有习惯性地喝一杯咖啡的话，就无法开始工作。

记　habit（住，习惯）+ ual → 习惯的

联　habit n. 习惯；habituate vt. 使习惯于

hail ［heɪl ］

n. 冰雹

例　Hail ruined the farmer's wheat crop. 冰雹摧毁了农民种植的小麦。

vt. 向…致敬；向…欢呼；热情地承认〈同 salute, acclaim〉

例　The crowds hailed him as winner. 人群高呼他是胜利者。

联　bail n. 保释，保证金；rail vi. 责骂，抱怨；frail adj. 虚弱的，脆弱的；retail n./v. 零售；wail n./v. 悲叹

hamper ［'hæmpə(r) ］

vt. 妨碍，使困难〈同 impede, hinder〉

例　The project was hampered by a lack of funds. 项目由于缺少资金而受阻。

handicap ［'hændɪkæp ］

n. 残疾〈同 disadvantage〉

例　His stuttering was a handicap when meeting new people. 当他和新朋友交谈时，他的口吃成了一个障碍。

vt. 严重妨碍，削弱〈同 cripple, hinder〉

例　The noise of traffic outside the classroom may handicap the students' ability to focus on the lesson. 教室外面的交通噪音可能会影响学生们听课的注意力。

联　handicraft n. 手工艺，手工艺品；handcuff n. 手铐；handy adj. 手边的，便利的

hasty ［'heɪsti ］

adj. 急急忙忙的，草率的〈同 quick〉

例　For a CEO, it's foolish to make hasty decisions. 对于一个CEO来说，草率地做决定是一件愚蠢的事。

记　hast（速度）+ y → 速度快的 → 急急忙忙的

联　hasten v. 催促，赶紧；haste n. 匆忙，急忙，草率；nasty adj. 肮脏的

hatch ［hætʃ ］

v. 孵化〈同 breed〉

例　The heat of the incubator helped hatch the chick. 孵化器的热量帮助孵化小鸡。

联　hatchling n. （尤指由人工）孵化的鱼苗或小鸟；hatchery n. 孵卵所；hatchet n. 短柄斧；thatch n. 茅草屋顶 vt. 用茅草盖（房子等的屋顶）；snatch v. 攫取

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. He ______ in the grass for his lost contact lens.

7. We heard the injured people ______ and tried to handle them gently.

8. The muddy track ______ the horse's performance.

9. We ______ the chicken eggs in an incubator.

10. Everyone ______ the good news from the peace conference.

11. They appointed him ______ of the orphan.

第二部分

haul ［hɔ:l ］

v. 拉，拖〈同 draw〉

例　Help me haul the hay bales into the barn. 帮我把这些干草捆拖到谷仓里。

联　hauler n. 搬运工；overhaul vt. 仔细检查

haunt ［hɔ:nt ］

vt. （想法、回忆等）萦绕心头，困扰〈同 bother〉

例　The idea that he had forgotten to do something haunted Bod all day. 鲍勃总感觉自己忘记做什么事了，这种感觉困扰了他一整天。

联　haunting adj. 不易忘怀的；daunt vt. 使胆怯；jaunt n. 短途旅游；flaunt v. 炫耀，夸示；taunt vt. 嘲弄，奚落；vaunt v. 吹嘘，自夸

heave ［hi:v ］

v. 举起〈同 raise〉

例　Laborers heaved the crate onto the truck. 工人把板条箱抬到了卡车上。

联　weave v. 编织；heavy adj. 重的

heighten ［'haɪtən ］

vt. 提高，升高；加深〈同 enhance, hoist〉

例　As protection, they heightened the city walls by a further three feet. 作为防御措施，他们把城墙又加高了三英尺。

联　height n. 高度，海拔

heir ［eə(r) ］

n. 继承人，后嗣〈同 inheritor〉

例　The monarch died before he could name an heir to the throne. 君主还没任命皇位继承者就去世了。

hemisphere ［'hemɪsfɪə(r) ］

n. 半球；大脑半球〈同 half〉

例　The eastern hemisphere is the half of the world that includes part of Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. 东半球是指包括部分欧洲、亚洲、非洲和澳洲的那一半地球。

heritage ［'herɪtɪʤ ］

n. 遗产，继承物；传统〈同 legacy, tradition〉

例　The government must spend more money on preserving our national heritage . 政府必须增加对保护国家遗产方面的支出。

hierarchy ［'haɪərɑ:ki ］

n. 阶层，等级制度〈同 class, order〉

例　The military has a rigid hierarchy with numerous ranks. 军队里有严格的等级制度，军衔也有很多种。

记　hier（神圣）+ archy（统治）→ 神圣的统治阶层 → 阶层

联　anarchy n. 无政府状态；hieratic adj. 僧侣的

highlight ［'haɪlaɪt ］

vt. 使显著，使突出〈同 emphasize〉

例　The editor highlighted the mistakes in the manuscript in red ink. 编辑把手稿中错误的部分用红笔标了出来。

n. 最显著或重要的部分〈同 focal point〉

例　The highlight of our trip to New York was going to the top of the Empire State Building. 我们这次纽约之行的高潮就是登顶帝国大厦。

记　high + light → 高挂着的灯照着 → 使突出

联　highland n. 高地，丘陵地带；spotlight n. 聚光灯 vt. 使显眼、突出

hinder ［'hɪndə(r) ］

vt. 阻碍，妨碍〈同 stunt, inhibit〉

例　The tall fence hindered the children from going near the house. 高高的栅栏使孩子们无法靠近这座房子。

记　hind（后面）+ er → 拉在后面 → 阻碍

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. An ______ is a person who has the right to inherit somebody's property or title after the death of its owner.

13. The CEO has the highest rank in the organization's ______.

14. The wind whistling（呼啸）in the trees outside ______ the suspense of the ghost story.

15. The passer-by ______ the bicycle out of the mud.

16. They ______ the double bed up to the second floor.

17. The ______ of our trip was seeing the Grand Canyon and it excited us very much.

第三部分

hinge ［hɪnʤ ］

n. （门等的）铰链，枢纽

例　The door squeaks because the hinges need oil. 门吱吱响，因为铰链缺油。

hoist ［hɔɪst ］

n. 起重机

例　A mechanic used a hoist to lift an engine from an automobile. 机械师使用起重机将汽车里的引擎吊了出来。

v. 举起，升起，吊起〈同 raise〉

例　The father hoisted his small child onto his shoulders. 父亲把他的小孩举到了肩膀上。

horn ［hɔ:n ］

n. （牛、羊等的）角

例　Cattle, sheep and goats have a pair of horns , but the Indian rhinoceros only has one. 牛、绵羊和山羊都有一对角，但是印度犀牛只有一只角。

联　horned adj. 有角的，角状的；hornbill n. 【动】犀鸟，犀鸟科；hornet n. 大黄蜂；pronghorn n. 【动】（墨西哥与美国西部产的）叉角羚；foghorn n. 【航】雾角（对船只发出的浓雾信号）；thorn n. 【植】刺，棘；thorny adj. 多刺的

horrible ［'hɒrəbəl ; (US)'hɔ:rəbəl ］

adj. 可怕的，恐怖的〈同 terrible〉

例　We have to report the horrible accident to the police. 我们必须将这起可怕的事故报警。

联　horrify vt. 使恐惧，使惊骇；horror n. 恐怖，恐惧

hose ［həʊz ］

n. 软管，水龙带

例　A garden hose often has a nozzle on one end to help spray. 花园浇水用的软管通常在一端有一个喷嘴来帮助其喷水。

vt. 用软管浇水

例　The driver hosed down the car. 司机用水管冲洗汽车。

hospitality ［ˌhɒspɪ'tæləti ］

n. 好客，盛情

例　The local people provided a car to bring me from the airport and showed me great hospitality . 当地人派了一辆车把我从机场接了回来，并且对我十分热情。

联　hospitable adj. 好客的；hospital n. 医院

hostage ［'hɒstɪʤ ］

n. 人质；抵押品

例　The terrorist took hostages and threatened to kill them. 恐怖分子挟制了人质，并威胁要杀了他们。

hover ［'hɒvə(r) ; (US)'hʌvər ］

vi. 翱翔，盘旋；徘徊〈同 float〉

例　The helicopter hovered in the air. 直升飞机在空中盘旋。

联　hovercraft n. 气垫船

hug ［hʌg ］

n./v. 拥抱〈同 embrace〉

例　The little girl hugged her stuffed rabbit while sleeping. 小女孩睡觉的时候抱着她的玩具兔子。

humanity ［hju:'mænɪti ］

n. 人类；人性；博爱，仁慈〈同 kindness〉

例　Adolf Hitler was guilty of enormous crimes against humanity . 阿道夫·希特勒犯了反人类的滔天罪行。

联　humane adj. 仁慈的；inhumane adj. 残忍的；humanism n. 人道主义；humanist n. 人道主义者；humanitarian n. 人道主义者 adj. 人道主义的；nonhuman adj. 非人类的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Animals are our friends; we should treat animals with ______.

19. The gardener ______ the flowers and trees every morning.

20. Several women and children were among the ______ taken during the hijacking（劫机）.

21. The soldiers ______ the national flag every morning at Tiananmen Square.

22. The two birds ______ over their nest.

23. He's a ______ man who never has a kind word to say about anybody.

第四部分

humidity ［hju:'mɪdɪti ］

n. 湿气，湿度〈同 dampness〉

例　On a hot, sultry day, the humidity is high. 天气又热又闷的时候，湿度会很高。

联　humid adj. 潮湿的，湿润的

hurl ［hɜ:l ］

v. 用力投掷〈同 throw〉

例　Rebel youths hurled stones at the soldiers. 抗议的年轻人向士兵扔石头。

hurricane ［'hʌrɪkən ］

n. 飓风，暴风雨〈同 storm〉

例　The wind in a hurricane can reach speeds over 75 miles per hour. 龙卷风的风速可超过每小时75英里。

hypothesis ［haɪ'pɒθɪsɪz ］

n. 假设，假说〈同 assumption〉

例　One scientist's hypothesis has to be tested by other scientists before it is generally accepted as truth. 科学家的设想在作为真理为人们接受之前，总是要经受其他科学家的考验。

记　hypo（在…下面）+ thesis（论点）→ 非真正论点 → 假说

联　hypothesize v. 假设，假定；hypothetical adj. 假定的；hypotenuse n. （直角三角形的）斜边

hysterical ［hɪ'sterɪkəl ］

adj. 歇斯底里的；异常兴奋的〈同 frenzied〉

例　We could not control the hysterical man. 我们没法控制这个歇斯底里的人。

记　来自名词hysteria（歇斯底里症，早先人们认为患歇斯底里症是因为子宫机能失调所致）：hyste(r)（子宫）+ rical → 子宫功能失调的 → 歇斯底里的

idiom ［'ɪdɪəm ］

n. 方言，土语；习惯用语〈同 lingo〉

例　“Hold one's tongue”is an English idiom meaning“keep quiet”. Hold one's tongue 是一个英语习语，意思是“保持沉默”。

联　idiomatic adj. 惯用的

ignite ［ɪg'naɪt ］

v. 点燃，（使）燃烧〈同 light, burn〉

例　One match can ignite an entire forest. 一根火柴可以点燃整个森林。

联　ignition n. 点火，点燃；igneous adj. 火的；【地】火成的；ignitable adj. 易起火的，可燃性的

ignorant ［'ɪgnərənt ］

adj. 无知的；不了解的〈同 unlearned, unaware〉

例　People who live in the city are often ignorant of farm life. 住在城市里的人通常不了解农村的生活。

联　ignorance n. 无知；ignore vt. 不理睬，忽视

illuminate ［ɪ'lu:mɪneɪt ］

v. ① 照明，照亮〈同 brighten〉

例　Fireworks illuminated the cold night. 烟火照亮了寒冷的夜晚。

② 说明，阐明〈同 clarify, explain〉

例　The teacher illuminated a difficult chapter in the book to make students understand it clearly. 老师讲解了书中有难度的一章，好让学生们清楚地理解。

记　il（一再）+ lumin（明亮）+ ate → 给予光明 → 照明

联　illumination n. 照明，启发；luminary n. 发光天体，杰出人物；illuminant n. 光源，发光体

illusion ［ɪ'lu:ʒən ］

n. 幻觉；错觉〈同 misconception〉

例　Janet had the illusion that it would be easy to find a job but she soon discovered how wrong she was. 珍妮特错误地以为找工作是一件很容易的事，但是不久她就发现自己错得有多离谱。

联　illusive adj. 迷惑人的；错觉的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. In a fit of rage, she ______ the broken typewriter into the trash.

25. Saying that the earth is flat is an ______ remark.

26. To“have bitten off more than you can chew”is an ______ that means you have tried to do something which is too difficult for you.

27. We thought we saw a ghost on the staircase, but it was just an ______.

28. The ______ wife was unable to stop crying.

29. With torches ______ the night, people are looking for the lost child.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | ignite | A. leisurely
31. ______ | habitual | B. facilitate
32. ______ | hasty | C. nice
33. ______ | illusion | D. unaccustomed
34. ______ | hamper | E. net
35. ______ | horrible | F. knowledgeable
36. ______ | ignorant | G. extinguish
37. ______ | gross | H. reality

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

38. Hailed as the“Queen of Soul,”Aretha Franklin imparts a gospel sound to most of her music.

(A) Inaugurated
(B) Categorized
(C) Acclaimed

39. When a flounder（比目鱼）first hatches , it looks like a typical fish.

(A) emerges from the egg
(B) matures
(C) swims about

40. Many painters and writers live in the artists' havens of Taos and Santa Fe, cities that are rich in New Mexico's ethnic heritage .

(A) wealth
(B) inspiration
(C) tradition

41. Charles Wheeler's paintings often highlight the sharp edges and geometrical shapes of machines.

(A) extend
(B) emphasize
(C) distort

42. Diesel locomotives which are more powerful than their predecessors are being used to haul goods across the United States.

(A) produce
(B) transport
(C) advertise

43. Due to the tilt of Neptune's axis, the sun heats the planet's northern and southern hemispheres unequally.

(A) climates
(B) halves
(C) atmospheres

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | guardian | A. phrase
45. ______ | hoist | B. moisture
46. ______ | idiom | C. assumption
47. ______ | hypothesis | D. feel out
48. ______ | hug | E. prevent
49. ______ | grope | F. custodian
50. ______ | haunt | G. ranking
51. ______ | hierarchy | H. obsess
52. ______ | humidity | I. lift
53. ______ | hamper | J. embrace

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

habitual | haunt | hasty | illuminate | hospitality
hurl | gross | heritage | handicap | groan

54. She gave her watch a ______ glance and ran for the train.

55. She is proud of the ______ handed down from her African ancestors.

56. We greatly enjoyed your ______ on our last visit to you.

57. What was your ______ business profit before you deducted all the costs?

58. The Chinese clerk in this American company was ______ by a lack of fluency in English.

59. We were all ______ about the amount of homework we had.

60. Lately she's been ______ by nightmares.

61. A ______ reader reads a great deal.

62. The room was ______ by four large lamps.

63. In ancient times, people hunted by ______ spears at animals.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. groped
7. groaning
8. hampered
9. hatched
10. hailed
11. guardian
12. heir
13. hierarchy
14. heightened
15. hauled
16. heaved
17. highlight
18. humanity
19. hosed
20. hostages
21. hoist
22. hovered
23. horrible
24. hurled
25. ignorant
26. idiom
27. illusion
28. hysterical
29. illuminating
30. G
31. D
32. A
33. H
34. B
35. C
36. F
37. E
38. C
39. A
40. C
41. B
42. B
43. B
44. F
45. I
46. A
47. C
48. J
49. D
50. H
51. G
52. B
53. E
54. hasty
55. heritage
56. hospitality
57. gross
58. handicapped
59. groaning
60. haunted
61. habitual
62. illuminated
63. hurling

Lesson 15

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Infectious diseases may be spread by viruses and bacteria.

(A) Childhood
(B) Deadly
(C) Contagious

2. He implied that you didn't tell the truth.

(A) communicated
(B) suggested
(C) resolved

3. It is imperative that they arrive on time for the lecture.

(A) necessary
(B) suggested
(C) hoped

4. Very often bacteria or viruses inhabit the body without causing illness, a condition known as the“carrier state”.

(A) surround
(B) repel
(C) occupy

5. Acting is defined as the ability to react to imaginary stimuli.

(A) unexpected
(B) uncommon
(C) unreal

第一部分

imaginary ［ɪ'mæʤɪnəri ］

adj. 想像中的，虚构的〈同 unreal, imagined〉

例　He is playing a video game against an imaginary opponent. 他正在和一个虚拟的对手玩电子游戏。

记　imagin(e)（想像）+ ary → 想像的

imaginative ［ɪ'mæʤɪnətɪv ］

adj. 富于想像力的〈同 fanciful, creative〉

例　Science fictionists are so imaginative that create the nonexistent. 科幻小说家太有想像力了，他们能创作出前所未有的事物。

联　imagination n. 想像，空想

imitation ［ˌɪmɪ'teɪʃən ］

n. 模仿；仿制品〈同 mimicry, copy〉

例　In imitation of older girls, the ten-year-old girls have started wearing make-up. 为了模仿大姑娘，这些十岁的小女孩们已经开始化妆了。

联　imitate vt. 模仿，仿效

immerse ［ɪ'mɜ:s ］

vt. 浸入；使全神贯注于，使沉浸于〈同 submerge, engross〉

例　The hippopotamus immersed itself in the cool river. 河马把身体浸在凉爽的河水中。

记　im（进入）+ merse（= merge 浸入）→ 浸入

联　immersion n. 沉入，浸入；immense adj. 极广大的，无边的；immerge vi. 浸入，浸没，埋头；submersion n. 淹没

immune ［ɪ'mju:n ］

adj. （对…）免疫的，不受影响的〈同 exempt〉

例　This vaccine will make you immune to this disease for two years. 接种这种疫苗可使你对这种疾病有两年的免疫力。

记　im（没有）+ mune（责任）→ 没有责任约束的 → 不受影响的

联　immune system 免疫系统；immunity n. 免疫，免除；immunize vt. 使免疫；immutable adj. 不可改变的；immure vt. 监禁，禁闭

impair ［ɪm'peə(r) ］

vt. 损害，削弱〈同 hurt〉

例　His misdeeds greatly impaired our friendship. 他的罪行严重伤害了我们的友谊。

记　im（进入）+ pair（坏）→ 使变坏 → 损害

联　impairment n. 损害，损伤；mar vt. 破坏，损伤

impart ［ɪm'pɑ:t ］

vt. 给予，传授；传递，传达〈同 deliver, convey〉

例　Schools impart education. 学校提供教育。

记　im（进入）+ part（部分）→ 成为（知识的）一部分 → 传授

联　impartation n. 告知；impartial adj. 公平的

imperative ［ɪm'perətɪv ］

adj. 必要的；强制的〈同 necessary〉

例　Mutual respect and understanding among all racial and ethnic groups have become imperative in the life of this nation. 所有种族和民族之间互相尊重、互相理解已经成为这个国家生存的必需因素。

n. 命令；需要；必要的事〈同 command, order〉

例　It is an imperative that you take calculus before you start to study advanced economics. 在你学习高级经济学之前，你需要学习微积分。

记　imper（命令）+ ative → 强制的

imperial ［ɪm'pɪərɪəl ］

adj. 帝王的；威严的，至高无上的〈同 royal〉

例　The palace was decorated with imperial splendor. 宫殿装修得很有皇室风范。

联　imperator n. 绝对统治者；empire n. 帝国；imperious adj. 傲慢的，专横的；imperil vt. 使处于危险，危害

impetus ［'ɪmpɪtəs ］

n. 推动力；激励物〈同 incentive〉

例　Janet's longing for another kind of life is a major impetus for working hard. 珍妮特对另外一种生活的渴望成为了她努力工作的主要动力。

记　im（进入）+ pet（追求）+ us → 内心追求 → 推动力

联　impetuous adj. 冲动的，鲁莽的；impervious adj. 密封的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. A vaccination can make a person practically ______ to polio（脊髓灰质炎；小儿麻痹症）.

7. Ambition is an ______ to work for success.

8. It is ______ that you pay your taxes on time.

9. The ______ child made up stories about life on other planets.

10. She was totally ______ in the book she was reading.

11. They ______ the news of their engagement to their families.

第二部分

implicit ［ɪm'plɪsɪt ］

adj. 不明确的，含蓄的〈同 implied〉

例　My boss's surly facial expression was an implicit message that we did something wrong. 老板阴沉沉的表情暗示着我们犯了错误。

记　im（进入）+ plic（重叠）+ it（意义）→ 叠在里面 → 含蓄的

联　implicative adj. 含蓄的；implicate vt. 暗示，使牵连；explicit adj. 清楚的

imply ［ɪm'plaɪ ］

vt. 暗示，意味〈同 suggest, hint〉

例　The teacher's smile implied that she had forgiven us. 老师的微笑表明她已经原谅了我们。

impress ［ɪm'pres ］

vt. ① 印，盖印

例　A pattern of flowers had been impressed onto the cloth. 花的图案已经印在了这块布上。

② 给…以深刻印象

例　Mr. Bao impressed Janet with his honesty and kindness. 包先生的诚实和友善给珍妮特留下了深刻的印象。

联　impression n. 印象；impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的；impressionable adj. 容易受感动的，易受影响的；impresario n. （剧团）经理；imprint vt. 盖印于

impulse ［'ɪmpʌls ］

n. 冲动；刺激，驱使〈同 urge, force〉

例　She was so hot that she had the impulse to jump into the pool even with her clothes on. 她实在是太热了，有一股不脱衣服就想跳到池塘里的冲动。

inaugurate ［ɪ'nɔ:gjʊreɪt ］

vt. ① 创新，开辟〈同 begin, initiate〉

例　The health club inaugurated a morning exercise session, which they did not have before. 这个健康俱乐部开创了一个他们以前从未有过的晨练项目。

② 使就职〈同 install〉

例　The new president was inaugurated with much ceremony. 新任总统举行了盛大的就职仪式。

记　in（进入）+ augur（预示，开始）+ ate → 开始进入 → 使就职

联　inauguration n. 就职典礼，开幕式；augury n. 占卜，预言

incentive ［ɪn'sentɪv ］

n. 动机；刺激；鼓励〈同 motivation〉

例　The theater offered two tickets for the price of one as an incentive to draw customers. 电影院推出电影票买一赠一的促销活动，以吸引更多的消费者。

记　in（进入）+ cent（= cant 唱，说）+ ive → 说服人做事 → 刺激；鼓励

联　incense n. 熏香，熏香的烟 vt. 激怒；inception n. 起初，获得学位

incidence ［'ɪnsɪdəns ］

n. 发生，出现；发生率〈同 occurrence〉

例　In an epidemic the incidence of a disease is widespread. 传染病流行时，到处都是被感染的人。

联　incident n. 事件，事变

incidentally ［ɪnsɪ'dentəli ］

adv. 附带地，偶然地〈同 by chance〉

例　She wanted to tell me how hard-working she is, and only incidentally mentioned that she hadn't eaten. 她想告诉我她的工作有多努力，只是顺便提了一下她还没有吃饭。

inclusive ［ɪn'klu:sɪv ］

adj. 包含的，包括的〈同 being included〉

例　This meeting will run from January 10 to February 15 inclusive . 会议将从1月10日持续到2月15日（含2月15日）。

incorporate ［ɪn'kɔ:pəreɪt ］

vt. 合并，并入；包含〈同 merge, contain〉

例　It is hard to incorporate all his ideas in the new model of the car. 这辆新型汽车很难体现他所有的想法。

记　in（进入）+ corpor（团体）+ ate → 进入团体 → 合并

联　incorporation n. 结合，合并；corporation n. 公司，企业；corps n. 军团，兵种；corporeal adj. 肉体的，物质的；corpse n. 尸体

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12.“Read pages 10 to 20 ______”means“Begin with page 10 and read through to the very end of page 20.”

13. The fun of playing the game was a greater ______ than the prize.

14. Her opposition to the present tax laws was ______ in her speech on tax reform.

15. We will ______ your suggestion in this new plan.

16. A new President of the United States is ______ every four or eight years.

17. She repeated the words to ______ them on her memory.

第三部分

incur ［ɪn'kɜ:(r) ］

vt. 招致，引起〈同 cause〉

例　Janet incurred her boyfriend's anger for telling a lie. 珍妮特因为说谎而惹怒了男朋友。

记　in（进入）+ cur（跑）→ 引着跑进来 → 招致

联　incurable adj. 不能治愈的；incursive adj. 侵入的，侵略的；inculpate vt. 使…有罪，控告

indefinite ［ɪn'defɪnɪt ］

adj. 模糊的；不明确的〈同 uncertain〉

例　You should give the worker a deadline, not an indefinite time, to finish this work. 你应该给工人规定一个完成工作的最后日期，而不是给他们一个不明确的时间。

联　indefinitely adv. 不确定地，无穷尽地

independence ［ˌɪndɪ'pendəns ］

n. 独立，自主〈同 freedom〉

例　The rebels fought to win independence for their country. 反抗者为赢得国家的独立而战斗。

联　independent adj. 独立的，自主的

indignant ［ɪn'dɪgnənt ］

adj. （因错事或不公正的事而）愤怒的，愤慨的〈同 angry〉

例　He was indignant when his girlfriend didn't show up at his mother's birthday party. 他女朋友没有在他母亲的生日派对上露面，这让他很愤怒。

记　in（不）+ dign（礼貌）+ ant → 不礼貌 → 愤慨的

联　indignation n. 愤慨，义愤；indignity n. 轻蔑，侮辱；indigent adj. 贫困的

induce ［ɪn'dju:s ; (US)ɪn'du:s ］

vt. 诱使，促使；导致〈同 influence, cause〉

例　She was induced to move out of the city because of the increase in crime. 犯罪率上升促使她搬离这座城市。

记　in（进入）+ duce（引导）→ 诱使；导致

联　inducement n. 引诱物；inductive adj. 诱导的；deduce vt. 推论，演绎出；inductile adj. 没有延展性的

indulge ［ɪn'dʌlʤ ］

v. （使）沉溺（于）；纵容〈同 pamper〉

例　Janet is an easily angered person and often indulges in fits of temper. 珍妮特是一个很容易生气的人，她经常动不动就发脾气。

联　indulgent adj. 纵容的；indulgence n. 放任

industrious ［ɪn'dʌstrɪəs ］

adj. 勤勉的；勤奋的〈同 assiduous, diligent〉

例　Janet is a very industrious assistant; she works day in and day out. 珍妮特是一个非常勤奋的助理，没白天没黑夜地工作。

记　industr(y)（勤劳，勤奋）+ ious → 勤勉的

联　industrialize v. 工业化；industrialist n. 工业家，实业家；industrial adj. 工业的

inert ［ɪ'nɜ:t ］

adj. 惰性的；不活泼的〈同 inactive〉

例　Helium and neon are inert gases. 氦和氖是惰性气体。

联　inertia n. 【物】惯性

infectious ［ɪn'fekʃəs ］

adj. 传染性的，易传染的〈同 contagious〉

例　Don't approach her; because she has an infectious disease. 不要接近她，她有传染病。

联　infect v. （受）传染；infeasible adj. 不可实行的

infer ［ɪn'fɜ:(r) ］

v. 推论，推断〈同 deduce〉

例　I inferred from the smell that he had just smoked. 我从他身上的气味可以推断出他刚抽完烟。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. He was ______ because he worked the whole night yesterday and now felt very sleepy.

19. You must be ______ in order to succeed in your own business.

20.“Maybe”is a very ______ answer.

21. Advertisements ______ people to buy.

22. The gambler ______ heavy debts, but he could not quit gambling.

23. I ______ from the smoke that something was burning.

第四部分

inferior ［ɪn'fɪərɪə(r) ］

adj. （质量等）差的；（等级、社会地位等）较低的〈同 poor, lower〉

例　She's so clever, and she makes me feel inferior . 她太聪明了，让我自惭形秽。

记　infer（低下）+ ior → 低下的

联　superior adj. 上级的，较好的；infernal adj. 阴间的，恶魔的；inferno n. 阴间，地狱；infertile adj. 不肥沃的，贫瘠的

inflict ［ɪn'flɪkt ］

vt. 造成；使遭受（痛苦、损伤等）〈同 cause, impose〉

例　The economic depression has inflicted heavy losses in Asia. 经济衰退使亚洲遭受了重大的损失。

记　in（进入）+ flict（打击）→ 进入打击 → 使遭受（痛苦、损伤等）

联　infliction n. 施加，痛苦，负担；conflict n./vi. 冲突，斗争；afflict vt. 使苦恼，折磨；affliction n. 苦恼，痛苦；inflect v. 弯曲，使屈曲

ingenious ［ɪn'ʤi:nɪəs ］

adj. 机灵的，有独创性的〈同 clever, inventive〉

例　Bob devised an ingenious plan to cheat on his income tax. 鲍勃设计了一个巧妙的计划来逃避所得税。

记　in（内在）+ gen（产生）+ ious → 聪明产生于内在 → 机灵的

联　ingenuity n. 灵巧，精巧；genius n. 天才，天赋；ingenuous adj. 坦白的，直率的

inhabit ［ɪn'hæbɪt ］

vt. 居住于，栖息于〈同 live in, occupy〉

例　These remote islands are inhabited only by some animals. 只有一些动物在这些偏僻的岛屿上生存。

联　inhabitant n. 居民，住户；habitat n. 栖息地

inherent ［ɪn'hɪərənt ］

adj. 固有的，内在的〈同 intrinsic, built in〉

例　The ability to fly is an inherent trait of birds. 飞翔是鸟儿与生俱来的本领。

联　inherit vt. 继承，遗传

inhibit ［ɪn'hɪbɪt ］

vt. 抑制，阻止〈同 restrain, deter〉

例　Poverty inhibited him from going to school to study. 他穷得上不起学。

initiate ［ɪ'nɪʃɪeɪt ］

vt. 开始，发起〈同 begin, originate〉

例　Although Canada's Parliament can neither administer or enforce laws nor initiate policy, it does have the power to make laws and vote on the allocation of funds. 尽管加拿大议会既没有执法的权力，也没有启动政策的权力，但是它有权力制定法律，并且在资金分配方面有投票权。

联　initially adv. 最初，开头；initiative n. 主动，积极性；initial adj. 最初的；ingratiate vt. 使迎合，使讨好；satiate vt. 满足；propitiate vt. 讨好，抚慰

inject ［ɪn'ʤekt ］

vt. 注射；注入，灌输〈同 infuse〉

例　A nurse has to take care not to inject air into the patient's bloodstream. 护士必须要小心，不要把空气注射到患者的血液里。

联　injection n. 注入；eject vt. 逐出，喷射出；abject adj. 卑鄙的，可怜的；interject vt. 插嘴，突然插入

innovation ［ˌɪnə'veɪʃən ］

n. 改革，创新〈同 novelty〉

例　The inventor felt that his self-polishing shoes would be an important innovation in the fashion industry. 发明人认为他的免擦鞋可能是时尚界一项重要的发明。

联　innovative adj. 创新的，革新的；innovator n. 改革者，革新者

innumerable ［ɪ'nju:mərəbəl ］

adj. 无数的，数不清的〈同 countless〉

例　Stars in the summer sky are so innumerable that nobody would try to count them. 夏天夜空中的星星多得数不清。

记　in（不）+ numer（数目）+ able → 无数的

联　number n. 数字，数量；numerate v. 数，计算

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Her ______ curiosity about nature led her to study botany.

25. The mosquitoes at this campsite（野营地）are ______ and none of us can sleep.

26. Managers should ______ a bit of humor into routine work.

27. The inventor created an ______ device that irons your clothes while you sleep.

28. The bombing ______ heavy casualties.

29. India is a rich country ______ by many poor people.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | induce | A. deterrent
31. ______ | incentive | B. dissuade
32. ______ | implicit | C. alien
33. ______ | inaugurate | D. real
34. ______ | impair | E. enhance
35. ______ | inert | F. limited
36. ______ | innumerable | G. terminate
37. ______ | inherent | H. susceptible
38. ______ | imaginary | I. explicit
39. ______ | immune | J. active

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Different parts of the cotton plant are utilized in the manufacture of innumerable commodities.

(A) numerous
(B) countless
(C) underrated

41. Antiseptics（防腐剂，杀菌剂）inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of the body.

(A) guard
(B) invade
(C) restrain

42. The use of penicillin is limited by its tendency to induce allergic reactions.

(A) bring about
(B) stop
(C) interact with

43. A series of ingenious inventions in Britain provided the impetus for the Industrial Revolution.

(A) clever
(B) minor
(C) mechanical

44. United States citizens are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining incidence of tooth decay.

(A) treatment
(B) consequences
(C) occurrence

45. Cluster development, the grouping of houses with a shared open space, was inaugurated in New Jersey in 1928.

(A) attempted
(B) advertised
(C) begun

46. Anthropologists believe that in the sixteenth century a few thousand Inuits（因纽特人）inhabited northern Canada.

(A) threatened
(B) fought over
(C) lived in

47. The Jamestown settlers explored Virginia primarily for fishing and trading, and only incidentally investigated traces of a lost colony on Roanoke Island.

(A) sporadically
(B) by chance
(C) by default

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
48. ______ | impart | A. accidentally
49. ______ | inflict | B. creative
50. ______ | ingenious | C. occupy
51. ______ | inert | D. communicate
52. ______ | imply | E. vague
53. ______ | incidentally | F. unmoving
54. ______ | incorporate | G. give
55. ______ | immerse | H. majestic
56. ______ | imperial | I. indicate
57. ______ | indefinite | J. unite

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

inject | imitation | innovation | impair | indulge
impulse | inferior | inhibit | indignant | initiate

58. In order to make the school better and attractive, the principal made many ______.

59. She is so firm and decisive in her opinions that her presence ______ me from commenting on anything.

60. This painting is a cheap ______ of the original.

61. I had this sudden ______ to give up my job when my boss was rude to me.

62. The government has ______ a new scheme to stimulate the depressed economy.

63. She was ______ when her sister threw cold water at her.

64. A lieutenant（中尉）is ______ to a captain.

65. They ______ their child in her every whim.

66. The manager ______ a few new suggestions into the scheme.

67. Loud noise ______ hearing.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. immune
7. impetus
8. imperative
9. imaginative
10. immersed
11. imparted
12. inclusive
13. incentive
14. implicit
15. incorporate
16. inaugurated
17. impress
18. inert
19. industrious
20. indefinite
21. induce
22. incurred
23. inferred
24. inherent
25. innumerable
26. inject
27. ingenious
28. inflicted
29. inhabited
30. B
31. A
32. I
33. G
34. E
35. J
36. F
37. C
38. D
39. H
40. B
41. C
42. A
43. A
44. C
45. C
46. C
47. B
48. D
49. G
50. B
51. F
52. I
53. A
54. J
55. C
56. H
57. E
58. innovations
59. inhibits
60. imitation
61. impulse
62. initiated
63. indignant
64. inferior
65. indulged
66. injected
67. impairs

Lesson 16

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The kidnapping of pets has become a national problem.

(A) abduction
(B) poisoning
(C) desertion

2. You must have insight into the international market.

(A) experience with
(B) identification with
(C) understanding of

3. He refused to be intimidated by the gang.

(A) inspired
(B) applauded
(C) threated

4. We decided to pay for the furniture on the installment plan.

(A) cash and carry
(B) hire purchase
(C) piece by piece

5. The politician's conviction for tax fraud jeopardized his future in public life.

(A) jettisoned
(B) penalized
(C) endangered

第一部分

insane ［ɪn'seɪn ］

adj. 精神失常的，疯狂的〈同 crazy〉

例　The teacher refused their insane plea to cross the ocean in a canoe. 老师拒绝了他们乘坐独木舟横跨海洋的疯狂要求。

记　in（不）+ sane（清醒的，神智正常的）→ 精神失常的

联　insanity n. 精神错乱，疯狂；insanitary adj. 不卫生的；insatiable adj. 无法满足的，贪得无厌的；insalutary adj. 不健康的

insight ［'ɪnsaɪt ］

n. 洞察力，见识〈同 understanding〉

例　Alice's insight into the stock market was incredible and helped her make a large sum of money. 艾丽斯对股市敏锐的洞察力使她赚了很多钱。

记　in（进入）+ sight（眼光）→ 眼光看进去 → 洞察力

联　insightful adj. 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的；insidious adj. 阴险的；insignia n. 勋章

inspect ［ɪn'spekt ］

vt. 检查；审查〈同 look over, examine〉

例　You should inspect the car before buying it. 在买车之前，你应该验车。

联　inspection n. 检查；inspector n. 检查员，巡视员；introspection n. 反省，内省；aspect n. 方面；circumspect adj. 慎重的；prospect n. 前景；suspect v. 怀疑

installment ［ɪn'stɔ:lmənt ］

n. 分期付款〈同 hire purchase〉

例　The table cost $100; we paid for it in two installments of $50 each. 这张桌子100美元，我们分两期付款，每期50美元。

instantaneous ［ˌɪnstən'teɪnɪəs ］

adj. 瞬间的，即刻的〈同 instant〉

例　He gave me an instantaneous response without considering his words first. 他没有先斟酌语言，就马上回答了我。

记　instant（马上的，立即的）+ aneous → 即刻的

联　instance n. 例子，事例

institute ［'ɪnstɪtju:t ; (US)'ɪnstɪtu:t ］

n. 学院；学会，协会

例　An art institute teaches or displays art. 艺术学院讲授艺术知识或者展览艺术品。

vt. 制定；开始；着手（调查等）〈同 start, establish〉

例　The police instituted a probe into the murder. 警察就谋杀案展开调查。

记　in（进入）+ stitute（站）→ 站进去 → 制定；着手（调查等）

联　institutor n. 设立者；institution n. 公共机构，制度；constitution n. 宪法，规章；restitution n. 赔偿；destitute adj. 缺乏的

instrumental ［ˌɪnstrʊ'mentəl ］

adj. 有帮助的，可作为手段的〈同 effective, helpful〉

例　Radio and television are instrumental in providing information to the public. 广播和电视有助于为公众提供信息。

insulate ［'ɪnsjʊleɪt ; (US)'ɪnsəleɪt ］

vt. 使绝缘或隔热；隔离〈同 isolate〉

例　Telephone wires are often insulated by a covering of rubber. 电话线通常由橡胶包裹绝缘。

记　insul（岛）+ ate → 像岛一样 → 隔离

联　insulator n. 绝缘体；insular adj. 岛国的，岛民的，思想狭隘的；insulin n. 胰岛素；peninsula n. 半岛

insurance ［ɪn'ʃʊərəns ］

n. 保险；保险费，保险单〈同 protection, assurance〉

例　Fire, burglary, accident, life and health are some of the many kinds of insurance. 保险有许多种：火险、盗窃险、交通意外险、人身意外险以及健康险等。

联　insure v. （给…）保险，确保

intact ［ɪn'tækt ］

adj. 尚未被人碰过的，完整的〈同 whole, unaltered〉

例　The building remained intact after hundreds of years solely because it was carefully designed and constructed. 这栋建筑在数百年之后仍完整无损，就是因为它是精心设计和建造的。

记　in（不）+ tact（接触）→ 未接触过 → 完整的

联　intactness n. 完整无缺，未受损伤；contact n./v. 接触，联系；tact n. 机智，手法；tactic n. 策略，战略；tactile adj. 接触的，有触觉的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Government officials ______ factories and mines to make sure that they are safe for workers.

7. A technical school or college is often called an ______.

8. The money was returned ______ by the person who found it.

9. A strong resume was ______ in getting me a job.

10. Take the machine apart and get an ______ into how it works.

11. After spending twenty years alone in the mountains, the hermit（隐居者）was slightly ______.

第二部分

integral ［'ɪntɪgrəl ］

adj. 整体的；构成整体所需要的〈同 complete, essential〉

例　He is an integral part of the team and we can't win without him. 他是我们队不可或缺的一部分，没有他我们不可能获胜。

联　integrate vt. 使成整体，使一体化

integrity ［ɪn'tegrəti ］

n. 完整性；正直，诚实〈同 honesty〉

例　A person of integrity is respected. 正直的人赢得尊敬。

intellect ［'ɪntɪlekt ］

n. 智力，理解力

例　Early philosophers believed that the mind was divided into three faculties known as emotion, intellect and will. 早期的哲学家认为头脑有三种功能：情感、智力和意志。

联　intelligence n. 智力，聪明；intellectual n. 知识分子

intelligible ［ɪn'tenlɪʤəbəl ］

adj. 明了的，可理解的〈同 understandable〉

例　The biology article is not really intelligible unless you already know a lot about genetics. 除非你了解很多遗传学的知识，否则你很难读懂这篇生物学文章。

intensify ［ɪn'tensɪfaɪ ］

vt. 加强；扩大〈同 strengthen, magnify〉

例　We'll have to intensify our efforts if we want to finish this project on time. 如果我们想按时完成这个项目，就得更加努力。

联　intense adj. 强烈的，剧烈的；intensive adj. 强烈的；intension n. 紧张；intention n. 意图，目的；extensive adj. 广阔的，广泛的

intensive ［ɪn'tensɪv ］

adj. 加强的；集中的，密集的〈同 thorough, concentrated〉

例　Janet took an intensive TOEFL course and gained a relatively high score. 珍妮特参加了一个托福强化班，取得了比较高的分数。

intent ［ɪn'tent ］

n. 意图〈同 purpose〉

例　I'm sorry if I hurt you; that wasn't my intent . 如果伤到你了，对不起，我不是有意的。

interim ［'ɪntərɪm ］

n. 中间时期，过渡时期〈同 interval〉

例　The new secretary starts in June, but in the interim we have to type letters by ourselves. 新秘书六月份上岗，在这之前，我们得自己打字。

记　inter（在中间）+ im（名词后缀）→ 中间时期

intermittent ［ˌɪntə'mɪtənt ］

adj. 间歇的，断断续续的〈同 periodic, recurrent〉

例　Many infants are hit by intermittent fevers. 许多婴儿患有间歇热。

记　inter（在中间）+ mit（送）+ tent → 在中间送东西 → 打断 → 断断续续的

联　intermission n. 间断；intern n. 实习生

internal ［ɪn'tɜ:nəl ］

adj. 内在的〈同 inside, interior〉

例　The accident victim had internal injuries, although he looked good from the outside. 那位交通事故受害者受了内伤，虽然从外表上看他没什么事。

联　external adj. 外部的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Janet trusts Mr. Bao without any doubt for he is a man of the highest ______.

13. Our efforts must ______ if we are to succeed.

14. The fitting-out works of my new house hasn't finished yet, so in the ______ I have to stay in my friend's apartment.

15. They carried out an ______ search of the building for bombs after they received the bomb threat.

16. He is very smart and has a high value on ______.

17. Steel is an ______ part of a modern skyscraper.

第三部分

intervene ［ˌɪntə'vi:n ］

vi. 介入，干涉〈同 interfere〉

例　The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today in order to try to stabilize the exchange rate. 中央银行今天干预了货币市场以稳定汇率。

记　inter + vene（来）→ 来到中间 → 干涉

联　intervention n. 干涉，介入；interview vt. 接见，会见；interweave v. （使）交织，织进

intimidate ［ɪn'tɪmɪdeɪt ］

vt. 恐吓〈同 scare〉

例　The defendant intimidated the witness into keeping mum. 被告威胁目击证人使其保持沉默。

记　in（使）+ timid（害怕）+ ate → 使人害怕 → 恐吓

联　intimate adj. 亲密的

intricate ［'ɪntrɪkɪt ］

adj. 复杂的，错综的〈同 complex〉

例　The police officers who interrogated the suspects were involved in an intricate web of deceit. 审问嫌疑犯的警察被卷入了错综复杂的谎言里。

联　intricately adv. 复杂难懂地，杂乱地

intriguing ［ɪn'tri:gɪŋ ］

adj. 吸引人的，引起兴趣（或好奇心）的〈同 interesting〉

例　The book's intriguing title caught my attention. 这本书的书名很有趣，引起了我的注意。

记　in（使）+ trigu(e)（引出，引发）+ ing → 引起兴趣（或好奇心）的

联　intrigue n. 阴谋，诡计 vt. 搞阴谋诡计，激起好奇心；trigger vt. 引发，引起 n. 扳机

intrinsic ［ɪn'trɪnsɪk ］

adj. 固有的，内在的〈同 inherent〉

例　The intrinsic value of the jewellery is very little, but because it was owned by a film star its actual value is very high. 这件珠宝本身很便宜，但由于它曾属于一位电影明星，所以实际价值很高。

intuition ［ˌɪntju:'ɪʃən ; (US)ˌɪntu:'ɪʃən ］

n. 直觉；直觉知识；直觉感知的事〈同 instinct〉

例　Her intuition told her it was dangerous to drive across this old wooden bridge. 直觉告诉她，驱车穿过这座古老的木桥是危险的。

invalid ［ɪn'væli:d ］

adj. 无效的〈同 void〉

例　All passes for the movie are invalid on weekends. 这部电影的所有免费入场券在周末都无效。

联　invalidity n. 无效力；validate vt. 使有效，证实

invariably ［ɪn'verɪəbəli ］

adv. 不变地，总是〈同 constantly, always〉

例　The trains are invariably late so there's no need to hurry. 列车总是晚点，所以不用着急。

inventory ［'ɪnvəntəri ; (US)'ɪnvəntɔ:ri ］

n. 存货清单；库存品〈同 check list〉

例　The clerk checked the inventory to see if large paper clips were available. 店员查看存货清单，想知道大号回形针是否还有货。

记　in（进入）+ vent（来）+ ory → 进入仓库来对库存货物进行清查 → 库存品

联　invention n. 发明；inventor n. 发明家；ventilation n. 通风，空气流通

invert ［ɪn'vɜ:t ］

vt. 上下倒置；倒转〈同 turn upside down〉

例　I inverted the pan and the cake dropped onto the table. 我弄翻了锅，蛋糕掉在了桌子上。

联　avert vt. 避开；convert v. 转化；divert v. （使）转向

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. By dealing with many kinds of patients, the doctor had developed great powers of ______ .

19. A mystery story usually has a very ______ plot.

20. An ______ of property or goods tells how many there are of each article.

21. The aggression of the male moose（驼鹿）in the fall is of an ______ nature.

22. They were ______ into accepting a pay cut by the threat of losing their jobs.

23. Spring ______ follows winter.

第四部分

irony ［'aɪərəni ］

n. 反讽，讽刺〈同 satire〉

例　The tallest person was called“Shorty”in irony . 个子最高的人被反讽为矮子。

联　ironic adj. 讽刺的

irrespective ［ˌɪrɪ'spektɪv ］

adj. 不顾的，不考虑的〈同 regardless〉

例　All pupils, irrespective of age, may join the club. 所有学生都可以加入俱乐部，不限年龄。

irrigate ［'ɪrɪgeɪt ］

vt. 灌溉〈同 water〉

例　The government is devising a plan to build reservoirs and pumping stations to irrigate land in the northeastern region. 政府正计划修建几座水库和泵站来灌溉东北地区的土地。

联　irrigation n. 灌溉

irritate ［'ɪrɪteɪt ］

vt. 激怒；使过敏〈同 provoke, annoy〉

例　When he has a headache, even the slightest noise irritates him. 当他头疼的时候，即使是轻微的声响都能激怒他。

联　irritant n. 刺激物；irritable adj. 易怒的，急躁的

jeopardize ［'ʤepədaɪz ］

vt. 危害，使陷于险境〈同 harm〉

例　Janet decided to quit smoking, because it jeopardizes her health. 珍妮特决定戒烟，因为抽烟危害了她的健康。

记　jeopard（危及）+ ize → 使处于危险中 → 危害

联　jeopardy n. 危险；jeopardous adj. 危险的；leopard n. 豹；hazard n. 危险；blizzard n. 大风雪

jerk ［ʤɜ:k ］

n./v. 急拉；猛然一动（或颤动）〈同 sudden pull〉

例　The train stopped with a jerk . 火车猛地一颠，停住了。

junction ［'ʤʌŋkʃən ］

n. 连接；汇合处〈同 joint, intersection〉

例　The junction of the two rivers results in a large flow of water downstream. 两条河汇流，导致了下游的大水流量。

联　juncture n. 接合，接缝；adjunction n. 附属物，添加物；conjunction n. 联合，连接

justice ［'ʤʌstɪs ］

n. 正义，公平，公正〈同 fairness〉

例　Judges should have a sense of justice . 法官应该有正义感。

记　just（正义的）+ ice → 正义

联　justify vt. 证明…是正当的；injustice n. 不公平；justly adv. 公正地，正当地

kidnap ［'kɪdnæp ］

vt./n. 绑架〈同 abduct〉

例　The wife of a businessman has been kidnapped from her home and the kidnappers are asking her husband for money. 一位商人的妻子被人从家里绑架走了，绑匪正在向她的丈夫索要赎金。

kit ［kɪt ］

n. 成套工具；工具包，工具箱

例　I keep a tool kit in the back of my car. 我在汽车的后备箱里放着一个工具箱。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. He tried to be fair and deal with the two of them with equal ______.

25. There is a plan to ______ the desert and grow grass and trees there.

26. By the ______ of fate the farmers had rain when they needed sun, and sun when they needed rain.

27. I cannot use that brand of soap, because it ______ my skin.

28. There was a violent ______ as the aircraft landed.

29. They will close the premises ______ of who is running them.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | intrinsic | A. corruption
31. ______ | intelligible | B. comfort
32. ______ | intricate | C. free
33. ______ | intermittent | D. simple
34. ______ | irritate | E. overlook
35. ______ | inspect | F. extrinsic
36. ______ | kidnap | G. superficial
37. ______ | integrity | H. damaged
38. ______ | intensive | I. continuous
39. ______ | intact | J. incomprehensible

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | junction | A. reserve
41. ______ | instantaneous | B. null
42. ______ | integral | C. connection
43. ______ | justice | D. beneficial
44. ______ | inventory | E. inner
45. ______ | invalid | F. immediate
46. ______ | insane | G. fascinating
47. ______ | instrumental | H. impartiality
48. ______ | internal | I. mad
49. ______ | intriguing | J. basic

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

insulate | jeopardize | insurance | invert
intervene | intent | insight |

50. The police ______ before any serious harm occurred.

51. If you ______“I can”you have“Can I?”

52. In studying social groups, sociologists often gain ______ through the use of such devices as questionnaires.

53. The unity of the country has been ______ by some anti-social elements.

54. Prisoners are ______ from the ordinary people.

55. Janet studies very hard with an ______ to get a good job.

56. We purchased ______ to cover our bills in case of an accident.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. inspect
7. institute
8. intact
9. instrumental
10. insight
11. insane
12. integrity
13. intensify
14. interim
15. intensive
16. intellect
17. integral
18. intuition
19. intricate
20. inventory
21. intrinsic
22. intimidated
23. invariably
24. justice
25. irrigate
26. irony
27. irritates
28. jerk
29. irrespective
30. F
31. J
32. D
33. I
34. B
35. E
36. C
37. A
38. G
39. H
40. C
41. F
42. J
43. H
44. A
45. B
46. I
47. D
48. E
49. G
50. intervened
51. invert
52. insight
53. jeopardized
54. insulated
55. intent
56. insurance

Lesson 17

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Most rulers have a sense of majesty .

(A) responsibility
(B) freedom
(C) nobility

2. Probability is the mathematical study of the likelihood of an event's occurrence.

(A) Odds
(B) Fallibility
(C) Desirability

3. That load is so big that a horse cannot bear it.

(A) group
(B) burden
(C) return

4. An electric arc is a luminous current of electricity that leaps from one electrode to another.

(A) ludicrous
(B) glowing
(C) magnetic

5. Professor Baker told me this bottle was labeled poison.

(A) sweated
(B) intruded
(C) identified

第一部分

knit ［nɪt ］

v. 编织，针织〈同 weave〉

例　Janet likes to knit sweaters in her spare time. 珍妮特有空的时候喜欢织毛衣。

联　knitter n. 编织者；knot n. （绳等的）结 v. 打结；knight n. 骑士，爵士

knob ［nɒb ］

n. ① 球形把手〈同 handle〉

例　She tried to open the door, but the knob came off in her hand. 她试着去开门，但是球形把手掉在了她的手里。

② 节，瘤〈同 bump〉

例　We can't use this piece of wood because it has too many knobs . 我们没法使用这块木头，因为它的树节太多了。

label ［'leɪbl ］

n. 标签〈同 tag〉

例　The label on a can will tell you what's in it. 罐头上的标签会告诉你里面有什么。

vt. 贴标签于

例　The bottle is labeled “Poison”. 瓶子上贴着“有毒”的标签。

lame ［leɪm ］

adj. 跛的〈同 crippled〉

例　She could not run in the race because of her lame leg. 她的腿瘸了，因此无法参加赛跑了。

vt. 使成残废，使跛

例　The child was lamed in the car accident. 小孩的腿因一起交通事故而残废。

latent ［'leɪtənt ］

adj. 潜伏的，隐藏的〈同 dormant〉

例　Some people believe that telepathy is a latent power of the mind. 有的人认为心灵感应是思维的潜在能力。

联　lately adv. 近来，最近

latitude ［'lætɪtju:d ; (US)'lætɪtu:d ］

n. ① 纬度，范围〈同 scope〉

例　The average annual solar radiation received by the atmosphere varies strongly with latitude . 一年当中大气层吸收的太阳辐射平均量随着纬度的不同而表现出明显的差异。

② 行动或言论的自由（范围）〈同 freedom〉

例　The teacher gave her students a lot of latitude in choosing their science projects. 老师给予学生足够的自由来选择科学课题。

记　lati（阔）+ tude → 纬度

联　longitude n. 经度，经线；latifoliate adj. 阔叶的；lattice n. （做篱笆或爬藤架等的）格子架；aptitude n. 能力；platitude n. 陈词滥调

leaflet ［'li:flɪt ］

n. 传单

例　They were handing out advertising leaflets outside the supermarket. 他们在超市外散发广告传单。

leak ［li:k ］

vt. ① 漏；渗〈同 seep〉

例　Water leaks from the cracked glass. 水从破裂的玻璃杯里漏了出来。

② 泄露〈同 divulge, reveal〉

例　The informer leaked the secret to the press. 告密者把这个秘密泄露给了媒体。

联　leaky adj. 漏的；leakage n. 渗漏，泄漏；peak n. 山顶，顶点；beak n. 鸟嘴，喙；streak n. 条纹，纹理；bleak adj. 荒凉的，凄凉的

legend ［'leʤənd ］

n. 传说；传奇文学〈同 myth, tale〉

例　The stories about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table are legends . 关于亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的故事是传奇故事。

联　legendary adj. 传说中的

legitimate ［lɪ'ʤɪtɪmət ］

adj. 合法的；正当的，合理的〈同 legal, rightful〉

例　Sickness is a legitimate reason for being absent from school. 因为生病而不去上学是一个合理的理由。

记　legitim（合法）+ ate → 合法的

联　legitimize vt. 使合法，正式批准；illegitimate adj. 违法的，私生的；intimate adj. 亲密的，隐私的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. My boat ______ and lets water in.

7. The walking stick had a large ______ at the top.

8. She was wearing a sweater ______ from cotton.

9. Parents should not allow their children too much ______.

10. The power of a seed to grow into a plant remains ______ if it is not planted.

11. My leg is ______ from playing football.

第二部分

lessen ［'lesən ］

v. 减少，变小〈同 decrease, dwindle〉

例　His kind words lessened her sorrow. 他宽容的话语减轻了她的痛苦。

liar ［'laɪə(r) ］

n. 说谎者

例　He's such a liar that nobody believes him! 他经常说谎，没有人相信他！

librarian ［laɪ'breərɪən ］

n. 图书馆管理员

例　He was not sure where to look for the information, but the librarian gave him several good leads. 他不确定该去哪儿查找信息，但图书管理员给他提供了几条不错的思路。

联　library n. 图书馆

likelihood ［'laɪklɪhʊd ］

n. 可能，可能性〈同 probability〉

例　Is there any likelihood of rain today? 今天有可能下雨吗？

limp ［lɪmp ］

adj. 柔软的，易弯曲的；无生气的〈同 soft〉

例　The flowers need some more water—they've gone limp . 花需要浇水了——它们快枯萎了。

vi. 跛行

例　After falling down the stairs, she limped for several days. 从楼梯上跌下来之后，她好几天都是一瘸一拐的。

联　lamp n. 灯；lump n. 块，肿块；limn vt. 描写，描绘；limb n. 肢；lime n. 石灰；limpid adj. 清澈的

linear ［'lɪniə(r) ］

adj. 线的，直线的；线性的

例　A pine tree has linear leaves. 松树长着针形叶。

记　来自名词 line（直线）+ ar → 直线的

联　linearity n. 线性，直线性；lineage n. 血统，世系

linger ［'lɪŋgə(r) ］

vi. 逗留；徘徊〈同 stay, stroll〉

例　I lingered after the exhibition, hoping to meet the guest of honor. 展览会后我没走，希望能见到贵宾。

记　ling（看作 length 长度）+ er → 拉长（时间）→ 逗留

联　ginger n. 姜，活力；malinger vi. 装病以逃避工作

litter ［'lɪtə(r) ］

v. 乱丢（废弃物）

例　The baby littered the floor with torn papers. 婴儿把撕碎的纸屑丢得满地都是。

n. 垃圾〈同 garbage, refuse〉

例　Children left litter in the park. 孩子们把垃圾留在了公园里。

联　liter n. 公升

lively ［'laɪvli ］

adj. 活泼的，活跃的；栩栩如生的〈同 energetic, vigorous〉

例　Our patient seems more lively today; he must be feeling better. 我们的病人今天看起来充满活力，他一定感觉好多了。

load ［ləʊd ］

n. 重担；重任〈同 burden, duty〉

例　Raising two kids can be too heavy a load for some people. 养育两个孩子对有些人来说负担过重了。

vt. 装载，使负担〈同 fill〉

例　The farmers loaded the wagon with hay. 农民把草装到货车上。

联　unload vt. 摆脱…之负担，卸；overload vt. 使超载，超过负荷；shipload n. 船货，一船的装载量；workload n. 工作量

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. What's the ______ of your coming for the weekend?

13. A good night's sleep made us all ______ again.

14. The men ______ the boxes onto the truck.

15. Don't ______! Use the trash can.

16. His apology ______ my anger.

17. The foul odor ______ long after the room was cleaned.

第三部分

locality ［ləʊ'kælɪti ］

n. 位置，地点〈同 region〉

例　I know few people in the locality of Boston. 在波士顿这个地方我认识的人没几个。

联　local adj. 地方的，当地的；locale n. （事情发生的）场所，地点；locate vt. 查找…的地点，位于；location n. 位置，场所

lofty ［'lɒfti ; (US)'lɔ:fti ］

adj. 高高的〈同 high〉

例　The climber's goal was to reach the lofty pinnacle. 登山者的目标就是到达高高的山顶。

log ［lɔ:g ］

n. 圆木〈同 wood〉

例　The woodcutter's small house was built of logs . 樵夫的小房子是用木头建成的。

联　log cabin 小木屋；bog n. 沼泽；jog vi. 慢跑

longitude ［'lɒŋgɪtju:d ; (US)'lɒŋgɪtu:d ］

n. 经度，经线

例　The city is at longitude 28° west. 这座城市位于西经28度。

lounge ［laʊnʤ ］

v. 闲混，闲荡；懒洋洋地打发时间〈同 idle〉

例　The hotel guests lounged by the swimming pool. 酒店的客人在游泳池边打发时间。

n. 起居室

例　The lounge is a good place to meet people. 休息室是见面的好地方。

lubricate ［'lu:brɪkeɪt ］

vt. 使润滑；加润滑油于

例　A car engine needs to be well lubricated with oil. 有一辆汽车的发动机需要好好地上润滑油。

联　lubricous adj. 光滑的，难以捉摸的；lubricant n. 滑润剂

lumber ［'lʌmbə(r) ］

n. 木材，木料〈同 board, timber〉

例　The lumber is transported by floating it down the river.（人们把）木头放在水里让它顺流而下来进行运输。

联　plumber n. 水管工人；slumber n./vi. 睡眠；timber n. 木材

luminous ［'lu:mɪnəs ］

adj. 发光的；明亮的〈同 glowing, fluorescent〉

例　The sun is a luminous body. 太阳是一个发光天体。

联　luminosity n. 【物】亮度，发光度

magic ［'mæʤɪk ］

n. 魔法，魔力；魔术

例　The magic of Shakespeare's poetry has attracted many poets world wide. 莎士比亚诗歌的魔力吸引了世界上的许多诗人。

联　magical adj. 魔术的，不可思议的；magician n. 魔术师，变戏法的人

magnify ［'mægnɪfaɪ ］

vt. 放大，扩大〈同 intensify, enlarge〉

例　A microscope magnifies bacteria so that they can be seen and studied. 显微镜放大细菌，这样人们就能看见并研究细菌了。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The wall was painted ______ pink.

19. This door keeps sticking—I think the hinges need ______.

20. Although your skin looks smooth, when ______ it is full of bumps and holes.

21. The fairy's ______ changed the brothers into swans（天鹅）.

22. Don't ______ in the street all day; you should study hard for the upcoming exam.

23. Forests are a nation's rich resources, which provide lots of ______.

第四部分

magnitude ［'mægnɪtju:d ; (US)'mægnɪtu:d ］

n. 大小；广度；重要〈同 size, extent, importance〉

例　The war brought problems of very great magnitude to many nations. 战争给许多国家带来了严重的问题。

记　magn（大）+ itude（状态）→ 大的状态 → 巨大，重大 → 大小；重要

majesty ［'mæʤɪsti ］

n. 雄伟；威严，最高权威〈同 nobility〉

例　The great majesty of the Grand Canyon attracts many visitors world-wide. 壮丽的科罗拉多大峡谷吸引了全世界的游客。

联　majestic adj. 宏伟的，庄严的

mall ［mæl ; mɔ:l ］

n. 大型购物中心〈同 shopping center〉

例　The Mall in Central Park has always been a favorite spot for people on Sunday. 中央公园里的购物中心一直是人们周日最喜欢逛的地方。

maneuver ［mə'nu:və(r) ］

v. （敏捷地）操纵；（用策略）调动

例　I maneuvered the car through the heavy traffic with ease. 我轻松地把车子驶离交通拥堵地段。

manifest ［'mænɪfest ］

adj. 明白的，显而易见的〈同 evident〉

例　There was manifest relief among the workers yesterday at the decision not to close the factory. 昨天，不关闭工厂的决定下达之后，工人们明显松了一口气。

vt. 表明，证明〈同 show〉

例　Her love for David was manifested in her smile every time she saw him. 她对戴维的爱从她每次见他时的微笑就可以看出来。

记　mani（手）+ fest（打）→ 用手公开打人 → 显而易见的

联　manifestation n. 表明，显示；infest vt. 骚扰，扰乱

manipulate ［mə'nɪpjʊleɪt ］

vt. 操作；操纵，利用〈同 maneuver, control〉

例　Because of my injured finger, I could not manipulate the television's controls. 因为我的手指受伤了，我没法按电视遥控器了。

联　manipulative adj. 操纵别人的，老于世故的；manifesto n. 宣言，声明；manual n. 手册，指南 adj. 手工的，体力的

manuscript ［'mænjʊskrɪpt ］

n. 手稿，原稿〈同 draft〉

例　She has just completed the manuscript for her latest novel. 她刚刚完成了最新小说的手稿。

marsh ［mɑ:ʃ ］

n. 湿地，沼泽〈同 swamp〉

例　A marsh is a critical component of wildlife habitat. 湿地是野生动物栖息地的重要组成部分。

联　marshy adj. 沼泽的

marshal ［'mɑ:ʃəl ］

v. 排列；整理，汇集〈同 arrange, collect〉

例　The statistician marshaled his facts before making his presentation. 统计学家先把论据整理好，然后开始做陈述。

n. 元帅，最高指挥官

例　Marshal of the Royal Air Force is the highest rank in the British Air Force. 皇家空军的元帅是英国空军里最高的军衔。

联　martial adj. 军事的，尚武的

masculine ［'mæskjʊlɪn ］

adj. 男性的；男子气概的〈同 manly〉

例　In some languages, there are masculine pronouns and feminine pronouns. 在有些语言里，有阳性代词和阴性代词之分。

记　mascul（= male 雄性）+ ine → 男性的

联　masculinity n. 男性，雄性；muscle n. 肌肉

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. She ______ her lazy sister out of bed.

25. Before printing was invented, all books and papers were handwritten ______.

26. It is undeniable that his beard makes him look ______.

27. Politicians often ______ the public.

28. You are careless! The error was ______ in your essay but you did not find it.

29. A ______ is low land covered at times by water.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | magnify | A. illegal
31. ______ | masculine | B. obvious
32. ______ | latent | C. dark
33. ______ | marshal | D. feminine
34. ______ | luminous | E. hidden
35. ______ | legitimate | F. clean up
36. ______ | linger | G. scatter
37. ______ | lofty | H. minimize
38. ______ | manifest | I. disappear
39. ______ | litter | J. low

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Built in Vermont in 1785, the first long bridge in the United States measured 365 feet and was made of lumbers .

(A) bricks
(B) steels
(C) woods

41. The judge ruled that the man's claim to his father's land was legitimate .

(A) meaningless
(B) denied
(C) legal

42. Alaska boasts of several climates due to its lofty mountains, warm ocean currents and frozen seas.

(A) towering
(B) countless
(C) rugged

43. Alexandria, Virginia, was a lively port city on the Potomac River some 200 year ago.

(A) peaceful
(B) busy
(C) picturesque

44. Many English surnames once referred to specific localities .

(A) places
(B) jobs
(C) characteristics

45. The need for more teachers of science and mathematics shows no sign of lessening in the near future.

(A) decreasing
(B) continuing
(C) occurring

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
46. ______ | locality | A. district
47. ______ | manuscript | B. fable
48. ______ | magic | C. braid
49. ______ | legend | D. reveal
50. ______ | lounge | E. charming or enchanting quality
51. ______ | marsh | F. increase
52. ______ | leak | G. script
53. ______ | knit | H. liberty
54. ______ | magnify | I. wetland
55. ______ | latitude | J. laze

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

limp | majesty | mall | marshal | label

56. We usually go to the ______ for shopping on weekends.

57. Please put ______ on all your luggage.

58. Judges uphold the ______ of the law.

59. Spaghetti（意大利式细面条）gets ______ when it is cooked.

60. All the soldiers were ______ in a queue.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. C
6. leaks
7. knob
8. knitted
9. latitude
10. latent
11. lame
12. likelihood
13. lively
14. loaded
15. litter
16. lessened
17. lingered
18. luminous
19. lubricating
20. magnified
21. magic
22. lounge
23. lumber
24. maneuvered
25. manuscripts
26. masculine
27. manipulate
28. manifest
29. marsh
30. H
31. D
32. B
33. G
34. C
35. A
36. I
37. J
38. E
39. F
40. C
41. C
42. A
43. B
44. A
45. A
46. A
47. G
48. E
49. B
50. J
51. I
52. D
53. C
54. F
55. H
56. mall
57. labels
58. majesty
59. limp
60. marshaled

Lesson 18

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Don't mock my taste in music, even if it is old-fashioned.

(A) observe
(B) describe
(C) ridicule

2. In a musical composition, the melody can sometimes be used to tell a story.

(A) beat
(B) piano
(C) tune

3. The two iron mining companies will be merged .

(A) combined
(B) emerged
(C) operated

4. The officer murmured his consent.

(A) stuttered
(B) nodded
(C) mumbled

5. Militant extremists bombed a whaling boat.

(A) Feminine
(B) Fighting
(C) Organized

第一部分

masterpiece ［'mɑ:stəpi:s ］

n. 杰作，名著〈同 great work〉

例　The novelist's lifelong dream was to write a masterpiece . 这位小说家一生的梦想是创作一部经典作品。

meadow ［'medəʊ ］

n. 草地，牧场〈同 grassland〉

例　The meadows are covered with wildflowers at this time of year. 每年的这个时候，草地上都长满了野花。

means ［mi:nz ］

n. 手段，方法〈同 methods〉

例　He used unfair means to get through the examination. 他用不公平的手段通过了考试。

medal ［'medəl ］

n. 奖章，勋章，纪念章〈同 award〉

例　The swimmer received two bronze medals at the Olympics. 在奥运会上，这位游泳选手获得了两块铜牌。

联　meddle vi. 管闲事

mediate ［'mi:dɪeɪt ］

v. 斡旋，调停，调解〈同 arbitrate〉

例　He mediated in the family dispute. 他调解家庭纠纷。

记　medi（中间）+ ate → 在中间 → 调停，调解

联　mediator n. 调停者；meditative adj. 沉思的，冥想的；intermediate adj. 中间的，中级的；median n. 中位数，中值

medieval ［ˌmedɪ'i:vəl ; (US)ˌmi:d'i:vəl ］

adj. 中世纪的

例　Castles were a common sight in medieval times. 城堡在中世纪很常见。

记　medi（中间）+ ev（时间）+ al → 中间时间的 → 中世纪的

联　media n. 媒体；medial adj. 中间的，平均的

melody ［'melədi ］

n. 旋律，曲调〈同 tune〉

例　Ellington was a composer concerned not only with melody , but with harmony, rhythm and instrumentation too. 埃林顿是一个作曲家，他不仅注重曲调，而且注重协调性、旋律和乐器。

memorandum ［ˌmemə'rændəm ］

n. 备忘录，便笺〈同 memo〉

例　Make a memorandum of the things we'll need for the trip. 把我们旅行需要准备的东西写张条儿吧。

联　memory n. 记忆，记忆力

menace ［'menəs ］

n. 危险物〈同 danger〉

例　The Third World War would be a menace to world peace. 若有第三次世界大战，那将会威胁世界和平。

vt. 威吓；胁迫〈同 threaten〉

例　The school bully menaced many of the students. 这个学校恶霸威胁过很多学生。

mend ［mend ］

vt. 修补；改进〈同 repair, improve〉

例　He asked his mother to mend the hole in the pocket of his jeans. 他让母亲为他缝补好牛仔裤口袋上的破洞。

联　amendment n. 改善，改正；recommend vt. 推荐，介绍

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. I tried to ______ between my two arguing friends.

7. “The Last Supper”is widely regarded as Leonardo da Vinci's ______.

8. Most music has ______, harmony and rhythm.

9. He spent the afternoon ______ the holes in his socks.

10. She won the gold ______ for figure skating（花样滑冰）at the Olympic Games.

11. The torrents（倾盆大雨）of rain were a ______ to the farmer's crops.

第二部分

mental ［'mentəl ］

adj. 精神的；智力的〈同 cerebral, intellectual〉

例　His mental development is ahead of most other children's in his class. 他的智力发展要比班级里的大多数孩子超前。

记　ment（神智，心）+ al → 智力的

联　mentation n. 精神作用，心理活动；mentality n. 智力，心态；mentor n. 导师，指导者；menial adj. 仆人的

merchandise ［'mɜ:tʃəndaɪs ; 'mɜ:tʃəndaɪz ］

n. 商品〈同 goods〉

例　There was a sale on all merchandise in the store. 这个商店里的所有商品都在大减价。

联　merchant n. 商人

merge ［mɜ:ʤ ］

v. （使）合并，（使）融合〈同 combine, unite〉

例　The corporation merged two of its divisions. 这个公司合并了两个部门。

联　merger n. （尤指两个或两个以上公司之）合并；submerge v. 淹没；emerge vi. 显现，浮现；emergency n. 紧急情况，突然事件；diverge v. （道路等）分叉，（意见等）分歧；converge v. 聚合，集中于一点

messenger ［'mesɪnʤə(r) ］

n. 报信者，使者〈同 courier〉

例　In big cities bicycle messengers deliver packages between office buildings. 在大城市，骑自行车的快递员在一座一座的办公大楼之间投递包裹。

联　message n. 消息，讯息

metropolitan ［ˌmetrə'pɒlɪtən ］

adj. 主要都市的，大城市的〈同 large city〉

例　Vermont has the lowest percentage of metropolitan residents of any state in the United States. 佛蒙特州是美国城市人口比例最低的一个州。

migrate ［maɪ'greɪt ; (US)'maɪgreɪt ］

vi. 移动，迁徒〈同 move from one place to another〉

例　Pioneers from New England migrated to all parts of the United States. 从新英格兰来的开拓者移居到了美国的各个地方。

联　migration n. 定期迁移，迁居；migratory adj. 迁移的，流浪的；migrant n. 候鸟，移居者

militant ［'mɪlɪtənt ］

adj. 好战的；好暴力的〈同 warlike〉

例　Officials say the attack was orchestrated by a militant group. 官方称这次袭击是由一个激进组织策划的。

联　military adj. 军事的，军用的

mingle ［'mɪŋgəl ］

v. （使）混合；（使）结合〈同 mix〉

例　Water and oil do not mingle . 油和水不相融。

联　intermingle v. 混合，掺杂；commingle v. 混合

miniature ［'mɪnətʃə(r) ; (US)'mɪnətʃʊər ］

n. 缩小的模型，缩图，缩影

例　This model car is a miniature of a real one. 这个汽车模型是真车的缩小版。

adj. 微型的，缩小的〈同 tiny〉

例　Instead of buying a massive dog, Teddy got a miniature poodle. 泰迪买了一只迷你玩具贵宾犬，而没有买真的大贵宾犬。

记　mini（极小的）+ ature → 缩影

联　minibus n. 小型公共汽车

minimize ［'mɪnɪmaɪz ］

v. （使）最小化，（使）减到最小〈同 diminish〉

例　The businesswoman tried to minimize her losses when the stock market collapsed. 股市崩盘之后，女商人尽量把她的损失降低到最少。

联　minimal adj. 最小的，最少的；minimum n. 最小值，最小化

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Most birds ______ to warmer regions in the winter.

13. The ______ horse was so small that I thought it was a dog.

14. Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to ______ the impact of the oil spill.

15. Two rivers that join ______ their waters.

16. A side road ______ onto the highway up ahead.

17. I like ______ games that test my intelligence.

第三部分

misery ［'mɪzəri ］

n. 悲惨，不幸〈同 pain〉

例　I was in great misery when I broke my leg. 我的腿断了，十分痛苦。

misfortune ［mɪs'fɔ:tʃu:n ］

n. 不幸，灾祸〈同 disaster〉

例　It was a misfortune that you lost your money so early in the trip. 旅行才刚开始你就把钱丢了，真不幸。

mislead ［mɪs'li:d ］

vt. 使误入歧途，误导；欺骗〈同 misguide, deceive〉

例　It is against the law to post an advertisement that misleads the public. 张贴误导公众的广告是违法的。

联　misleading adj. 使人误解的，骗人的

missionary ［'mɪʃənəri ; (US)'mɪʃəneri ］

n. 传教士〈同 preacher〉

例　He spent 20 years in Africa as a missionary . 他在非洲从事了20年的传教工作。

联　mission n. 传教团，代表团，任务，使命

mobilize ［'məʊbɪlaɪz ］

v. 动员

例　The senator mobilized all her supporters for her reelection campaign. 在连任竞选时，参议员动员了她所有的支持者。

mock ［mɒk ］

v. 尤指以（模仿性）嘲笑〈同 ridicule〉

例　Don't mock him just because he keeps falling off his bike. 不要仅仅因为他总是从自行车上摔下来就嘲笑他。

联　mockingbird n. 【动】仿声鸟（善鸣叫，并能模仿别种鸟的叫声）

monopoly ［mə'nɒpəli ］

n. 垄断，独占

例　The company once had a monopoly on the telecom industry. 这家公司曾经垄断了电信行业。

记　mono（单一）+ poly（运用）→ 一个人用 → 垄断

联　monopolize vt. 独占，垄断；monotonous adj. 单调的，无变化的；monologue n. 独白，独角戏；monochromic adj. 一色的，单色的；monster n. 怪物，妖怪；monstrous adj. 巨大的，畸形的，怪异的

morality ［mɒ'ræləti ］

n. 道德〈同 righteousness〉

例　I have to question the morality of forcing poor people to pay for their medical treatment. 强迫穷人为医疗护理埋单，我不得不质疑这种行为的道德性。

联　moral adj. 道德（上）的；精神的；morale n. 士气，民心

mortal ［'mɔ:təl ］

adj. 必死的；致命的〈同 fatal〉

例　The soldier received a mortal wound in battle. 这名士兵在战场上受了致命伤。

联　mortality n. 死亡率

mortgage ［'mɔ:gɪʤ ］

n. 抵押贷款

例　If you fail to repay the mortgage , the bank will repossess your house. 如果你无法偿还贷款，银行将收回你的房子。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. It's impolite to ______ cripples.

19. The salesman tried to ______ me into believing his car was the best buy .

20. Heavy business losses were a ______ blow to him.

21. He is in great ______ because he has no home or friends.

22. The Brown Milk Company has a ______ on milk delivery in this town.

23. They took out a $40,000 ______ to buy the house.

第四部分

mournful ［'mɔ:nfʊl ］

adj. 悲痛的，悲哀的〈同 sorrowful〉

例　We heard the mournful cry of a wolf. 我们听见了一只狼的哀鸣。

联　mourn v. （为…）哀悼，（为…）忧伤

muddy ［'mʌdi ］

adj. 多泥的，泥泞的

例　The dog played in the rain and when it came back, it left muddy footprints on the floor. 小狗在雨里玩耍过，当它回到家，地板上留下了带着泥巴的足印。

multiple ［'mʌltɪpəl ］

adj. 多样的，多重的

例　When selecting your answer from among several in a multiple choice test, always seek the word that is nearest or most appropriate. 在做选择题的时候，要选出那个意思最接近或者最恰当的单词。

记　multi（多，很多）+ ple → 多的 → 多样的，多重的

联　multiply v. 增加，繁殖；multiplicity n. 多样性；multilingual adj. 使用多种语言的

multitude ［'mʌltɪtju:d ; (US)'mʌltɪtu:d ］

n. 大量，多数〈同 a great number〉

例　The book will find a multitude of readers. 那本书将拥有众多的读者。

municipal ［mju:'nɪsɪpəl ］

adj. 市的，市政的〈同 civic〉

例　Municipal planners deal chiefly with the new layout of communities. 市政设计者主要负责社区新布局。

记　muni（公共的）+ cip（头）+ al → 公共之头的 → 市政的

联　municipality n. 市政当局，自治市；munificent adj. 慷慨的

murmur ［'mɜ:mə(r) ］

v. 低声说，低语

例　The shy child murmured her thanks. 害羞的小女孩喃喃地道谢。

muscular ［'mʌskjʊlə(r) ］

adj. 强壮的，肌肉发达的〈同 brawny〉

例　He wished he was more muscular and didn't have such skinny arms. 他希望自己能更结实一点，而不是有这样皮包骨头的臂膀。

联　muscle n. 肌肉，臂力

mute ［mju:t ］

adj. 哑的；无声的，沉默的〈同 unable to speak, silent〉

例　The little girl stood mute with astonishment. 小女孩惊呆了，默默地站着。

mysterious ［mɪ'stɪərɪəs ］

adj. 神秘的，不可思议的〈同 unexplainable, enigmatic〉

例　The appearance of UFOs has always been mysterious . UFO是什么样子一直都是个迷。

联　mystery n. 神秘，神秘的事物；myth n. 神话

naive ［nɑ:'i:v ］

adj. 天真的；幼稚的，容易上当的〈同 unsophisticated, innocent〉

例　Young, naive and trusting as I was, I believed every word he said. 那时的我年轻、幼稚，容易相信人，所以我相信他说的每句话。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. How can you be so ______ as to believe his promises? He is a famous liar.

25. He was ______ to himself in a corner.

26. The funeral was a ______ occasion.

27. A ______ of people showed up to hear the president speak.

28. When I walk on a rainy day, my boots become ______.

29. The ______ government oversees the police department.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | militan. | A. eternal
31. ______ | naive | B. guard
32. ______ | muscular | C. sophisticated
33. ______ | mysterious | D. separate
34. ______ | morality | E. feeble
35. ______ | merge | F. demobilize
36. ______ | misery | G. immorality
37. ______ | mortal | H. pacific
38. ______ | mobilize | I. obvious
39. ______ | menace | J. pleasure

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Mies Van Der Rohe's masterpiece , the Seagram Building in New York City, is surrounded by many inferior imitations.

(A) great work
(B) favorite model
(C) lost part

41. The nocturnal habits and mournful cries of owls have made them objects of superstition（迷信）for some people.

(A) strange
(B) secret
(C) sorrowful

42. When birds migrate , they sometimes fly in formation.

(A) grow new feathers
(B) move from one place to another
(C) feel death is near

43. When menaced by a predator in close proximity, a snake may suddenly alter its behavior.

(A) threatened
(B) bitten
(C) wounded

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
44. ______ | mingle | A. reduce
45. ______ | mysterious | B. of the Middle Ages
46. ______ | meadow | C. commodities
47. ______ | minimize | D. unfathomable
48. ______ | multitude | E. simple
49. ______ | medieval | F. delude
50. ______ | mock | G. merge
51. ______ | naive | H. crowd
52. ______ | mislead | I. pasture
53. ______ | merchandise | J. jeer

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. mediate
7. masterpiece
8. melody
9. mending
10. medal
11. menace
12. migrate
13. miniature
14. minimize
15. mingle
16. merges
17. mental
18. mock
19. mislead
20. mortal
21. misery
22. monopoly
23. mortgage
24. naive
25. murmuring
26. mournful
27. multitude
28. muddy
29. municipal
30. H
31. C
32. E
33. I
34. G
35. D
36. J
37. A
38. F
39. B
40. A
41. C
42. B
43. A
44. G
45. D
46. I
47. A
48. H
49. B
50. J
51. E
52. F
53. C

Lesson 19

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词

1. The lilac（丁香花）flower has a unique odor .

(A) scent
(B) tint
(C) shape

2. The fire occurred when the old lady was taking a nap .

(A) dozing
(B) tricking
(C) barreling

3. Rollerskating, a sport that has an obscure origin, is popular among children worldwide.

(A) early
(B) unusual
(C) unclear

4. The students will be notified regarding the college entrance examination.

(A) condoned
(B) deformed
(C) informed

5. Soil is the surface layer of the Earth that nourishes and supports the growth of rooted plants.

(A) arranges
(B) shelters
(C) feeds

第一部分

nap ［næp ］

n. （白天）小睡，打盹〈同 doze〉

例　People usually feel sleepy after lunch. It is beneficial for them to take a nap . 人们通常在午餐后容易犯困。对他们来说打个盹是很有益的。

narrate ［nə'reɪt ］

v. 讲述〈同 tell〉

例　The speaker presented slides and narrated the story behind them. 演讲者播放幻灯片，讲述它们背后的故事。

联　narrative adj. 叙述性的 n. 叙述；narrator n. 讲述者，叙述者

nasty ［'nɑ:sti ; (US)'næsti ］

adj. ① 令人不愉快的，讨厌的〈同 unpleasant〉

例　The nasty weather ruined our plans for a picnic. 糟糕的天气毁掉了我们去野餐的计划。

② 污秽的；下流的〈同 vile, mean〉

例　Several nasty people threw rocks at the birds on the lake. 几个素质低下的人向湖里的鸟儿扔石头。

联　nastiness n. 污秽

necessitate ［nɪ'sesɪteɪt ］

vt. 使成为必需，需要〈同 make necessary〉

例　Her broken leg necessitated an operation. 他的腿部骨折了，需要做手术。

联　necessary adj. 必要的，必需的

negligible ［'neglɪʤəbəl ］

adj. 可忽略的，无关紧要的〈同 insignificant, tiny〉

例　The loss of ten cents is negligible . 十美分的损失微不足道。

联　negligent adj. 疏忽的，粗心大意的

nominal ［'nɒmɪnəl ］

adj. ① 名义上的，不实的〈同 not real〉

例　The president is the nominal head of our club, but the secretary really runs things. 在我们社团，会长只是名义上的领导，书记才是办事的人。

② 象征性的，微不足道的〈同 trivial〉

例　We paid our friend a nominal rent for the apartment—$5 a month. 我们住这间公寓，象征性地付点房租给朋友——每个月5美元。

记　nomin（名称）+ al → 名义上的

nominate ［'nɒmɪneɪt ］

vt. 提名；任命〈同 designate〉

例　In ominated Mary for the office of treasurer. 我认命玛丽为办公室财务主管。

联　nomination n. 任命；nominator n. 提名者；nominee n. 被提名者，被任命者

norm ［nɔ:m ］

n. 准则，规范〈同 convention, standard〉

例　You must adapt to the norms of the school. 你必须适应学校的行为准则。

联　normal adj. 正常的，标准的；normally adv. 通常地；abnormal adj. 反常的，变态的

notable ［'nəʊtəbəl ］

adj. 著名的；显要的〈同 noteworthy〉

例　She has made notable contributions to the field of biology. 她在生物领域做出了卓越贡献。

n. 名人，要人

例　It was hard to realize that the small, rather ordinary-looking person standing before us was a world-famous notable . 很难意识到这位站在我们面前的个子矮小、长相普通的人是一位世界知名人士。

联　notably adv. 显著地，特别地

notation ［nəʊ'teɪʃən ］

n. 符号

例　In arithmetic we use Arabic notation （1，2，3，4，etc.）and sometimes Roman notation （Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ，etc.）. 在算术里，我们使用阿拉伯符号（1、2、3、4、等），有时候也使用罗马符号（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、等）。

联　notate vt. 以符号表示，把…写成记号（或标志）

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. An important meeting ______ my being in London on Friday.

7. William Jennings Bryan was ______ three times for President, but he was never elected.

8. Washing dishes is a ______ job.

9. Music has a special system of ______, and so has chemistry.

10. Many ______ came to the reception at the White House.

11. At a ______ price, the settlers got the rest of the land.

第二部分

notify ［'nəʊtɪfaɪ ］

v. 通知〈同 inform〉

例　Our teacher notified us that there would be a test on Monday. 老师通知我们周一会有测试。

notorious ［nəʊ'tɔ:rɪəs ］

adj. 臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的〈同 disreputable〉

例　No one wanted to play poker with Tom, because he was a notorious cheater. 没人愿意和汤姆打扑克，因为他是一个臭名昭著的骗子。

记　not（知道，注意）+ orious（多…的）→ 惹人注意的 → 臭名昭著的

联　notoriety n. 臭名，声名狼藉

nourish ［'nʌrɪʃ ; 'nɜ:rɪʃ ］

vt. 养育；滋养〈同 feed, nurture〉

例　After the operation, the doctor plans to nourish the patient with vitamins and good food. 手术之后，医生计划用维生素和有营养的食物为病人补充营养。

联　nourishment n. 食物，营养品；nourishing adj. 有营养的，滋养的

novelty ［'nɒvəlti ］

n. 新颖，新奇（的事物）〈同 newness〉

例　After the novelty of ice-skating wore off, we did not want to do it any more. 当新鲜感渐渐消失之后，我们再也不想去溜冰了。

记　novel（新的）+ ty → 新颖

联　novel n. 小说 adj. 新奇的；novelist n. （长篇）小说家

numerical ［nju:'merɪkəl ; (US)nu:'merɪkəl ］

adj. 数字的，用数字表示的

例　10 is a numerical quantity. 10是个数量值。

联　numerous adj. 许多的，无数的

nutrition ［nju:'trɪʃən ; (US)nu:'trɪʃən ］

n. 营养；营养学〈同 nourishment〉

例　The right nutrition is important to your health. 合适的营养有利于你的身体健康。

联　nutritional adj. 营养的，滋养的；nutritious adj. 有营养成分的，营养的

oath ［əʊθ ］

n. 誓言，宣誓〈同 vow〉

例　Every elected official must take an oath of office. 每一个当选的官员都要宣誓就任。

obedient ［ə'bi:diənt ］

adj. 服从的，顺从的〈同 submissive〉

例　The soldiers were obedient to their commanding officer. 士兵服从指挥官的命令。

obligation ［ˌɒblɪ'geɪʃən ］

n. 义务，职责〈同 duty, commitment〉

例　Doctors have an obligation to cure the sick. 救治病人是医生的职责。

obscene ［əb'si:n ］

adj. 淫秽的，猥亵的〈同 indecent〉

例　This movie is limited to adults because there is too much obscene language in it. 这部电影仅限成年人观看，因为里面有太多污言秽语。

联　obscenity n. 淫秽，猥亵

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. You need some fertilizer to ______ your plants.

13. The witness placed her hand on the Bible and took the ______.

14. We do not yet have any ______ information about casualties.

15. Paying taxes is an ______ which may fall on everybody.

16. A balanced diet provides ______ for your body.

17. The play was banned because of the ______ language it contained.

第三部分

obscure ［əb'skjʊə(r) ］

vt. 隐藏，使…模糊〈同 conceal, veil〉

例　At times he seemed purposely to obscure his meaning, preferring mystery to clarity. 有时，他似乎有意地遮掩他所要表达的意思，更喜欢神秘一点，不喜欢明晰地表达。

adj. 朦胧的，模糊的，晦涩的〈同 unclear, vague〉

例　The moon is obscure on a cloudy night. 多云的夜晚，月光朦胧。

记　ob（离开）+ scure（跑）→ 跑偏了 → 不好理解了 → 晦涩的

联　obscurity n. 晦涩；secure adj. 安全的

obsolete ［'ɒbsəli:t ; (US)ˌɑ:bsə'li:t ］

adj. 废弃的；过时的〈同 outdated, outmoded〉

例　Wooden warships are obsolete . 木制军舰已经过时了。

记　ob（不）+ solete（使用）→ 不再使用 → 过时的

联　obsolescence n. 废弃，过时

obstruct ［əb'strʌkt ］

vt. 阻塞（道路、通道等）；妨碍，阻挠〈同 stop, impede〉

例　A car broke down and obstructed the traffic. 一辆汽车抛锚了，阻塞了交通。

记　ob（反）+ struct（建造）→ 反对建造 → 阻挠

联　obstruction n. 阻塞，妨碍；reconstruct v. 重建；superstructure n. 上层建筑；unobstructed adj. 畅通无阻的

odor ［'əʊdə(r) ］

n. 气味〈同 scent〉

例　She could not remove the unpleasant odor from her kitchen after cooking. 做饭之后，她很难除去厨房里的难闻的味道。

联　odorous adj. 臭的，有气味的；odorless adj. 无臭的，没有气味的

offensive ［ə'fensɪv ］

adj. 讨厌的，无礼的；攻击性的〈同 disgusting, aggressive〉

例　“Shut up”is an offensive remark.“闭嘴”是攻击性的言辞。

记　of + fens(e)（保护）+ ive → 跟保护相反的 → 攻击性的

联　offend v. 冒犯；defensive adj. 防御性的

offset ［'ɒfset ; (US)'ɔ:fset ］

vt. 弥补；抵消〈同 compensate for, balance〉

例　The government increased the spending allowance to offset the rise in prices. 政府提高消费津贴来弥补物价上涨的影响。

offspring ［'ɒfsprɪŋ ; (US)'ɔ:fsprɪŋ ］

n. 子孙，后代〈同 descendant〉

例　“Parent”refers to any animal or plant that produces offspring .“亲本”指任何能产生后代的动物或植物。

opaque ［əʊ'peɪk ］

adj. 不透明的；晦涩难懂的〈同 nontransparent, obscure〉

例　Quartz may be transparent, translucent or opaque , and it may be colorless or colored. 石英有可能是透明的、半透明的或者不透明的，也有可能是无色或者有色的。

记　来自 opacus（遮蔽阳光的），opa（不透明）+ que → 不透明的

联　opacity n. 不透明性；opalescent adj. 乳白的；opalescence n. 乳白光；plaque n. 饰板

oppress ［ə'pres ］

vt. 压迫；压抑〈同 subdue〉

例　A dictator oppresses his people. 独裁者压迫人民。

联　oppression n. 压迫，镇压，压抑；oppressive adj. 压制性的，压迫的

optimum ［'ɒptɪməm ］

adj. 最适宜的〈同 ideal, best〉

例　If you wait for the optimum moment to act, you may never begin your project. 如果你在等待最合适的时刻启动项目，那你可能永远也不会启动。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The mother bear will viciously（敌意地）protect its ______ from harm.

19. The tall building ______ our view of the sea.

20. People in this country _______ ethnic minorities.

21. The window grew increasingly ______ with condensation as we drove in the cold weather.

22. Calculators have made the slide rule（计算尺）______.

23. Bad eggs have a terrible ______.

第四部分

option ［'ɒpʃən ］

n. 选项；选择权〈同 alternative, choice〉

例　Pupils in our school have the option of taking Spanish, French or German. 我们学校的学生可以选择上西班牙语课、法语课或者德语课。

联　optional adj. 可选择的，随意的

oral ［'ɔ:rəl ］

adj. 口头的〈同 spoken〉

例　Had I known this was an oral exam, I would not have brought pen and paper. 要是知道这是口试的话，我就不带笔和纸了。

orderly ［'ɔ:dəli ］

adj. 有秩序的；整洁的〈同 disciplined, ordered〉

例　The books were aligned on the shelves in an orderly fashion. 书整齐地摆放在书架上。

orientation ［ˌɔ:rɪən'teɪʃən ］

n. 定向；介绍性指导〈同 direction, adjustment to surroundings〉

例　Freshman orientation provides the incoming students with an opportunity to learn about their new environment and their place in it. 新生指导为新生提供一个机会来了解新的环境以及他们的角色。

记　来自orient（vt. 确定方向）：ori（升起）+ ent → 依（太阳）升起确定方向 → 定向

联　oriental n. 东方人 adj. 东方的

originate ［ə'rɪʤɪneɪt ］

v. 产生；发起，创办〈同 begin, initiate〉

例　Some bad habits originate in adolescence and continue throughout a person's life. 一些坏习惯在青春期形成，伴随整个人生。

联　originative adj. 有创作力的；originality n. 创意，新奇；original adj. 最初的，原始的

ornament ［'ɔ:nəmənt ］

n. 装饰，装饰物〈同 decoration〉

例　A lack of ornament made the room appear quite drab. 房屋缺少装饰物，显得很单调。

联　ornamental adj. 装饰性的，装饰的；ornamentation n. 装饰，装饰品

orthodox ［'ɔ:θədɒks ］

adj. 正统的；传统的〈同 traditional〉

例　She is a cancer sufferer who has rejected orthodox medicine and turned instead to acupuncture and other forms of alternative medicine. 她是一个癌症患者，她拒绝正统医疗，求助于针灸等其他形式的替代疗法。

outbreak ［'aʊtbreɪk ］

n. 发作；爆发〈同 beginning, eruption〉

例　Doctors are warning us about a possible outbreak of the flu. 医生提醒我们可能会爆发流感。

overflow ［ˌəʊvə'fləʊ ］

v. （使）泛滥，（使）溢出〈同 spill, flood〉

例　Rivers often overflow in the spring due to heavy rain. 由于春天多雨，河水经常在这个季节泛滥。

overhear ［ˌəʊvə'hɪə(r) ］

v. 无意中听到，偷听

例　They spoke so loud that I could not help overhearing . 他们说话声音太大了，我无意中听到了他们的谈话内容。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The use of paper money ______ in China.

25. Tom didn't know that Bob had ______ her on the telephone.

26. You have two ______: either stay at home and work or go to the cinema with us.

27. An ______ agreement is not enough; we must have a written promise.

28. Excess water ______ out of the cup.

29. Lace, jewels, vases and statues are ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | orthodox | A. starve
31. ______ | negligible | B. pleasant
32. ______ | opaque | C. unconventional
33. ______ | nominal | D. reduction
34. ______ | outbreak | E. actual
35. ______ | oppress | F. rebellious
36. ______ | nasty | G. liberate
37. ______ | nourish | H. significant
38. ______ | obedien. | I. worst
39. ______ | optimum | J. transparent

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Sequoya, a Native American who was born about 1770, formed an alphabet of eighty-six letters that enabled him to put the oral Cherokee language into writing.

(A) secret
(B) complex
(C) spoken

41. Some physicists have proposed that sunspots and solar wind have negligible effects on the earth's weather.

(A) undetermined
(B) insignificant
(C) unusual

42. Protein intake should be high enough to obstruct water loss and the loss of body tissue.

(A) help
(B) assist
(C) stop

43. Among all groups of people, we find widely shared beliefs, norms , values and preferences.

(A) conventions
(B) characteristics
(C) fashions

44. That manufacturing method is obsolete .

(A) dilapidated
(B) extant
(C) out of date

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | oath | A. distinguished
46. ______ | ornament | B. overrun
47. ______ | narrate | C. able to be disregarded
48. ______ | notable | D. adornment
49. ______ | orderly | E. conventional
50. ______ | overflow | F. pledge
51. ______ | nominate | G. repulsive
52. ______ | offensive | H. appoint
53. ______ | orthodox | I. arranged
54. ______ | negligible | J. relate

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

orderly | obscure | notify | optimum
notorious | obedient | offset | novelty

55. In this foreign country, you will soon get used to the ______ of your surroundings.

56. Please ______ me when the king arrives.

57. The dense forest ______ our view.

58. The ______ dog came at its owner's whistle.

59. The crowd remained ______ throughout the day under the control of the police.

60. The ______ time to go fishing may be early in the morning.

61. Jack was regarded as a ______ gambler and rake.

62. The better roads ______ the greater distance.

参考答案

1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. necessitates
7. nominated
8. nasty
9. notation
10. notables
11. nominal
12. nourish
13. oath
14. numerical
15. obligation
16. nutrition
17. obscene
18. offspring
19. obstructed
20. oppress
21. opaque
22. obsolete
23. odor
24. originated
25. overheard
26. options
27. oral
28. overflowed
29. ornaments
30. C
31. H
32. J
33. E
34. D
35. G
36. B
37. A
38. F
39. I
40. C
41. B
42. C
43. A
44. C
45. F
46. D
47. J
48. A
49. I
50. B
51. H
52. G
53. E
54. C
55. novelty
56. notify
57. obscured
58. obedient
59. orderly
60. optimum
61. notorious
62. offset

Lesson 20

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The liver performs as a filter for the blood.

(A) serves
(B) poses
(C) masquerades

2. Cahokia, the first city on the American continent, reached its peak of development and power about AD 1100.

(A) summit
(B) tip
(C) height

3. The American dancer Loie Fuller used perfume to create special effects during her performances.

(A) dim lights
(B) strange music
(C) scent

4. There are no overt signs that Janet has been seriously harmed by her experiences.

(A) evident
(B) good
(C) public

5. The refugees were a pathetic sight—starving, frightened and cold.

(A) pitiful
(B) ill
(C) formidable

第一部分

overlap ［ˌəʊvə'læp ］

vt. 部分重叠，与…交搭，迭盖

例　When you put up wallpaper, should you overlap the edges or put them next to each other? 你贴墙纸的时候，是要把墙纸的边缘搭在一起，还是相互挨着贴？

记　over（在…上）+ lap（大腿）→ 把一条腿放在另一条腿上 → 部分重叠，与…交搭

联　overlay n. 覆盖物

overt ［'əʊvɜ:t ］

adj. 明显的；公然的〈同 open, public, evident〉

例　Many women at work have to deal with overt sexism. 许多参加工作的妇女不得不面对公然的性别歧视。

联　overtly adv. 公然地，公开地；overtime n. 超时，加班 adv. 加班地；overtire vt. 使过度疲劳；overtax vt. 课税过重

overthrow ［ˌəʊvə'θrəʊ ］

vt. 打倒，推翻，颠覆〈同 vanquish, overturn〉

例　The protesters tried to overthrow the government. 抗议者试图推翻政府。

overwhelm ［ˌəʊvə'welm ; (US)ˌəʊvə'hwelm ］

vt. ① 战胜；压倒〈同 defeat〉

例　Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels. 政府军镇压了叛乱者。

② 淹没；使沉浸〈同 flood〉

例　The whole village was overwhelmed by the flood. 整个村庄被洪水淹没了。

联　overwhelmingly adv. 压倒性地，不可抵抗地

pacific ［pə'sɪfɪk ］

adj. 和平的；平静的

例　He did not like to fight, because he was a very pacific person. 他不喜欢打架，因为他是一个性格温和的人。

联　pacify vt. 使平静，安慰，抚慰

painful ［'peɪnfʊl ］

adj. 疼痛的，使痛苦的

例　The cut was very deep and painful . 伤口很深很疼。

联　pain n. 痛苦，疼痛

pale ［peɪl ］

adj. （脸色）苍白的；暗淡的〈同 light colored, pallid〉

例　She looks pale and sick. 她看上去面色苍白，病恹恹的。

联　palette n. 调色板；颜料

pamphlet ［'pæmflɪt ］

n. 小册子〈同 brochure〉

例　The organization's goals are described in the pamphlet . 组织的目标写在小册子里了。

联　pamper vt. 纵容

panic ［'pænɪk ］

n. 恐慌〈同 alarm, fear〉

例　When the theater caught fire, there was a panic . 电影院着火引起了一场惊恐。

联　pan n. 平底锅；antic adj. 奇特的，滑稽可笑的；Hispanic adj. 西班牙的

parachute ［'pærəʃu:t ］

n. 降落伞

例　He jumped out of the airplane and opened his parachute . 他从飞机跳了下来，随即打开降落伞。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. When you have been ill, your face is sometimes ______.

7. The ______ aim of the proposal is to improve productivity, but the unions are worried that the result of it will be a cut in jobs.

8. They declared the tyrannical regime had been ______ and sued for peace.

9. I read some ______ about cooking.

10. The bad financial news caused a ______ in the stock market.

11. She was ______ with grief and remorse.

第二部分

parade ［pə'reɪd ］

n. 游行〈同 march, procession〉

例　A parade was held in New York to honor the heroes. 纽约举行了一场游行来纪念这些英雄。

paradise ［'pærədaɪs ］

n. 天堂〈同 heaven〉

例　The summer camp was a paradise for the children. 夏令营对孩子们来说是天堂。

paradox ［'pærədɒks ］

n. 似是而非，自相矛盾的话（或人）〈同 inconsistency〉

例　Mr. Cooper is a political paradox ; he's a staunch Republican who votes only for Democrats. 库珀先生在政治上是一个矛盾的人，他是一个坚定的共和党人，却只把选票投给民主党。

记　para（旁边）+ dox（观点）→ 不正规的观点 → 自相矛盾的话（或人）

联　orthodox adj. 规范的，合乎传统的；heterodox adj. 非正统的，异端的

paralyze ［'pærəlaɪz ］

vt. 使瘫痪，使麻痹〈同 benumb〉

例　A serious fall paralyzed Mary and put her in the hospital for a month. 玛丽严重跌伤瘫痪在床，在医院里躺了一个月。

记　para（旁边）+ lyze（分开）→ 使身体的一边分开 → 使瘫痪

联　paralysis n. 瘫痪

parcel ［'pɑ:sl ］

n. 包裹

例　The parcel was too big to fit in the car. 包裹太大了，没法塞进车里。

partition ［pɑ:'tɪʃən ］

n. 分割〈同 division〉

例　The partition of the courts resulted in a civil and criminal branch. 法院划分成民事法院和刑事法院。

vt. 隔开，分割〈同 divide〉

例　If we partition the kitchen off, it will make it seem as if we've got two separate rooms. 如果我们把厨房打上隔断，看起来似乎我们就有了两个独立的房间。

passport ［'pɑ:spɔ:t ］

n. 护照

例　You need to bring your passport when you want to apply for a visa. 如果你想申请签证的话，需要带上你的护照。

pastime ［'pɑ:staɪm ; (US)'pæstaɪm ］

n. 消遣，娱乐〈同 entertainment〉

例　Watching football in Brazil is a traditional family pastime . 在巴西，看足球是传统的家庭休闲方式。

pasture ［'pɑ:stʃə(r) ; (US)'pæstʃə(r) ］

n. 牧场，草地〈同 field, meadow〉

例　The rancher grazes 500 cattle in this pasture . 牧场主在这片草地上放牧了500头牛。

联　pastureland n. 牧草地，牧场；pastoral n. 牧歌，田园诗

patent ［'peɪtənt ; (US)'pætnt ］

n. 专利

例　Earlier this year, the company filed a patent on a genetically engineered tomato that remains firm longer than untreated tomatoes. 年初，公司给一种转基因西红柿申请了专利，这种西红柿比非转基因西红柿能存放更长时间。

vt. 取得…的专利权，申请专利〈同 license〉

例　She patented her new invention. 她为她的新发明申请了专利。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. ______ is grassland on which cattle, sheep or horses can feed.

13. How he can eat so much and remain thin is a ______.

14. A strike by transportation workers ______ the city.

15. The Berlin Wall ______ off East and West Berlin.

16. If you don't ______ your invention, other people may make all the profit from it.

17. Watching television at night is my favorite ______.

第三部分

pathetic ［pə'θetɪk ］

adj. 可怜的，悲惨的〈同 pitiful〉

例　The hungry homeless cat meowed in a pathetic way. 饥饿的流浪猫哀嚎着。

记　path（感情）+ etic → 引起怜悯的感情的 → 可怜的

联　apathy n. 无感情，冷淡；apathetic adj. 无感情的，冷淡的；sympathetic adj. 同情的

patient ［'peɪʃənt ］

n. 病人，患者

例　The nurse plotted the patient 's temperature on a chart over several days. 护士把病人这几天的体温标在了一个表格中。

adj. 忍耐的，耐心的

例　You have to be patient with him. He only just started working here. 你得对他耐心点儿，他刚来这儿工作。

联　patience n. 耐性，忍耐；impatient adj. 不耐烦的

patriotic ［ˌpætrɪ'ɒtɪk ; ˌpeɪtrɪ'ɒtɪk ］

adj. 爱国的〈同 nationalistic〉

例　It is patriotic to fulfil your responsibilities to your country. 履行对国家的责任是爱国的行为。

联　patriot n. 爱国者

patrol ［pə'trəʊl ］

v. 巡逻，巡视〈同 guard, watch〉

例　A night-watchman patrols the streets at night. 值夜班的警卫员夜间在街上巡逻。

联　patroller n. 巡警

pause ［pɔ:z ］

n./v. 暂停，中止，停顿〈同 make a temporary stop〉

例　Janet took advantage of the pause in the teacher's lecture, and finished her homework. 珍妮特利用老师讲课的间歇完成了家庭作业。

pave ［peɪv ］

vt. 铺设，为…铺路〈同 coat, cover〉

例　The workers paved the road with asphalt. 工人用沥青铺路。

联　pave the way for 为…铺平道路

peak ［pi:k ］

n. 山顶；最高点，顶端〈同 summit〉

例　The peak of the mountain is covered with snow. 山顶覆盖着雪。

pedal ［'pedəl ］

n. 踏板

例　The two pedals of a bicycle, pushed down one after the other, make it go. 把自行车的两个踏板交替着往下踩，车就可以前进了。

pedestrian ［pɪ'destrɪən ; (US)pə'destrɪən ］

n. 行人，步行者〈同 walker〉

例　Pedestrians have to watch for automobiles turning corners. 行人在转角处要注意机动车。

adj. 平淡无奇的，缺乏想像力的〈同 dull〉

例　She did not like the author's pedestrian style of writing. 她不喜欢作者缺乏想像力的写作风格。

记　ped（脚）+ estrian → 用脚走的人 → 行人

联　pedal n. 踏板；pedestal n. 基座；biped n. 两足动物；centipede n. 蜈蚣；impede vi. 阻止，妨碍；expedite vt. 加速，促进

peel ［pi:l ］

v. ① 削（或剥）…的皮

例　Peel a banana for the child. 剥一个香蕉给小孩吃。

② 剥落；脱皮

例　When I was sunburnt, my skin peeled . 我的皮肤被太阳晒伤，脱皮了。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. I don't doubt that a ______ can get places faster than a car in downtown traffic.

19. That was an era when many Americans felt it was their ______ duty to buy bonds to support the war effort.

20. Be ______; the bus will come soon.

21. The police ______ once every hour at midnight.

22. Homeless and unemployed, he was a ______ man.

23. Please ______ an apple for me.

第四部分

peer ［pɪə(r) ］

vi. 凝视，仔细看〈同 gaze〉

例　She peered at the tag to read the price. 她仔细看标签上的价格。

n. 同辈，同等的人〈同 fellow, companion〉

例　It has been found that left-handed people suffer more stress than their right-handed peers . 人们发现，习惯用左手的人要比习惯用右手的人压力更大。

联　peerless adj. 出类拔萃的，无可匹敌的

penalty ［'penəlti ］

n. 处罚，罚款；违约金〈同 punishment〉

例　The penalty for speeding is usually a fine. 对超速的处罚通常是罚款。

联　penal adj. 刑罚的，刑法上的；penalize vt. 处罚

pendulum ［'pendjʊləm ; (US)'penʤʊləm ］

n. 钟摆，摇锤

例　The pendulum in the grandfather clock swung back and forth. 落地座钟的钟摆摆来摆去。

peninsula ［pə'nɪnsjʊlə ; pə'nɪnsələ ］

n. 半岛

例　Italy is one of the world's most famous peninsulas . 意大利是世界上最著名的半岛之一。

pension ［'penʃən ］

n. 养老金，退休金〈同 annuity〉

例　Pensions are often paid because of long service, special merit or injuries received. 通常会由于多年的效力、特殊的功绩或受伤等原因而给当事人发放津贴。

记　pens（挂，引申为挂着钱）+ ion → 养老金

联　pretension n. 借口，自负；distension n. 膨胀，延伸；aspersion n. 诽谤，中伤

perception ［pə'sepʃən ］

n. 理解；感知，感觉〈同 understanding, sense〉

例　She had a clear perception of the problem, and soon solved it. 她很清楚问题所在，然后很快就解决了。

联　perceptive adj. 感知的，有洞察力的；conception n. 观念，概念；misconception n. 误解

perfect

［'pɜ:fɪkt ］adj. 完美的，理想的〈同 flawless, ideal〉

例　The dancer's performance was perfect. 那位舞蹈演员的表现很完美。

［pə'fekt ］vt. 使完美；使熟练〈同 refine, improve〉

例　The editor perfected the manuscript with his changes. 手稿经编辑修改之后变得完美了。

联　perfection n. 尽善尽美，完美

perform ［pə'fɔ:m ］

vt. ① 履行，执行〈同 handle, execute〉

例　He performed his regular duties quickly and quietly. 他总是既快又安静的履行他的职责。

② 表演，演出〈同 serve as, act as〉

例　Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight. 霍洛维兹今晚在卡内基音乐厅演出。

联　performance n. 履行，执行，表演，演奏；performer n. 表演者

perfume ［'pɜ:fju:m ］

n. 香味；香水〈同 scent, fragrance〉

例　She wore an absolutely delicious-smelling perfume . 她身上喷的香水味道很好闻。

periodic ［ˌpɪərɪ'ɒdɪk ］

adj. 周期的，定期的〈同 repeated, recurrent〉

例　Janet had periodic feelings of anxiety after she was deserted by her boyfriend. 被男朋友抛弃后，珍妮特总是间歇性焦虑。

联　period n. 时期，时代；periodical n. 期刊，杂志 adj. 周期的，定期的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. You need to ______ your English before going to England.

25. I would like to have ______ accounts of your progress, so that we can correct the problems if needed.

26. He will receive a ______ from the government when he retires.

27. What is your ______ of the economic needs of Africa?

28. The young manager gained the respect of his ______.

29. The ______ of the clock in my room is bear-shaped.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | pacific | A. continue
31. ______ | overt | B. aggressive
32. ______ | perfect | C. hell
33. ______ | peak | D. amusing
34. ______ | paradise | E. flawed
35. ______ | partition | F. treasonable
36. ______ | pause | G. bottom
37. ______ | panic | H. covert
38. ______ | patriotic | I. calm
39. ______ | pathetic | J. unification

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | peer | A. surface
41. ______ | periodic | B. disable
42. ______ | patrol | C. submerge suddenly
43. ______ | overwhelm | D. intermittent
44. ______ | pasture | E. comprehension
45. ______ | pave | F. go round to check
46. ______ | paralyze | G. contradiction
47. ______ | pale | H. look closely or carefully
48. ______ | paradox | I. without much color
49. ______ | perception | J. meadowland

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

penalty | peak | paradise | pave | pedestrian
parade | perform | parcel | painful | pause

50. The gymnast will ______ a triple somersault（翻筋斗）.

51. His idea of ______ is to spend the day lying on the beach.

52. After three days, the climber reached the ______ of the mountain.

53. Janet paid a ______ equal to 25% of the ticket price when she changed her flight plans.

54. After John broke his leg, it was ______ for him to walk.

55. She ______ for a while and then moved ahead.

56. He sent the ______ by post.

57. The military ______ was very big and you could see a lot of weapons.

58. After driving a bus all day, Bob liked to be a ______ and take long, casual walks in the evening.

59. The floor is ______ with marble stones.

参考答案

1. A
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. pale
7. overt
8. overthrown
9. pamphlets
10. panic
11. overwhelmed
12. Pasture
13. paradox
14. paralyzed
15. partitioned
16. patent
17. pastime
18. pedestrian
19. patriotic
20. patient
21. patrolled
22. pathetic
23. peel
24. perfect
25. periodic
26. pension
27. perception
28. peers
29. pendulum
30. B
31. H
32. E
33. G
34. C
35. J
36. A
37. I
38. F
39. D
40. H
41. D
42. F
43. C
44. J
45. A
46. B
47. I
48. G
49. E
50. perform
51. paradise
52. peak
53. penalty
54. painful
55. paused
56. parcel
57. parade
58. pedestrian
59. paved

Lesson 21

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. In the 1870's Alexander Graham Bell developed the first practicable telephone.

(A) feasible
(B) functional
(C) available

2. The major portion of writer Benjamin Brawley's work was in social criticism.

(A) goal
(B) subject
(C) part

3. The author's reasons for changing his novel are highly pertinent .

(A) imaginative
(B) unrealistic
(C) relevant

4. Bob ponders his future on graduation day.

(A) thinks deeply
(B) has to steal
(C) pawns

5. We are plagued by a gnawing（使人苦恼的）question.

(A) comforted
(B) placated
(C) bothered

第一部分

perish ［'perɪʃ ］

vi. 死亡；腐烂〈同 die〉

例　Many animals perished in the forest fire. 许多动物在这场森林大火中死亡。

记　per（消失）+ ish（去）→ 生命消失 → 死亡

联　perishable adj. （食物）易坏的

permeate ［'pɜ:mɪeɪt ］

vt. 弥漫；渗透，透过〈同 pervade, penetrate〉

例　The odor of frying onions permeated the air. 炸洋葱的气味弥散在空气里。

记　per（全部）+ mea（通过）+ te → 全部通过 → 渗透

联　permeable adj. 可渗透的；permeation n. 渗入

permission ［pə'mɪʃən ］

n. 许可，允许〈同 consent, approbation〉

例　She asked for permission to leave work early. 她请求早点下班。

联　permissive adj. 许可的，宽容的；permissible adj. 被允许的

perpetual ［pə'petjʊəl ］

adj. 不间断的，持续的；永久的，永恒的〈同 continual, eternal〉

例　After they stole the money, they lived in perpetual fear of being discovered and arrested. 偷了钱之后，他们一直过着提心吊胆的生活，生怕被发现并被逮捕。

记　per（始终）+ pet（追求）+ ual → 永远追求的 → 永久的

联　perpetuity n. 永恒；perpetuate vt. 使永存，使不朽；perpetrate vt. 犯（罪），做（坏事）

perplex ［pə'pleks ］

vt. 使迷惑，使困惑；难住〈同 baffle, confuse〉

例　The difficult math problem perplexed the students. 数学难题把学生们难住了。

联　perplexing adj. 使人困惑的，令人费解的；complex adj. 复杂的；duplex adj. 双重的

persistent ［pə'sɪstənt ］

adj. 坚持的，持久的〈同 tenacious, constant〉

例　His wife's persistent complaining is starting to annoy him. 他妻子没完没了的抱怨开始惹恼他了。

联　persistence n. 坚持不懈，持续

personality ［ˌpɜ:sə'nælɪti ］

n. 个性，性格；品格〈同 character〉

例　It is in his personality to help others. 乐于助人是他的品格。

联　personal adj. 私人的，个人的，亲自的；personable adj. 漂亮的

persuade ［pə'sweɪd ］

vt. 说服，劝说〈同 convince〉

例　No one could persuade Tom to stop playing computer games; he is already crazy. 没有人能说服汤姆停止玩电子游戏，他已经着魔了。

联　persuasion n. 说服，说服力；persuasive adj. 善于游说的

pertain ［pə'teɪn ］

vi. 有关，关于（to）〈同 have to do with〉

例　My question pertains to yesterday's homework. 我的问题是关于昨天的家庭作业的。

pertinent ［'pɜ:tɪnənt ; (US)'pɜ:tənənt ］

adj. 恰当的；相关的，切题的；中肯的〈同 relevant〉

例　In order to win the case, the lawyer must know all the pertinent details. 为了打赢官司，律师必须了解案子的全部相关细节。

记　per（始终）+ tin（拿住）+ ent → 始终拿在手里放不下 → 相关的

联　impertinent adj. 无礼的，粗鲁的，不相干的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. This problem is so difficult that it even ______ the teacher.

7. The smell of rotten eggs tends to ______ the kitchen.

8. He knew I should study, but he ______ me to go to the movies.

9. Many a person ______ in the intense earthquake.

10. Keep your remarks ______ and try to stick to the subject at hand.

11. The leader of the group must have a strong ______.

第二部分

pest ［pest ］

n. 害虫；令人讨厌的人或物〈同 nuisance〉

例　Flies and mosquitoes are pests . 苍蝇和蚊子属于害虫。

联　pesticide n. 杀虫剂

petition ［pə'tɪʃən ］

n./v. 请愿〈同 request〉

例　We need one hundred more signatures before we take the petition to the governor. 把这份请愿书递交给省长之前，我们还需要100人签名。

联　repetition n. 重复，循环；competition n. 竞争，竞赛

petty ［'peti ］

adj. 小的，不重要的〈同 trivial〉

例　Don't let petty disturbances upset you. 不要让小困惑烦扰你。

phenomena ［fɪ'nɒmɪnə ］

n. （pl. ）现象〈同 events, appearance〉

例　We kept careful records of the phenomena we noted in the course of these experiments. 我们坚持认真地记录实验过程中所见到的每一个现象。

联　phenomenally adv. 明白地，显著地

physiological ［ˌfɪzɪə'lɒʤɪkəl ］

adj. 生理学的；生理上的

例　To understand this disease fully, we must examine not only its physiological aspects but also its psychological elements. 为了更好地了解这种疾病，我们不仅要做生理方面的检查，也要做心理方面的检查。

联　physiology n. 生理学

picnic ［'pɪknɪk ］

n. 野餐

例　Today the weather is really nice; let's go for a picnic . 今天的天气很好，我们去野餐吧。

pierce ［pɪəs ］

vt. 穿透，戳穿〈同 penetrate〉

例　I pierced the paper with my pencil. 我用铅笔穿透了这张纸。

联　fierce adj. 凶残的；farce n. 闹剧；coerce vt. 强制，强迫

pill ［pɪl ］

n. 药片

例　He took a pill because he had a headache. 因为头疼，他服下一片药。

plague ［pleɪg ］

n. 瘟疫，灾祸〈同 epidemic, disease〉

例　The plague has killed millions through the centuries. 几个世纪以来，瘟疫夺去了数百万人的生命。

vt. 折磨，使苦恼；给…造成麻烦（或困难）〈同 afflict, bother〉

例　The construction work was plagued by the heavy rains. 施工因大雨而受阻。

记　plag（击，打）+ ue → 打倒人 → 瘟疫；折磨

plaster ［'plɑ:stə(r) ; (US)'plæstər ］

n. 灰泥，石膏

例　The plaster on the walls had cracked as it dried. 墙上的灰泥干裂了。

vt. 抹泥，涂〈同 smear〉

例　Her shoes were plastered with mud. 她的鞋上沾了一层泥。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Sarah got her ears ______ when she was 14, but now she doesn't like earrings.

13. The people on our street signed a ______ asking the city council for a new sidewalk.

14. The entire population of this village was wiped out by a deadly ______.

15. It started raining so we had to stop the ______.

16. The insecticide is supposed to kill all the ______ that attack the maize plants.

17. You should take vitamin ______ every day to stay healthy.

第三部分

plateau ［'plætəʊ ; (US)plæ'təʊ ］

n. 高地，高原〈同 highland, upland〉

例　The new airport will be constructed on a large plateau overlooking the capital. 新的机场将建在一片可以俯瞰整个首都的辽阔高原上。

plausible ［'plɔ:zɪbəl ］

adj. 好像有道理的，似乎真实的；善于花言巧语的〈同 likely〉

例　He had a plausible reason for being late, but I still did not believe him. 他对于迟到的解释貌似有理，但是我仍然不相信他。

记　plaus（鼓掌）+ ible → 值得鼓掌的 → 好像有道理的

联　plausibility n. 似乎有理；implausible adj. 不像真实的，难以置信的；applause n. 鼓掌欢迎；possible adj. 可能的

plea ［pli: ］

n. ① 恳求，请求〈同 request〉

例　The employees turned in a plea to their boss for higher pay. 员工恳求老板涨工资。

②（法庭中被告方的）抗辩，辩护〈同 appeal〉

例　Mr. Wilson entered a plea of not guilty. 威尔逊先生提出无罪辩护（不承认有罪）。

plead ［pli:d ］

v. ① 恳求〈同 beg〉

例　The writer pleaded for an extension on her deadline. 作家请求推迟截止日期。

②（指律师）（为…）申诉，（指律师）（为…）答辩〈同 answer〉

例　He ha d a good lawyer to plead his case. 他有个很好的律师为他的案子辩护。

联　pleat n. 衣服上的褶

pledge ［pleʤ ］

n. 保证，誓言〈同 promise, oath〉

例　They made a pledge to give money to charity. 他们承诺给慈善机构捐款。

vt. 发誓；保证〈同 vow〉

联　hedge n. 树篱，限制；dredge n. 挖泥船；wedge v. 楔入

poke ［pəʊk ］

v. 戳，捅〈同 thrust〉

例　She playfully poked her boyfriend in the ribs. 她开玩笑地戳了戳男朋友的肋骨。

联　poker n. 扑克牌

polar ［'pəʊlə(r) ］

adj. ① 极地（南极或北极）的〈同 of or near the North or South Pole〉

例　It is very cold in the polar regions. 极地非常寒冷。

② 对立的

例　Love and hatred are polar feelings or attitudes. 爱与恨是情感或者态度的两个极端。

联　polarize vt. 使两极分化；polar bear 北极熊

poll ［pəʊl ］

n. 选举投票；民意测验〈同 survey〉

例　The latest poll shows that ninety percent of the population likes pizza. 最新的民调显示，百分之九十的人喜欢吃比萨饼。

ponder ［'pɒndə(r) ］

v. 深思，思考〈同 reflect, consider carefully〉

例　Let's ponder the problem and not act hastily. 让我们仔细考虑这个问题，不要匆忙行动。

记　pond（重量）+ er → 掂重量 → 思考

联　ponderous adj. 沉重的，笨重的

porous ［'pɔ:rəs ］

adj. 可渗透的，多孔的〈同 permeable〉

例　The porous sponge quickly soaked up the water. 多孔海绵很快就吸干了水分。

记　por（孔）+ ous → 多孔的

联　pore n. 毛孔；pole n. （南、北）极，磁极，电极；tadpole n. 蝌蚪

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The class had a ______ to decide where it would have its picnic.

19. ______ to discovering the facts, the journalist began to dig up new evidence for his readers.

20. Cloth is ______. Aluminum is not.

21. She ______ me in the waist with her elbow.

22. The ancient mountain had long ago eroded down to a ______.

23. Her ______ to keep the house she was living in went unanswered.

第四部分

portion ［'pɔ:ʃən ］

n. 一部分，部分〈同 part, section〉

例　I am satisfied with a portion of the manuscript, not all. 我对部分手稿很满意，并不是对全部都满意。

联　apportion vt. 分配

portray ［pɔ:'treɪ ］

vt. 描述；绘制〈同 describe, depict〉

例　The book portrays the actor as a selfish person. 这本书把这位演员描写成一个自私的人。

联　portrayal n. 描画，描写

pose ［pəʊz ］

vt. 形成，引起〈同 cause〉

例　The rising pollution poses a great health hazard. 日益严重的污染对身体健康造成了巨大的危害。

n. 姿势，姿态〈同 posture〉

例　His interest in books was only a pose to get her attention. 他喜欢书只是装模作样，为了吸引她注意而已。

联　posture n. （身体的）姿势，体态

possession ［pə'zeʃən ］

n. 拥有，占有；财产〈同 ownership, property〉

例　You are fired now. So you should collect all your possessions and leave now. 你已经被解雇了。请你带上私人物品马上离开。

poster ［'pəʊstə(r) ］

n. 海报，招贴〈同 placard〉

例　We noticed a poster advertising a circus. 我们注意到了一张马戏团的宣传海报。

postulate ［'pɒstjʊleɪt ］

vt. 要求；假定〈同 assume〉

例　Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct. But some theories postulate that changes in geography, climate and sea levels were responsible. 科学家还不清楚为什么恐龙会灭绝。但是有些理论假定这与地理因素、气候条件和海平面的变化有关。

记　postul（放）+ ate → 放出观点 → 假定

practicable ［'præktɪkəbəl ］

adj. 行得通的，可以实行的〈同 feasible〉

例　The board of directors decided that the plan was practicable and agreed to undertake the project. 董事会认定计划是可行的，同意实施这个项目。

practical ［'præktɪkəl ］

adj. 实际的，实践的；实用的〈同 pragmatic, useful〉

例　He w as a practical man, opposed to theory. 他是一个实干的人，不是理论派。

联　practicality n. 实用性；impractical adj. 不切实际的；practically adv. 实际上，几乎，简直

prayer ［'preə(r) ］

n. 祈祷，诉求〈同 supplication〉

例　Prayer can be helpful in times of trouble. 在遇到困难的时候，祈祷是有用的。

联　pray v. 祈祷，恳求

preach ［pri:tʃ ］

v. 布道；鼓吹〈同 advocate〉

例　Our local priest preached a sermon on the need for forgiveness. 我们本地的牧师在布道中说明互相原谅的必要性。

联　preacher n. 传教士

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Smoking ______ a serious health hazard.

25. The wise guru（领袖，权威）______ humility and moderation to his disciples.

26. Scientists ______ that computers will one day think like the human brain.

27. The novel ______ the growth of a soldier.

28. A ______ is a large printed sheet or notice put up on a wall.

29. There are totally 12 persons; let me divide the cake into 12 ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | porous | A. inconstant
31. ______ | perpetual | B. refusal
32. ______ | petty | C. irrelevant
33. ______ | plausible | D. dissuade
34. ______ | persuade | E. impervious
35. ______ | perish | F. unbelievable
36. ______ | permission | G. enlighten
37. ______ | pertinent | H. intermittent
38. ______ | persistent | I. endure
39. ______ | perplex | J. major

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. In a 1983 newspaper poll , Ann Landers, an advice columnist, was listed among the twenty-five most influential women in the United States.

(A) survey
(B) article
(C) headline

41. Accountants record all information pertaining to the economic aspects of an organization's activities.

(A) submitted to
(B) associated with
(C) limiting

42. Neon lights（霓虹灯）are utilized in airport beacons because they can permeate fog.

(A) pass through
(B) transmit
(C) suspend

43. Although plagued with injuries, Sabrina Mar won the all-around Championship in Gymnastics at the 1987 Pan-American Games.

(A) recovering from
(B) afflicted by
(C) fighting off

44. George Washington Carver discovered hundreds of practical applications for the peanut, the sweet potato and the soybean.

(A) innovative
(B) useful
(C) potential

45. A seed planted in the sensitive lining（内层）of an oyster begins a perpetual coating process that forms a pearl.

(A) total
(B) annual
(C) continual

46. In 1954 Congress gave permission for United States participation in the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway.

(A) concessions
(B) funds
(C) consent

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
47. ______ | persuade | A. stance
48. ______ | personality | B. plea
49. ______ | practicable | C. opposite in character
50. ______ | pose | D. convince
51. ______ | plead | E. swear
52. ______ | petition | F. presume
53. ______ | pledge | G. nature
54. ______ | postulate | H. be related
55. ______ | pertain | I. workable
56. ______ | polar | J. request

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

prayer | plead | permission | persistent
ponder | plausible | possession |

57. She sat back in her chair for a few minutes to ______ her next move in the game.

58. My sister gave me her ______ to use her camera.

59. She always says her ______ before she goes to sleep.

60. When the rent was due, the poor family ______ for more time.

61. Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a ______ dry cough.

62. That woman is so poor. She has no ______, other than what is in this bag.

63. It is not ______ that he wrote that essay without any help, because he only graduated from high school.

参考答案

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. perplexed
7. permeate
8. persuaded
9. perished
10. pertinent
11. personality
12. pierced
13. petition
14. plague
15. picnic
16. pests
17. pills
18. poll
19. Pledged
20. porous
21. poked
22. plateau
23. plea
24. poses
25. preached
26. postulate
27. portrays
28. poster
29. portions
30. E
31. H
32. J
33. F
34. D
35. I
36. B
37. C
38. A
39. G
40. A
41. B
42. A
43. B
44. B
45. C
46. C
47. D
48. G
49. I
50. A
51. J
52. B
53. E
54. F
55. H
56. C
57. ponder
58. permission
59. prayers
60. pleaded
61. persistent
62. possessions
63. plausible

Lesson 22

音频

预备测验

1. Man is prone to error, even though he'd like to think he's infallible.

(A) lying down
(B) averse
(C) disposed

2. The predominant activities in rural societies are those that involve the production of food and raw materials.

(A) principal
(B) predictable
(C) necessary

3. The dental work made a profound change in her appearance.

(A) thorough
(B) provocative
(C) proper

4. In the late 1800's, landscape painting in Canada became increasingly influenced by European prototypes .

(A) subjects
(B) preferences
(C) models

5. According to a belief prevalent in many places, the number“13”means bad luck.

(A) held sacred
(B) broadly accepted
(C) documented

第一部分

precipitate ［prɪ'sɪpɪteɪt ］

vt. 促成；加速〈同 urge, accelerate〉

例　His failure in stock speculation precipitated his ruin. 证券投机的失败使他一下破了产。

记　pre（提前）+ cipit（落下）+ ate → 提前落下 → 加速

联　precipitous adj. 陡峭的，急躁的；precipitant adj. 仓促的；precipice n. 悬崖

preclude ［prɪ'klu:d ］

vt. 预先排除，使不可能〈同 prevent〉

例　Retiring members of the Board were precluded from seeking reelection for three years. 董事会的退休成员在三年之内不能重新参加竞选。

记　pre（预先）+ clude（关闭）→ 提前关掉 → 预先排除

联　preclusion n. 排除；preclusive adj. 排除的；precocious adj. 早熟的；prelude n. 前奏，序幕；exclude vt. 把…排除在外；seclude vt. 隔离

predecessor ［'pri:dɪsesə(r) ; (US)'predəsesər ］

n. 前辈，前任〈同 forerunner〉

例　George VI was the predecessor of Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ. 伊丽莎白女王二世的前任是乔治六世。

联　antecedent n. 先例；ancestor n. 祖先，祖宗；predate vt. 在日期上早于，居先

predominant ［prɪ'dɒmɪnənt ］

adj. 支配的，主要的〈同 principal, dominant〉

例　The United States is one of the predominant nations in the world today. 美国是当今世界的主要国家之一。

pregnant ［'pregnənt ］

adj. 怀孕的

例　She took a leave of absence because she was pregnant . 因为怀孕，她休假了。

premature ［ˌpremə'tʃʊə(r) ; (US)ˌpri:mə'tʊər ］

adj. 早熟的，不成熟的；过早的〈同 too soon, too early〉

例　A fire in the gallery caused the premature closing of the exhibition. 由于画廊起火，画展过早结束。

记　pre（…前的）+ mature（成熟的）→ 早熟的

联　premedical adj. 医学预科的；premeditate v. 预谋，预先考虑

premise ［'premɪs ］

n. 假设，前提〈同 assumption〉

例　If you accept the premise that most children like sugar, you'll understand why sweets are so popular. 如果你接受大多数小孩都喜欢吃糖这个前提，你就会明白为什么糖果这么受欢迎了。

记　pre + mise（协定，协约）→ 之前定好的协约 → 前提

premium ［'prɪ:mɪəm ］

n. ① 奖金；奖励〈同 prize〉

例　There's a high premium placed on honesty in these times. 当今时代，人们非常重视诚实。

② 保险金

例　I pay premiums on my life insurance four times a year. 我一年要缴纳四次人寿保险费。

preservative ［prɪ'zɜ:vətɪv ］

n. 防腐剂

例　Morticians use preservatives to keep bodies from decaying. 殡仪业者使用防腐剂避免遗体腐烂。

记　来自 preserve，pre（预先）+ serve（保存）→ 保存

联　preserve vt. 保护，保藏；perverse adj. 倔强的，刚愎自用的；reserve v. （旅馆房间等）预订，预约

preside ［prɪ'zaɪd ］

vi. 主持；负责〈同 head〉

例　The manager presides over the business of this store. 经理主管这个店铺的业务。

联　president n. 总统，校长

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The marathon runner's departure from the race was ______.

7. Salt is a ______ for meat.

8. News of possible devaluation of the pound ______ furious financial trading.

9. Tony will be ______ over the meeting today and will answer some questions.

10. The research project is based on the ______ stated earlier.

11. A rain shower will ______ plans for a picnic.

第二部分

pressure ［'preʃə(r) ］

n. 压力；压迫〈同 stress, tension〉

例　He began to feel the pressure soon after he took the job. 他接受那份工作以后马上就感觉到了压力。

prestige ［pre'sti:ʒ ］

n. 威望，声望〈同 fame〉

例　The wealthy man sought to obtain social prestige through contributions to popular charities. 那个富人力求通过为慈善事业做贡献来获得社会威望。

联　prestigious adj. 有名望的，有威信的

presume ［prɪ'zju:m ; (US)prɪ'zu:m ］

vt. 假定，假设，认为〈同 assume〉

例　Don't presume the results till you have all the facts. 不要推测结果，除非你知道了所有的事实真相。

联　presumably adv. 据推测，大概，可能；presumptuous adj. 专横的

pretext ［'pri:tekst ］

n. 借口，托辞〈同 excuse, pretense〉

例　The United States often meddles in other countries' affairs using human rights as a pretext . 美国经常以人权为借口干涉别国事务。

记　pre（预先）+ text（文字）→ 预先的文章 → 借口

联　context n. 上下文，文章的前后关系

prevalent ［'prevələnt ］

adj. 普遍的；流行的〈同 common, prevailing〉

例　Colds and flu threaten to be unusually prevalent this winter. 似乎今年冬天得伤风和流感的人会更多。

记　pre（前面）+ val（力量）+ ent → 有走在前面的力量 → 流行的

联　prevalence n. 流行；valiant adj. 勇敢的，英勇的；equivalent adj. 相等的

prey ［preɪ ］

n. 被掠食者，牺牲者；捕食〈同 victim〉

例　Mice and birds are the prey of cats. 老鼠和鸟是猫的猎物。

vi. 捕食，掠夺〈同 hunt〉

例　Hawks prey on small birds. 鹰捕食小鸟。

联　osprey n. 鱼鹰

prick ［prɪk ］

v. 刺，戳

例　I got pricked when I tried to pick the rose. 我试着摘玫瑰的时候被刺伤了。

priority ［praɪ'ɒrɪti ; (US)praɪ'ɔ:rɪti ］

n. 优先，优先权〈同 preference〉

例　Being healthy is a top priority to everybody. 身体健康对每个人来说都是最重要的。

privacy ［'prɪvəsi ］

n. 独处而不受干扰；隐私〈同 seclusion, secrecy〉

例　The new law is designed to protect people's privacy . 新法的目的是保护人们的隐私权。

联　private adj. 私人的，私有的，秘密的

probe ［prəʊb ］

vi. 调查，查究〈同 detect, find out〉

例　A detective probes into the circumstances of murder. 侦探调查犯罪现场。

记　prob（测试，证明）+ e → 调查

联　lobe n. 耳垂；wardrobe n. 衣橱，全部服装

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He needed a ______ to be in the gym during class time.

13. You need to ______ a hole in the bag to let the air out.

14. The law ______ innocence until guilt is proven.

15. Fire engines and ambulances have ______ over other traffic.

16. The bridge collapsed under the ______ of the trucks.

17. After ______ into the scientist's theory, we proved it was correct.

第三部分

process ［'prəʊses ; (US)'prɑ:ses ］

n. 过程〈同 procedure〉

例　He is learning the process for baking bread. 他在学习烘焙面包的工序。

vt. 处理，加工〈同 treat〉

例　These materials are to be processed before they can be used. 这些材料在使用之前要经过加工。

联　procession n. （游行）队伍

proclaim ［prə'kleɪm ］

vt. 声明，宣告〈同 declare, announce〉

例　The senator proclaimed that he would seek reelection. 参议员宣布他将参加连任竞选。

联　proclamation n. 宣布；clamor n. 喧闹，叫嚷；acclaim n./v. 喝彩，欢呼；declaim v. 演讲，高声朗读；exclaim v. 呼喊，惊叫

productive ［prə'dʌktɪv ］

adj. 多产的，丰饶的；有成果的〈同 fruitful, having good results〉

例　Efforts t o resolve the dispute were very productive . 解决争议的努力很有成效。

记　来自名词 product（产物，产品）：pro（向前）+ duct（引导，带来）+ ive → 引出东西的 → 有成果的

联　productivity n. 生产力；conductive adj. 传导的；seductive adj. 诱人的；deductive adj. 推论的

profession ［prə'feʃən ］

n. 职业；专业〈同 vocation〉

例　Now that he has quit his old job he must find a new profession . 既然他已经辞职了，他就必须重新找工作。

proficient ［prə'fɪʃənt ］

adj. 熟练的，精通的〈同 skilled, expert〉

例　It takes a couple of years of regular driving before you become proficient at it. 你需要花几年的时间经常开车才能使驾驶技术变得熟练。

记　pro（在前）+ fici（做）+ ent → 能在别人前面做的 → 熟练的

联　proficiency n. 熟练，精通；sufficient adj. 足够的；deficient adj. 缺乏的；efficient adj. 有效率的

profile ［'prəʊfaɪl ］

n. 剖面，侧面；轮廓；概况，传略〈同 outline, contour〉

例　This article depicts a profile of a famous painter. 这篇文章简要介绍了这位有名的画家。

profitable ［'prɒfɪtəbəl ］

adj. ① 有利润的，赚钱的〈同 lucrative〉

例　Computer programming can be a profitable profession . 电脑程序设计是一个挣钱的职业。

② 有益的〈同 valuable〉

例　His volunteer work in the hospital was a profitable experience. 他在医院所做的志愿工作是一种有益的经验。

profound ［prə'faʊnd ］

例　We should take the problem of pollution very seriously, because it may have a profound effect on the earth's atmosphere. 我们应该认真对待污染问题，因为它会对地球环境产生深远影响。

联　profoundly adv. 深深地，衷心地

project

［'prɒʤekt ］n. 计划，方案〈同 plan〉

例　Less and less money is being put into scientific research projects . 投入到科研项目的资金越来越少。

［prə'ʤekt ］vi. 投射；发射（导弹等）〈同 throw〉

例　Motion pictures are projected on the screen. 电影被投射在屏幕上。

prolong ［prə'lɒŋ ; (US)prəʊ'lɔ:ŋ ］

vt. 拖长，延长〈同 extend, lengthen〉

例　She prolonged her visit for another day due to the rain. 由于下雨，她将行程延长了一天。

记　pro（向前）+ long（长）→ 拖长

联　prolongation n. 延长；longevity n. 长命，寿命；elongate v. 拉长，（使）伸长

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The ______ of rebuilding the city center will take a long time.

19. He is very ______ at what he does, but I don't think he can do much else.

20. The snowstorm ______ their stay for two more days.

21. We spent a ______ afternoon in the library because we read a lot.

22. The ringing bells ______ the coming of the new year.

23. The tree ______ a shadow on the grass.

第四部分

promising ［'prɒmɪsɪŋ ］

adj. 有前途的，有希望的〈同 encouraging, hopeful〉

例　The young pianist has a great deal of talent and is very promising . 这位年轻的钢琴家很有天分，也很有前途。

联　unpromising adj. 无前途的，没有希望的；compromise n./v. 妥协，折中

prone ［prəʊn ］

adj. 易于…的；倾向于…的〈同 likely, inclined〉

例　He is a child prone to mischief. 他是一个爱搞恶作剧的小孩。

propagate ［'prɒpəgeɪt ］

vt. ① 繁殖〈同 raise, reproduce〉

例　Many plants propagate themselves using the wind to carry their seeds. 许多植物通过风来传播自己的种子。

② 散布，传播〈同 spread, disperse〉

例　In a free society it is intrinsic that individuals and groups have the inherent right to propagate ideas and try to win converts. 在自由社会，个人和团体都有权传播教义和争取信徒。

记　pro + pag（砍，切）+ ate → 把树的旁枝剪掉使主干生长 → 繁殖

联　propagator n. 传播者；propaganda n. 宣传

propel ［prə'pel ］

vt. 推进，促进〈同 push〉

例　The rocket was propelled into space from the launching point. 火箭在发射点发射升空。

记　pro（向前）+ pel（推）→ 推进

联　propeller n. 推进器；compel vt. 强迫，迫使；expel vt. 驱逐，开除；impel vt. 推动，激励；repel vt. 击退，抵制，使厌恶

proper ［'prɒpə(r) ］

adj. 恰当的，得体的〈同 right, appropriate〉

例　There is a proper technique for using chopsticks. 使用筷子有独特的技巧。

联　property n. 财产，所有物，性质，特性

prophet ［'prɒfɪt ］

n. 先知；预言者，提倡者〈同 predictor〉

例　The prophet is Mohammed, the man who made Islam known to the world through the Koran. 先知穆罕默德通过《古兰经》使伊斯兰教为世界所知。

联　prophesy v. 预言，预报

proposition ［ˌprɒpə'zɪʃən ］

n. 提议，主张〈同 offer, suggestion〉

例　The manager presented a proposition to buy several smaller businesses. 经理提议并购几个小公司。

联　propose v. 建议；proposal n. 建议，提议；position n. 位置

prospective ［prə'spektɪv ］

adj. 预期的〈同 future, expected〉

例　Margaret was not sure whether to marry her prospective husband or not. 玛格丽特不确定是否要嫁给她未来的丈夫。

联　prospect n. 景色，前景，前途

prosper ［'prɒspə(r) ］

vi. 繁荣，成功

例　Their business began to prosper when they moved to their new location. 他们搬到新址以后，生意变得红火了。

记　pro（前面）+ sper（希望）→ 希望在前 → 繁荣，成功

联　prosperity n. 繁荣；prosperous adj. 繁荣的

prototype ［'prəʊtətaɪp ］

n. 原型〈同 model, archetype〉

例　She was the prototype for the character in his novel. 她是他这本小说中人物的原型。

记　proto（首先）+ type（形状）→ 首先的形状 → 原型

联　protocol n. 草案，协议；stereotype n. 【印】铅版，老套

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Night is the ______ time to sleep.

25. His greed of money ______ him into the world of illegal activities.

26. NASA（美国国家航空和航天局）tested numerous ______ of orbital spacecraft before the shuttle was built.

27. The government tried to ______ the belief that this is a decent war.

28. He has been weak since childhood and is ______ to illness.

29. The ______ told people about the arrival of Jesus.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | prevalent | A. unskilled
31. ______ | profound | B. incorrect
32. ______ | productive | C. decline
33. ______ | proficient | D. rare
34. ______ | predecessor | E. abbreviate
35. ______ | propel | F. unlikely
36. ______ | prosper | G. successor
37. ______ | prolong | H. inhibit
38. ______ | prone | I. sterile
39. ______ | proper | J. superficial

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | predominant | A. moneymaking
41. ______ | premium | B. proposal
42. ______ | propagate | C. investigate
43. ______ | profitable | D. strain
44. ______ | probe | E. important
45. ______ | precipitate | F. presupposition
46. ______ | premis. | G. money paid for insurance
47. ______ | proposition | H. prospective
48. ______ | promising | I. bring about suddenly
49. ______ | pressure | J. breed

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

prosper | profession | proper | prevalent | prestige
pregnant | prey | privacy | productive | predecessor

50. Her ______ rose when her classmates learned that she got the highest grade on the exam.

51. Colds are ______ in the winter.

52. — What is your ______?

— I am a teacher.

53. My ______ had worked in this job for twelve years before I replaced him.

54. My roommate and I stayed in separate rooms because we both liked ______.

55. The medical center gives advice and prenatal（产前的）care to ______ women.

56. Her health has ______ since she started exercising.

57. Jumping spiders have excellent eyesight and can see their ______ from a distance twenty times their own length.

58. In order to turn the deserts into fertile and ______ land, engineers built an 800-mile canal.

59. When parents abuse alcohol, they are not sending the ______ message to their children.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. premature
7. preservative
8. precipitated
9. presiding
10. premise
11. preclude
12. pretext
13. prick
14. presumes
15. priority
16. pressure
17. probing
18. process
19. proficient
20. prolonged
21. profitable
22. proclaimed
23. projects
24. proper
25. propelled
26. prototypes
27. propagate
28. prone
29. prophet
30. D
31. J
32. I
33. A
34. G
35. H
36. C
37. E
38. F
39. B
40. E
41. G
42. J
43. A
44. C
45. I
46. F
47. B
48. H
49. D
50. prestige
51. prevalent
52. profession
53. predecessor
54. privacy
55. pregnant
56. prospered
57. prey
58. productive
59. proper

Lesson 23

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Many people who are colorblind cannot recognize different hues of red and green.

(A) distinguish
(B) reproduce
(C) coordinate

2. Fear of pirate（海盗）raids caused the Spaniards to fortify their coastline.

(A) invasions
(B) ships
(C) arms

3. Many statistics related to the economy are published quarterly .

(A) every month
(B) every three months
(C) twice a year

4. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston provoked a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.

(A) demanded
(B) elicited
(C) expedited

5. In astronomy the Little Dipper is the figure formed by the seven most radiant stars in the constellation Ursa Minor.

(A) fascinating
(B) brilliant
(C) visible

第一部分

provoke ［prə'vəʊk ］

vt. 激怒；惹起〈同 irritate, cause〉

例　He provoked her with his endless complaining. 他无休止的抱怨终于激怒了她。

联　provoking adj. 激怒人的，刺激人的；provocative adj. 煽动的；provocation n. 激怒，挑拨，刺激；convoke vt. 召集；evoke vt. 唤起，引起

proximity ［prɒk'sɪmɪti ］

n. 接近〈同 closeness〉

例　The house is in close proximity to the shops and the station, so its rent is quite high. 房子离商店和车站非常近，所以房租很高。

记　proxim（近处）+ ity → 接近

联　proximate adj. 最接近的，直接的；approximate adj. 大约的；approximation n. 接近，近似；vicinity n. 邻近，接近

publicity ［pʌb'lɪsɪti ］

n. 公开，宣传〈同 advertisement〉

例　Bad publicity hurts the mayor's chances for reelection. 负面报道影响了市长获得连任的机会。

记　public（公开的）+ ity → 公开，宣传

联　publicize vt. 宣扬，公布；publicly adv. 公然地；publication n. 出版物

purify ［'pjʊərɪfaɪ ］

vt. 提纯，精练〈同 refine, clean〉

例　Stream water should always be purified before drinking. 溪水在饮用之前要净化。

联　purification n. 纯化，净化；purity n. 纯净，纯度

pursuit ［pə'sju:t ;(US)pə'su:t ］

n. ① 追求；职业〈同 profession〉

例　Fishing is her favorite pursuit ; reading is mine. 钓鱼是她最喜欢的消遣，阅读是我最喜欢的。

② 追踪，追捕〈同 chase〉

例　Three people have been killed in high-speed pursuits by the police recently. 最近有三个人在警察的高速追击中死亡。

联　pursue vt. 追赶，追随，追求

qualification ［ˌkwɒlɪfɪ'keɪʃən ］

n. 资格，条件〈同 prerequisite〉

例　You're wasting your time applying for that job, because you lack the proper qualifications . 你申请这份工作是在浪费时间，因为你没有从业资格。

联　qualify v. （使）具有资格，证明合格

quantify ［'kwɒntɪfaɪ ］

vt. 量化，确定数量

例　It's difficult to quantify how many people will be affected by the change in the law. 法律修改以后，很难计算出有多少人会受到影响。

联　quantitative adj. 定量的，数量的

quarterly ［'kwɔ:təli ］

adv. 每季地

例　I pay my insurance premiums quarterly . 我的保险费是季付的。

queer ［kwɪə(r) ］

adj. 奇怪的，古怪的〈同 strange, unusual〉

例　Her behavior was so queer everyone wondered what was wrong. 她的行为举止很奇怪，每个人都想知道发生了什么事。

quench ［kwentʃ ］

vt. ① 熄灭〈同 extinguish, put out〉

例　Water quenched the fire. 水浇灭了火。

② 解渴〈同 slake〉

例　It takes more than a soda to quench my thirst on hot days. 在大热天，一瓶碳酸饮料无法让我解渴。

联　blench vi. 退缩；clench v. 紧握；trench n. 壕沟；stench n. 恶臭

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. You'll never get a good job if you don't have any ______.

7. The best way to generate ______ is to appear on television.

8. They were born in close ______ to each other and they always play together.

9. He is a very good worker. I can't ______ his importance.

10. Don't ______ the dog or it will bite you.

11. The magazine will be published ______, meaning four times a year.

第二部分

quest ［kwest ］

n. 寻找，探索〈同 search, expedition〉

例　The New York University research team is collaborating with the Department of Health in its quest for a cure for arthritis. 纽约大学的研究团队正和卫生部合作，一起探寻治疗关节炎的方法。

记　question（问题）去掉 ion 成为 quest → 寻找问题的答案 → 寻找

联　questionable adj. 可疑的；unquestionably adv. 无疑地，无可非议的；request n./vt. 请求，要求；bequest n. 遗产，遗赠；sequester vt. 使隐退，使隔绝

questionable ［'kwestʃənəbəl ］

adj. ① 不确定的〈同 unsure, uncertain〉

例　It's still questionable as to whether or not I'll have the report done on time. 我能否按时完成报告还是一个问题。

② 可疑的，靠不住的〈同 dubious〉

例　I don't trust him. His motives are questionable . 我不相信他。他的动机有问题。

questionnaire ［ˌkwestʃə'neə(r) ］

n. 调查表，问卷

例　A questionnaire is a written or printed list of questions used to gather information, to obtain a sampling of opinions. 调查问卷是指手写或者打印的问题清单，用于收集信息或一些意见的样本。

queue ［kju: ］

n. 长队，长列〈同 procession〉

例　If you want tickets you'll have to join the queue at the ticket office. 如果你想买票，那么你必须在售票处排队。

quiver ［'kwɪvə(r) ］

n./v. （使）颤抖〈同 shake, tremble〉

例　The dog quivered with fear when strangers came to the house. 一看见陌生人往家这边走来，狗就害怕得发抖。

radiant ［'reɪdɪənt ］

adj. （向四面八方）发光的；容光焕发的；喜形于色的〈同 ablaze, brilliant, delighted〉

例　In autumn, the mountains surrounding Beijing are radiant with shades of red, yellow and orange. 在秋天，北京周围的山笼罩着红色、黄色和橘色。

记　radi（光线，射线）+ ant →（向四面八方）发光的

联　radiate v. 辐射，发光（热）；radiance n. 光辉灿烂，容光焕发；radius n. 半径，范围

radiate ［'reɪdɪeɪt ］

v. 发光；放射；辐射〈同 spread out, effuse〉

例　The sun radiates light and heat. 太阳释放出光和热。

联　radiation n. 辐射，发光，放热

radical ［'rædɪkəl ］

adj. 根本的；激进的〈同 thorough or complete, drastic〉

例　The American Revolution was not a radical one, but a gradual evolution. 美国独立战争不是一场激进的、彻底的革命，而是一种渐进的发展演变。

记　radic（根）+ al → 根本的

联　radically adv. 根本上；sporadically adv. 偶发地，零星地；eradicate vt. 根除

rage ［reɪʤ ］

n. ① 时尚，风靡一时的事物〈同 fashion, vogue〉

例　By the 1930's, jazz music was the rage . 到20世纪30年代，爵士乐风靡一时。

② 大怒，情绪激动〈同 violent anger〉

例　I was frightened because I had never seen him in such a rage before. 我从来都没有看到他这么愤怒过，这让我很害怕。

联　outrage vt. 凌辱，引起…义愤；enrage vt. 激怒；mirage n. 海市蜃楼，幻想；forage n. 草料

raid ［reɪd ］

n. 袭击〈同 invasion, attack〉

例　Thousands were killed in the air raids on London. 伦敦遭到空袭，数千人死亡。

联　braid vt. 编织

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The ______ is too long, let's come back later.

13. It was a ______ decision for him to leave home and join the army.

14. A ______ of his mouth showed that he was about to cry.

15. Three persons were arrested in a police drug ______.

16. A greedy man's ______ for gold never ends.

17. A ______ smile lit the face of the young girl when she opened her present.

第三部分

rally ［'ræli ］

v. 召集，集合；恢复〈同 unite, combine〉

例　We rallied together to save our leader from prison. 我们团结起来，把首领从监狱里救出来。

记　可能来自 ally（联合，联盟），r + ally → 集合

联　dally vi. 慢吞吞地做，浪费时间；tally v. （使）符合，（使）吻合 n. 记分

random ［'rændəm ］

adj. 任意的，随便的〈同 haphazard〉

例　The police were stopping cars at random and checking their brakes. 警察随机拦下汽车，检查其刹车是否有问题。

ray ［reɪ ］

n. 光线〈同 beam, light〉

例　A ray of light came in through the hole in the wall. 一缕光从墙洞里穿过。

联　fray vt. 使磨损；foray n. 袭击；tray n. 碟，盘子；array n. 编队，大批；betray vt. 出卖，背叛；spray vt. 喷射，喷溅

readily ［'redɪli ］

adv. 容易地；欣然地，乐意地〈同 easily, willingly〉

例　These snakes can be readily identified. 这些蛇一眼就能辨别出来。

realistic ［ˌrɪə'lɪstɪk ］

adj. 现实（主义 ）的〈同 pragmatic〉

例　Set realistic goals and work hard to achieve them. 设定几个现实的目标，再努力去实现它们。

联　realism n. 现实主义；reality n. 真实，事实

realization ［ˌrɪəlaɪ'zeɪʃən ］

n. 实现；意识〈同 fulfillment, awareness〉

例　He finally bought his own house. That was the realization of his dream. 他终于买了一套属于自己的房子，这让他梦想成真。

reap ［ri:p ］

vt. 收割，收获；获得〈同 harvest, gain〉

例　Farmers sow in the spring and reap in the fall. 农民在春天播种，秋天收割。

recession ［rɪ'seʃən ］

n. 萧条时期，（经济）衰退〈同 depression〉

例　Slow growth in the early 1900's, linked with rising unemployment, led many experts to declare a recession . 20世纪头十年，经济增长放缓，加上失业率上升，使许多专家宣布经济进入衰退期。

记　re（反）+ cess（走）+ ion → 反着走的时候 → 萧条时期

联　recessive adj. 隐性遗传的，逆行的；regression n. 衰退

recipe ［'resɪpi ］

n. 食谱；处方〈同 formula, instructions〉

例　I have a book full of recipes for curry. 我有一本做咖喱饭菜的食谱。

reciprocal ［rɪ'sɪprəkəl ］

adj. 相应的；相互的〈同 in return, mutual〉

例　She gave me a present, but she expected no reciprocal gift from me. 她给了我一件礼物，但是她不期望我回赠她。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Jobs are scarce during ______.

19. The opinion poll was based on a ______ sample of adults, so I believe the result is quite representative.

20. The ______ says you need four eggs and 250 grams of chocolate.

21. I like ______ paintings that depict nature exactly as it appears.

22. The general ______ his forces to defend the town.

23. He hoped to ______ the profits of his investments in one year.

第四部分

reckless ［'reklɪs ］

adj. 轻率的，鲁莽的〈同 careless〉

例　Mark had his license suspended for reckless driving. 马克因为野蛮驾驶被吊销驾照。

reckon ［'rekən ］

vt. 约略地计算；估计，猜想〈同 compute, guess〉

例　John was absent for the first time, so the teacher reckoned he was sick. 约翰第一次缺勤，老师估计他是生病了。

reclaim ［rɪ'kleɪm ］

vt. 开垦；要求归还，收回

例　The Netherlands has reclaimed large tracts of land from the sea. 荷兰收回了海上的大片领土。

记　re（重新）+ claim（喊）→ 要求归还

联　acclaim n./v. （为…）欢呼；declaim v. 高谈阔论；disclaim v. 放弃，弃权

recognize ［'rekəgnaɪz ］

vt. ① 识别，辨认〈同 identify〉

例　I'm sure I would recognize you in that disguise. 我确信你伪装成那样我也能认出你。

② 认可，赏识；表彰〈同 honor, reward〉

例　The scientist was recognized by the president for her outstanding achievements. 那位科学家做出了杰出的贡献，受到总统的表彰。

联　recognition n. 赞誉，承认

reconcile ［'rekənsaɪl ］

vt. 使和解〈同 settle〉

例　Friends managed to reconcile him with his wife after years of estrangement. 他和妻子多年分居，朋友们想方设法让他们重归于好了。

记　re（重新）+ concile（= conciliate 安抚，调和）→ 使和解

联　reconciliatory adj. 和解的，调停的；reconciliation n. 和解；recondite adj. 深奥的，隐藏的，晦涩的；conciliate vt. 安慰，调和；propitiate vt. 劝解，谋求…的好感

recreation ［ˌrekrɪ'eɪʃən ］

n. 消遣，娱乐〈同 pastime, amusement〉

例　For recreation , I like to go hiking and camping. 在娱乐方面，我喜欢徒步旅行和露营。

记　来自 recreate（娱乐）：re（再）+ creat(e)（创造）+ ion → 再创造能量 → 消遣，娱乐

recruit ［rɪ'kru:t ］

vt. 征兵，征募；补充〈同 enlist, enroll〉

例　We have to recruit seven more people to start the work. 我们还需要招募七个人来启动这个工作。

记　re（重新）+ cruit（= cres 成长）→ 重新成长 → 补充

联　recruitment n. 征募；recreate v. （使）得到娱乐

rectify ［'rektɪfaɪ ］

vt. 矫正〈同 correct, amend〉

例　Before you hand in your homework, you should rectify all the mistakes. 交家庭作业之前，你应该好好检查错误。

recur ［rɪ'kɜ:(r) ］

vi. 重现，再来；复发〈同 reappear〉

例　Memories of my first meeting with her recur on and off. 我第一次和她相遇的回忆不断重现。

联　recurring adj. 往复的，再次发生的

redundant ［rɪ'dʌndənt ］

adj. 多余的，冗长的〈同 unnecessary〉

例　Bill had already bought paper plates, so our purchase of paper plates was redundant . 比尔已经买了纸板，所以我们再买纸板就多余了。

记　red（= re）+ und（= undulate 波动）+ ant → 反复波动 → 反复出现 → 多余的

联　redundancy n. 冗余；recumbent adj. 斜躺着的，休息着的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. This problem ______ on a regular basis. I can't find a long-term solution.

25. The two countries must ______ their differences before a treaty can be signed.

26. “What is the time?”“I am not sure, but I ______ about four o'clock.”

27. Walking, gardening and reading are quiet forms of ______.

28. You have to go to the office to ______ the lost money.

29. We should not just ignore ______ drivers; we must take them off the road.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | questionable | A. normal
31. ______ | redundant | B. gloomy
32. ______ | proximity | C. recovery
33. ______ | random | D. soothe
34. ______ | recognize | E. remoteness
35. ______ | provoke | F. ignore
36. ______ | queer | G. idealistic
37. ______ | realistic | H. indisputable
38. ______ | radiant | I. orderly
39. ______ | recession | J. essential

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. Alice Hamilton（1869~1970）helped bring about legislation aimed at rectifying factory conditions detrimental to the health of workers.

(A) outlawing
(B) identifying
(C) correcting

41. Linen（亚麻布）could not be manufactured by machine until recently because the inelasticity（无弹性）of the fibers caused them to break readily under tension.

(A) unevenly
(B) easily
(C) unexpectedly

42. The farthest southward penetration of glaciers on the Pacific Coast was in the proximity of Puget Sound.

(A) forests
(B) soil
(C) vicinity

43. Diffusion is the spontaneous spreading of matter caused by the random movement of molecules.

(A) patternless
(B) whirling
(C) constant

44. Farce（闹剧，滑稽剧), a dramatic form whose principal purpose is to provoke laughter, does not attempt to portray life realistically.

(A) cause
(B) appreciate
(C) reward

45. Around 1920 American drama was recognized as a major literary form, largely due to the influence of the playwright Eugene O'Neill.

(A) successful
(B) depicted
(C) acknowledged

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
46. ______ | reciprocal | A. gather
47. ______ | reckless | B. promotion
48. ______ | rectify | C. heedless
49. ______ | purify | D. practical
50. ______ | quench | E. mend
51. ______ | rally | F. measure the quantity of
52. ______ | publicity | G. mutual
53. ______ | quantify | H. uproar
54. ______ | rage | I. cleanse
55. ______ | realistic | J. satisfy one's thirst

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

purify | readily | questionable | quench | redundant
questionnaire | radiate | rage | recognize | pursuit

56. The union is on strike in ______ of a 10% pay increase.

57. I got my information by handing out ______ and looking at the answers given.

58. Filters（过滤器）are used to ______ water.

59. It is ______ whether Paul can come tonight.

60. The crow ______ its thirst with water.

61. Red ties were all the ______ last season.

62. Our company ______ Ted's loyalty by presenting him with a golden key.

63. The planet Jupiter has an internal source of heat, and ______ twice as much heat from inside as it receives from the sun.

64. Those two paragraphs are so much alike that it is ______ to include both of them.

65. It's hard to buy clothes in larger sizes in China, but they are ______ available in the US.

参考答案

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. qualifications
7. publicity
8. proximity
9. quantify
10. provoke
11. quarterly
12. queue
13. radical
14. quiver
15. raid
16. quest
17. radiant
18. recessions
19. random
20. recipe
21. realistic
22. rallied
23. reap
24. recurs
25. reconcile
26. reckon
27. recreation
28. reclaim
29. reckless
30. H
31. J
32. E
33. I
34. F
35. D
36. A
37. G
38. B
39. C
40. C
41. B
42. C
43. A
44. A
45. C
46. G
47. C
48. E
49. I
50. J
51. A
52. B
53. F
54. H
55. D
56. pursuit
57. questionnaires
58. purify
59. questionable
60. quenched
61. rage
62. recognized
63. radiates
64. redundant
65. readily

Lesson 24

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Many male birds carry out a variety of courtship rituals .

(A) displays
(B) practices
(C) routines

2. During the 1840's, Dorothea Dix was a leader in the movement for the reform of prison conditions.

(A) unification
(B) creation
(C) betterment

3. Regardless of her illness, she is at work.

(A) Instead of
(B) Irregardless of
(C) Except for

4. When the human body is attacked by an invading organism, its immune system is organized to repel the attacker.

(A) resist
(B) reject
(C) repulse

5. The large red ants can dig as deep as ten feet to establish nests and retrieve soil for their mounds.

(A) store up
(B) throw out
(C) bring back

第一部分

reform ［rɪ'fɔ:m ］

n. /v. 改革，革新〈同 improvement, improve〉

例　Social reforms led to the abolition of slavery. 社会改革使奴隶制被废除。

联　reformer n. 改革家，改革运动者；reformism n. 改革主义

refrain ［rɪ'freɪn ］

vi. 节制；避免〈同 restrain, avoid〉

例　If you want to be heard, you must refrain from mumbling. 如果你想让别人听见你说什么，就必须口齿清楚。

refreshing ［rɪ'freʃɪŋ ］

adj. 使人精神振作的；使人耳目一新的〈同 invigorating〉

例　A refreshing breath of fresh air gave me new energy. 呼吸新鲜空气让我精力充沛。

记　来自动词 refresh（使精力恢复，使精神振作）：re（重新）+ fresh（新鲜的）+ ing → 使人精神振作的

联　refreshment n. 精神振作；refreshant n. 提神饮料；freshen v. （使）精神饱满

refugee ［ˌrefju:'ʤi: ; (US)'refjʊʤi: ］

n. 避难者，难民

例　The refugees were forced to leave their home. They had no food and nowhere to stay. 难民被迫离开家园。他们没有食物，也无处可去。

refute ［rɪ'fju:t ］

vt. 反驳〈同 decline, disprove〉

例　The speaker refuted his opponent's arguments. 演讲者反驳了对手的论点。

记　re（反）+ fute（打）→ 反过来打 → 反驳

联　refutable adj. 可驳倒的；refutal n. 驳斥，反驳；refuse v. 拒绝；futile adj. 无用的；confute vt. 驳斥，驳倒

regardless ［rɪ'gɑ:dlɪs ］

adj. 不管，不顾，不注意

例　I will attend the concert regardless of what you say. 无论你怎么说，我都会去参加音乐会。

regime ［reɪ'ʒi:m ］

n. 政权，政体；政治制度〈同 government〉

例　The regime in China is the Communist Party. 中国的执政党是共产党。

联　regimentation n. 系统化，组织化

reign ［reɪn ］

n./vt. 统治，支配〈同 sovereignty, rule〉

例　The old king has reigned for 30 years. 老国王已经统治了30年。

rejoice ［rɪ'ʤɔɪs ］

v. （使）欣喜，（使）高兴〈同 exult〉

例　The army rejoiced because of its victory. 军队因为胜利而庆祝。

relay ［rɪ'leɪ ］

vt. 分程传递；转播

例　The private satellite industry sprang up in the mid-1960's to relay not only television broadcasts but also phone calls and computer data. 私人卫星产业在20世纪60年代中期出现，不仅传送电视节目和手机信号，而且传送电脑数据。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The king ______ over his people for forty years.

7. I will keep my promise ______ of what might happen.

8. It was very ______ to take a cold shower on this hot day.

9. The heroes in this story ______ over their defeat of the evil invaders.

10. Some prisons try to ______ the criminal, instead of just punishing them.

11. The executive tried to ______ the statements written about him.

第二部分

relic ［'relɪk ］

n. 遗迹，纪念物〈同 antique, remains〉

例　This ruined bridge is a relic of the Civil War. 这座毁坏的桥是内战的遗迹。

联　derelict adj. 荒废的，被弃置的

remainder ［rɪ'meɪndə(r) ］

n. 残余，剩余物〈同 remnant〉

例　Put the remainder of the meal in the refrigerator. 把吃剩的饭菜放进冰箱。

联　remaining n. 剩余，残存

renaissance ［rɪ'neɪsəns ; (US)'renəsɑ:ns ］

n. 复活，文艺复兴〈同 revival, renewal〉

例　The dilapidated downtown experienced a reanissance as the government began to repair the old buildings there. 政府决定开始重修老建筑物，这座破旧的城市正经历一场复兴。

记　re（重新）+ naiss（= nas 出生）+ ance → 复活

联　renascent adj. 新生的；reminiscence n. 回忆

renew ［rɪ'nju: ］

vt. 使更新，使恢复；重新开始〈同 renovate, restart〉

例　The author renewed the script by rewriting many of the scenes. 作者改写了很多场景，修改了这个脚本。

联　renewal n. 更新，复兴；renewable adj. 可更新的，可恢复的

renovate ［'renəveɪt ］

vt. 革新；修理，修复〈同 renew〉

例　They claim that they can renovate worn shoes so that they look like new ones. 他们自称可以重修旧鞋，修完之后看上去像新的一样。

联　renovation n. 修复，整修，革新

repay ［rɪ'peɪ ］

v. 偿还〈同 reimburse, compensate〉

例　Repay your debts promptly to avoid trouble. 立即偿还债务，以免招来麻烦。

repel ［rɪ'pel ］

vt. 击退，驱逐〈同 repulse, resist〉

例　Anne repelled her attacker by kicking him. 安娜踢那个袭击她的人，击退了他。

记　re（反）+ pel（推）→ 反推 → 击退

联　repellent adj. 击退的，讨人厌的；repeal vt. 撤销，废除；rebel n. 造反者 vi. 造反；compel vt. 强迫；dispel vt. 驱散；expel vt. 排出，开除；impel vt. 驱使；propel vt. 推进

reproach ［rɪ'prəʊtʃ ］

v. 谴责〈同 reprimand, scold〉

例　She reproached me for being late. 她责备我迟到。

记　re（反）+ proach（靠近）→ 以反对的方式靠近 → 谴责

联　reproachful adj. 责备的；approach n./v. 接近，方法；broach vt. 给…开口，钻孔，开始讨论

reproduce ［ˌri:prə'dju:s ; (US)ˌri:prə'du:s ］

v. 繁殖，再生；复制〈同 multiply, duplicate〉

例　Reproduce three copies of the contract for your records. 复印三份合同放在你的档案里。

联　reproductive adj. 生殖的；reproduction n. 复制品，繁殖

reputation ［ˌrepju(:)'teɪʃən ］

n. 名誉，名声〈同 repute〉

例　She has a reputation as an honest person. 她享有诚实人的声誉。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. A contractor has been hired to ______ the old house.

13. I am busy the whole morning, but quite free for the ______ of the day.

14. The student's success ______ the teacher for her efforts.

15. Most plants ______ by seeds.

16. This store has an excellent ______ for fair dealing.

17. The electronics industry underwent a ______ with the advent of the personal computer.

第三部分

resent ［rɪ'zent ］

vt. 愤恨，怨恨〈同 begrudge〉

例　Janet resented the way her boyfriend treated her. 珍妮特厌恶她男朋友对待她的方式。

联　resentful adj. 愤恨的，怨恨的；resentment n. 怨恨，愤恨

reside ［rɪ'zaɪd ］

vi. 居住〈同 dwell, live〉

例　In order to pay a lesser fee at a state university, you must reside in the state for one year. 如果你想要在州立大学少缴点学费，就必须在这个州居住满一年。

联　residence n. 居住，住处；resident n. 居民；residential adj. 住宅的，与居住有关的

resonance ［'rezənəns ］

n. 回声，反响〈同 reverberation〉

例　The opera singer's voice has very good resonance . 歌剧演员的声音有很好的共鸣效果。

记　re（回）+ son（声音）+ ance → 声音回来 → 回声，反响

联　resonate v. 共鸣，反响；resonant adj. （声音）洪亮的，共鸣的；dissonant adj. 不和谐的；supersonic adj. 超音速的；stereosonic adj. 立体声的

respect ［rɪ'spekt ］

n. ① 尊敬，敬重〈同 admiration, honor〉

例　The children always showed great respect for their grandparents. 小孩一向对他们的祖父母表现得很尊重。

② 方面〈同 aspect〉

例　The plan is unwise in many respects . 这个计划在许多方面不够明智。

vt. 尊敬，敬重〈同 admire〉

例　I respect you for your honesty. 你为人正直，我敬重你。

联　respectable adj. 可敬的，有名望的，值得尊敬的；respectful adj. 恭敬的，尊敬的；disrespect n. 失礼，无礼

restraint ［rɪ'streɪnt ］

n. 抑制，克制〈同 control, constraint〉

例　She was very angry, but she spoke with restraint . 她很生气，但是说话还是很克制。

联　restrain vt. 克制，抑制；unrestrained adj. 无限制的

restrict ［rɪ'strɪkt ］

vt. 限制，约束〈同 inhibit, confine〉

例　The United States has laws that restrict the number and kinds of immigrants allowed to enter its borders. 对于允许进入美国境内的移民的数量和类别，美国有法律来加以限制。

联　restriction n. 限制，约束；restrictive adj. 限制性的；unrestricted adj. 无限制的，自由的

retort ［rɪ'tɔ:t ; 'ri:tɔ:t ］

v. 反驳

例　He retorted upon me, saying I was to blame. 他反驳我，说我该受到责备。

记　re（反）+ tort（扭）→ 反扭 → 反驳

联　distort v. 弄歪（嘴脸等），歪曲（真理、事实等）；extort vt. 敲诈，勒索；contort v. 扭曲，歪曲；resort vt. 求助，诉诸；tortuous adj. 弯曲的，转弯抹角的

retrieve ［rɪ'tri:v ］

v. 重新找回，取回；找回猎物〈同 regain〉

例　The dog was intelligent and quickly learned to retrieve the duck killed by the hunter. 这只狗很聪明，它很快就学会了捡回被猎人捕杀的鸭子。

记　re（重新）+ trieve（= find 找到）→ 重新找回

联　retrieval n. 取回，挽救；retry vt. 再试；reiterate vt. 重申

retrospect ［'retrəspekt ］

n. 反顾，回顾〈同 review, reexamination〉

例　In retrospect , I think I would have done better as an artist. 回首往事，我认为我要是当了艺术家，一定要比现在好。

记　retro（向后）+ gress（走）→ 倒退 → 回顾

联　retrospective adj. 回顾的，怀旧的；introspect v. 反省，内省；circumspect adj. 谨慎的，小心的

revenge ［rɪ'venʤ ］

vt. 替…报仇，复仇〈同 avenge〉

例　He joined the army to revenge his brother who had been killed by the enemy the year before. 他参军为他哥哥报仇，他哥哥一年前被敌人杀害了。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The hollow body of a guitar gives it ______.

19. The earthquake victim ______ the poor emergency care.

20. “It was you who made me spill the water,”she ______.

21. The team will try to ______ its loss in tomorrow's game.

22. Our club membership is ______ to twelve.

23. In ______, I wish I hadn't eaten so much pizza, because now I am so full.

第四部分

revenue ［'revənju: ; (US)'revənu: ］

n. （营业）收入；税收〈同 income〉

例　Our yard sale generated a lot of extra revenue . 我们出售旧货，获得了许多额外的收入。

记　re（回）+ ven（来）+ ue → 回来的东西 →（营业）收入

联　avenue n. 大道

revolutionary ［ˌrevə'lu:ʃənəri ］

adj. 革命的；彻底改变的〈同 pioneering〉

例　The government is cracking down on revolutionary militia groups. 政府正打击民兵自卫队。

联　revolutionize vt. 彻底改革，在…方面发动革命；revolution n. 革命

revolve ［rɪ'vɒlv ］

v. （使）旋转〈同 rotate〉

例　The eight planets revolve around the sun. 八大行星围绕太阳旋转。

rigorous ［'rɪgərəs ］

adj. 严格的〈同 stringent, strict〉

例　Along with the other physical sciences, meteorology has developed in the past three centuries from myth and folklore to rigorous observation, computation, and analysis. 同其他物理科学一起，气象学在过去的三个世纪中，从神话和民间传说发展到严密的观察、计算和分析。

记　来自名词 rigor（严厉）：rig（= rigid 严厉的）+ or + ous → 严厉的

联　rigorousness n. 严厉；rigor n. 严格，严厉；vigorous adj. 精力旺盛的；rigid adj. 僵硬的，严苛的

rim ［rɪm ］

n. 边缘〈同 edge〉

例　The rim of my coffee cup is chipped. 我的咖啡杯的边缘破了。

联　brim n. （杯的）边，缘；dim adj. 模糊的

rip ［rɪp ］

vt. 撕，撕裂〈同 tear, rend〉

例　Mary ripped the cloth into strips. 玛丽把布撕成了条。

联　drip n. 水滴 v. （使）滴下；dripstone n. 滴水石，石笋；ripe adj. 熟的，成熟的；ripen v. （使）成熟

ripple ［'rɪpəl ］

n./v. （起）波纹〈同 wave〉

例　Throw a stone into still water and watch the ripples spread in rings. 把石头扔进平静的水里，观察呈环状散开的波纹。

ritual ［'rɪtʃʊəl ］

n. 典礼，宗教仪式；例行公事，常规〈同 ceremony, habit〉

例　They go through the ritual of locking all doors and windows before going to bed. 睡觉之前，他们按照惯例把所有的门窗都锁好。

robbery ［'rɒbəri ］

n. 抢劫

例　The suspects in the robbery were wearing masks. 抢劫案中的疑犯带着面具。

联　robber n. 强盗，盗贼

robust ［rəʊ'bʌst ］

adj. 强壮的，健康的〈同 strong, healthy〉

例　The candidate for the football team had a robust physique. 申请加入足球队的人有强健的体格。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. ______ the cover off this box so that you can open it.

25. Brushing my teeth is part of my morning ______.

26. There are ______ disciplines in the army and every soldier must obey.

27. The government gets ______ from taxes.

28. The moon ______ around the earth.

29. Radio and television were two ______ inventions of last century.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | repel | A. respect
31. ______ | robust | B. abolish
32. ______ | refute | C. center
33. ______ | reproach | D. easy
34. ______ | rim | E. praise
35. ______ | revolutionary | F. attract
36. ______ | renew | G. antique
37. ______ | resent | H. confirm
38. ______ | renovate | I. destroy
39. ______ | rigorous | J. frail

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. By 1900, many municipalities had begun to restrict the use of automobiles in order to ensure pedestrian safety.

(A) test
(B) limit
(C) standardize

41. It is estimated that at one time there were from one to two thousand American Indian languages and at least as many cultures, each different in some respect from all the others.

(A) cycle
(B) prospect
(C) aspect

42. The Sun Dance is considered by many to be the most spectacular ritual of the North American Plains Indians.

(A) ceremony
(B) ancestor
(C) scene

43. Recent discoveries in Montana indicate that some dinosaurs may have resided in colonies.

(A) lived
(B) died
(C) hunted

44. All living organisms, regardless of their unique identity, have certain biological, chemical and physical characteristics in common.

(A) as a result of
(B) considering
(C) despite

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | rip | A. reminiscence
46. ______ | refreshing | B. duplicate
47. ______ | renaissance | C. condemn
48. ______ | retrospect | D. split
49. ______ | reproduce | E. standing
50. ______ | regime | F. regeneration
51. ______ | robust | G. sturdy
52. ______ | revolve | H. administration
53. ______ | reputation | I. reviving
54. ______ | reproach | J. spin

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

refugee | retrieve | reproach | refrain
repel | renew | restraint | relic

55. My hat was blown away, but I managed to ______ it.

56. I need to ______ my driver's license which will expire next week.

57. After the war broke out, ______ came in from the neighboring country.

58. She ______ me for not telling her about my financial troubles.

59. The old ship is a ______ from World War II.

60. Violent people sometimes need ______.

61. Please ______ from talking while the lecture is going on.

62. The army must ______ the invaders.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. reigned
7. regardless
8. refreshing
9. rejoiced
10. reform
11. refute
12. renovate
13. remainder
14. repaid
15. reproduce
16. reputation
17. renaissance
18. resonance
19. resented
20. retorted
21. revenge
22. restricted
23. retrospect
24. Rip
25. ritual
26. rigorous
27. revenue
28. revolves
29. revolutionary
30. F
31. J
32. H
33. E
34. C
35. G
36. B
37. A
38. I
39. D
40. B
41. C
42. A
43. A
44. C
45. D
46. I
47. F
48. A
49. B
50. H
51. G
52. J
53. E
54. C
55. retrieve
56. renew
57. refugees
58. reproached
59. relic
60. restraint
61. refrain
62. repel

Lesson 25

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Television advertising has been under constant scrutiny for the last few years.

(A) counterattack
(B) pressure
(C) examination

2. There is a great selection of books on that topic.

(A) variety
(B) similarity
(C) deficiency

3. The goose quill pen（鹅毛笔）has a great sentimental appeal in this century's highly mechanized culture.

(A) fashion
(B) emotional
(C) monetary

4. The community college is the most rapidly growing segment of higher education in the United States.

(A) core
(B) idea
(C) sector

5. Among all societies legal marriage is usually accompanied by some kind of ceremony that expresses group sanction of the union.

(A) opinion
(B) coercion
(C) approval

第一部分

rot ［rɒt ］

v. （使）腐烂，（使）腐败〈同 putrefy〉

例　So much rain will make the fruit rot . 过多的雨水将会使水果腐烂。

rupture ［'rʌptʃə(r) ］

n./v. 破裂，裂开〈同 break, crack〉

例　We must fix the dam before it ruptures . 我们必须在大坝决口前修复它。

记　rupt（断）+ ure → 断裂 → 破裂

联　abrupt adj. 突然的；erupt v. 喷发；corrupt adj. 腐败的；disrupt vt. 使中断；使分裂；rapture n. 全神贯注，兴高采烈 vt. 使狂喜；interrupt v. 打断；bankrupt vt. 使破产；corrupt adj. 腐败的

rust ［rʌst ］

n. 锈，生锈

例　The iron gate was covered with rust . 铁门锈迹斑斑。

联　rustic adj. 乡村的；乡下风格的；rustproof adj. 不锈的

sacred ［'seɪkrɪd ］

adj. 神圣的，不可冒犯的〈同 divine〉

例　Mecca is a sacred Islamic city. 麦加是穆斯林的圣城。

记　sacr（神圣）+ ed → 神圣的

联　sacrifice n. 牺牲品；desecrate vt. 亵渎；secular adj. 尘世的，世俗的

safeguard ［'seɪfgɑ:d ］

vt. 保护，捍卫〈同 protect〉

例　The life vests safeguarded against people drowning in the water. 救生衣能保护人们不溺水。

n. 安全装置，安全措施〈同 protection〉

例　The autopilot device is a safeguard for planes in case something happens to the pilot. 自动驾驶仪能在飞行员发生意外的情况下保护飞机。

saint ［seɪnt ］

n. 圣人，道德崇高的人〈同 holy person〉

例　Her endless good deeds made her a saint in the eyes of many. 她不停地行善使她成为许多人眼里的圣人。

联　saintly adj. 圣洁的

sanction ［'sæŋkʃən ］

n. ① 制裁〈同 prohibition, penalty〉

例　The United Nations enforced a sanction against the country that violated international law. 联合国对违反国际法的国家实施制裁。

② 批准，认可〈同 approval〉

例　Unless you have your parents' sanction , you cannot go to the party tonight. 你今天晚上不能去参加派对，除非得到了你父母的同意。

记　sanct（神圣）+ ion → 神圣之物，原指教会的法令，引申为“批准，认可”

联　section n. 片断

saturate ［'sætʃəreɪt ］

vt. 浸透，使湿透〈同 soak〉

例　Their clothes were saturated by the rain. 他们的衣服被雨水浸透了。

记　satur（饱满）+ ate → 使饱满 → 浸透

联　saturation n. 饱和；saturated adj. 饱和的；sate vt. 使心满意足

savage ［'sævɪʤ ］

adj. 野蛮的，未开化的；凶猛的，残忍的〈同 barbarian, fierce〉

例　The hunter tried to fend off the tiger's savage attack. 猎人试着避开老虎凶猛的攻击。

saw ［sɔ: ］

v. 锯，锯开

例　They sawed off the dead branches from the tree. 他们锯掉了树上枯萎的树枝。

n. 锯子〈同 cutter〉

例　The teeth of the saw broke when it hit metal. 锯子碰到金属的时候，锯齿断了。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. We will need two men and a big ______ to cut down this tree.

7. Their wedding was a ______ moment in their lives.

8. Iron exposed to damp air will ______.

9. Dead plants ______ and become part of the soil again.

10. You need the owner's ______ to refurbish the apartment you rent.

11. After running on this hot day, his shirt was ______ with sweat.

第二部分

scandal ［'skændəl ］

n. 丑闻〈同 disgrace〉

例　The president had to resign because of the scandal . 由于丑闻事件，总统不得不下台。

联　scandalous adj. 丢脸的；scan v. 细察；sandal n. 凉鞋，檀香；scandalize vt. 使愤慨

scanty ［'skænti ］

adj. 缺乏的，不足的〈同 insufficient, sparse〉

例　In the end they came to the conclusion that evidence is scanty . 最后他们得出结论，认为证据不足。

scar ［skɑ:(r) ］

n. 疤痕，伤痕

例　The cut on his finger from when he was cooking left a scar . 他在做饭的时候切伤了手指，留下了伤疤。

scent ［sent ］

n. 气味，香味〈同 odor, fragrance〉

例　The scent of the perfume reminded him of his first girlfriend. 香水的气味使他想起了他第一个女朋友。

联　ascent n. 上升，攀登；descent n. 降下，降落，世系，血统；quiescent adj. 静止的；incandescent adj. 遇热发光的，白炽的；fluorescent adj. 荧光的；adolescent n. 青少年

scorn ［skɔ:n ］

n./vt. 轻蔑，不屑做〈同 belittle〉

例　Her friends scorned at her for wearing such a short dress. 她的朋友嘲笑她穿了一条很短的裙子。

scrap ［skræp ］

n. 废料，残余物〈同 fragment〉

例　The archaeological records are based on scraps of stone, bone and earthenware. 考古学的记录基于对一些石头、骨头和陶器的碎片的研究。

vt. 废弃，扔弃〈同 throw away〉

例　If the weather doesn't get any better, we may have to scrap our plans for this afternoon's picnic. 如果天气还不好转，我们可能会取消下午野餐的计划。

联　scrub v. 擦洗；scrabble v. 乱写；scramble v. 爬

scrape ［skreɪp ］

n. 刮，擦；擦痕

例　The doctor said the scrape on his arm would heal in a week. 医生说他胳膊上的擦伤一周后就会痊愈。

vi. 刮掉，擦掉〈同 rub〉

例　He fell off his bike and scraped his arm on the sidewalk. 他从自行车上摔下来，胳膊在人行道上擦伤了。

联　scraping n. 刮削下的碎屑

screen ［skri:n ］

n. 屏幕

例　He cleaned his computer screen every day to make sure he could see clearly. 他每天擦拭电脑显示屏，以便能清楚地看清上面显示的信息。

vt. 甄别，审查〈同 examine〉

例　All women over 50 will be screened for breast cancer, because this disease is often found in this age group. 所有50岁以上的妇女都要做乳腺癌的筛查，因为这种疾病在这个年龄段高发。

script ［skrɪpt ］

n. 手稿，手迹；剧本

例　She wrote the script for the popular movie. 是她为这部很受欢迎的电影写的剧本。

scrutiny ［'skru:tɪni ; (US)'skru:təni ］

n. 详细审查〈同 inspection〉

例　The professor's scrutiny of the student's essay was thorough. 教授十分详细地检查学生写的文章。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The dog followed the ______ of the rabbit all the way to the rabbit hole.

13. Because it did not rain this year, the farmer had a ______ crop.

14. He ______ the paint off the walls before painting them again.

15. Many great scientific discoveries were really accidents caught under the ______ of scientists.

16. A childhood fall left a ______ on her cheek.

17. The hungry cat went through the trash to find any ______ of food to eat.

第三部分

sculpture ［'skʌlptʃə(r) ］

n. 雕塑；雕刻品〈同 statue〉

例　Sculpture is the art of shaping solid materials. 雕刻是塑造坚硬物体的艺术。

联　sculpt v. 雕刻；sculptor n. 雕刻家；sculptural adj. 雕刻的；雕刻般的

seam ［si:m ］

n. 接缝，缝合线

例　The shirt was so old that its seams were coming apart. 这件衬衫太破旧了，接缝都裂开了。

联　seamen n. 海员；seabed n. 海底，海床；seamount n. 海底山；seaport n. 海港，港口；seashore n. 海岸，海滨；seaweed n. 海草，海藻

section ［'sekʃən ］

n. 部分；节〈同 part, segment〉

例　This section of the library has many books about studying English. 图书馆的这个部分有许多关于英语学习的书籍。

联　sectional adj. 部分的，部门的；subsection n. 分部，分段；intersection n. 十字路口，交叉点

seemingly ［'si:mɪŋli ］

adv. 表面上，似乎〈同 apparently〉

例　The seemingly occasional accident is actually purposely designed. 看上去似乎是偶然的意外事故实际上是蓄意谋划的。

segment ［'segmənt ］

n. 部分；片段〈同 sector, portion〉

例　A meter is divided into one hundred segments of one centimeter each. 1米可以分成100个1厘米。

记　seg（= sect 部分）+ ment → 部分

联　segmental adj. 部分的，片断的

segregate ［'segrɪgeɪt ］

vt. 分离，隔离〈同 isolate〉

例　The staff segregated the boys from the girls during gym class. 在上健身课的时候，工作人员把男孩和女孩分开。

记　se（分开）+ greg（团体）+ ate → 和团体分开 → 隔离

联　segregation n. 种族隔离；aggregate n. 合计，总计 v. 聚集，集合；gregarious adj. 爱社交的，群居的；congregate v. 聚集；egregious adj. 异乎寻常的，惊人的

selection ［sɪ'lekʃən ］

n. 选择，挑选；选集，精选品〈同 choice, collection〉

例　His selection as a candidate was assured. 他将被挑出当候选人，这事已确定无疑。

seminar ［'semɪnɑ:(r) ］

n. 研究会，讨论会〈同 conference〉

例　The professor gave a one-hour seminar on the laws of physics. 教授给了一个小时来研讨物理定律。

sensation ［sen'seɪʃən ］

n. 感觉，知觉〈同 feeling〉

例　Sticking my feet into the pool was a cold sensation . 我把脚伸到水池里，感觉很冷。

sentence ［'sentəns ］

n./vt. 宣判，判决

例　His sentence for the crime was 10 years. 他因这项罪名被判十年监禁。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. He was ______ to death.

19. After the leg surgery, the doctor asked him if he had any ______ in his toes.

20. The Berlin Wall ______ the eastern and western parts of Germany.

21. The king ordered the artists to make a ______ of him so it could be placed in the museum.

22. Many authors attended the weekend ______ on writing.

23. The rope is too long so can you please cut it into two ______?

第四部分

sentimental ［ˌsentɪ'mentəl ］

adj. 感伤的，感情脆弱的〈同 emotional〉

例　It's a cheap ring but it has great sentimental value for me. 这枚戒指虽然便宜，但对于我而言有巨大的情感价值。

记　来自名词 sentiment（感情）：senti（感觉）+ ment + al → 感觉的 → 感情脆弱的

联　sentiment n. 情感，情绪，多愁善感；sentimentalize v. （使）伤感；sentimentalism n. 感情主义，感情用事；sentient adj. 感觉灵敏的，意识到的

shabby ［'ʃæbi ］

adj. 破旧的，褴褛的〈同 worn〉

例　When Janet moved into her boyfriend's apartment, she would not let him keep that old shabby couch. 当珍妮特搬到男朋友公寓的时候，她是不会让他还留着那个破旧的沙发的。

记　shab(b)（疥癣；粗糙）+ y → 褴褛的

联　shabbiness n. 破旧；scabby adj. 结痂的；flabby adj. （肌肉）松垮的，意志薄弱的；tatty adj. 破旧的，邋遢的；threadbare adj. （衣服）磨破的，陈腐的

shade ［ʃeɪd ］

n. ① 荫，阴凉处；阴影〈同 shadow〉

例　The only shade on the treeless street was his own shadow. 在没有树的街上，唯一的阴凉就是他自己的影子。

② 遮光物，帘

例　I lowered all of the window shades so people couldn't see in. 我把所有的窗帘都放了下来，这样人们就看不见里面了。

联　lampshade n. 灯罩

shaft ［ʃɑ:ft ; (US)ʃæft ］

n. 杆状物，轴

例　The soldiers were taught to break the shafts of arrows that had penetrated their flesh. 士兵们受到训练，身体中箭后，要折断箭的杆部。

sharpen ［'ʃɑ:pən ］

vt. 削尖；使敏锐，使敏捷〈同 make pointed, improve〉

例　The pianist practices a lot to sharpen his playing. 钢琴家通过大量练习使演奏更加熟练。

联　sharply adv. 突然地，猛烈地

shatter ［'ʃætə(r) ］

v. （使）粉碎，（使）破碎〈同 destroy, break up〉

例　The stone shattered the window. 石头打碎了窗玻璃。

联　shatterproof adj. 防碎的；scatter v. （使）分散；shutter n. 百叶窗，快门；tatter n. 褴褛的衣衫，破旧的布片

sheer ［ʃɪə(r) ］

adj. ① 陡峭的〈同 steep〉

例　From the top of the wall it was a sheer drop of 100 feet to the water below. 从墙顶到水面有100英尺的垂直落差。

② 纯粹的，绝对的〈同 complete, absolute〉

例　Don't believe him; his words are sheer nonsense. 别相信他，他的话都是一派胡言。

联　jeer v. 嘲笑；steer v. 掌舵，驾驶

shepherd ［'ʃepəd ］

n. 牧羊人；牧羊犬

例　The shepherd led the sheep back home. 牧羊人赶着羊回家了。

shipment ［'ʃɪpmənt ］

n. 装运；装载的货物

例　The company sent the shipment of furniture directly to my house. 公司直接装上家具，送到我家。

shot ［ʃɒt ］

n. ① 照相，相片〈同 photograph〉

例　The photographer took many shots of the actor arriving at the event. 摄影师拍摄了许多演员到达现场的照片。

② 开枪，射击

例　The hunter's shot was too high and the rabbit escaped. 猎人射击位置过高，兔子跑了。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The homeless woman wore a ______ coat.

25. Two dogs helped the ______ protect the animals from any wolves.

26. Father ______ his knife before cutting the turkey.

27. It was dangerous for the train to carry so many ______ of explosives.

28. She kept the dried rose for ______ reasons, for it was her boyfriend's birthday gift for her.

29. The pictures of her grandchildren brought ______ happiness to her eyes.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | sacred | A. honor
31. ______ | scorn | B. reinforce
32. ______ | sanction | C. admiration
33. ______ | segregate | D. gentle
34. ______ | scanty | E. combine
35. ______ | shatter | F. repair
36. ______ | rupture | G. abundant
37. ______ | scandal | H. devil
38. ______ | savage | I. profane
39. ______ | saint | J. ban

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | scrap | A. decay
41. ______ | sheer | B. examination
42. ______ | section | C. total
43. ______ | sculpture | D. ragged
44. ______ | rot | E. portion
45. ______ | saturate | F. meager
46. ______ | sharpen | G. discard
47. ______ | scrutiny | H. point
48. ______ | scanty | I. carving
49. ______ | shabby | J. drench

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

shot | scorn | scandal | shade | screen
shatter | selection | safeguard | saint | script

50. They took off the ______ so they could clean the windows.

51. It was a ______ for the city treasurer to take tax money for personal use.

52. The doctor wore plastic gloves to ______ the patient from any infection.

53. The teachers decided which ______ they would use for the school play.

54. During the meeting, the president ______ the idea and ignored it.

55. The paintings of the famous ______ were hung on the church walls.

56. The women's department of the store has a great ______ of shoes.

57. That was a good ______, and it hit the mark.

58. Every government employee is ______ for details of his past.

59. The baseball flew over the park and ______ the window of the house next door.

参考答案

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. saw
7. sacred
8. rust
9. rot
10. sanction
11. saturated
12. scent
13. scanty
14. scraped
15. scrutiny
16. scar
17. scraps
18. sentenced
19. sensation
20. segregated
21. sculpture
22. seminar
23. segments
24. shabby
25. shepherd
26. sharpened
27. shipments
28. sentimental
29. sheer
30. I
31. C
32. J
33. E
34. G
35. B
36. F
37. A
38. D
39. H
40. G
41. C
42. E
43. I
44. A
45. J
46. H
47. B
48. F
49. D
50. shades
51. scandal
52. safeguard
53. script
54. scorned
55. saint
56. selection
57. shot
58. screened
59. shattered

Lesson 26

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Only sovereign states are able to made treaties.

(A) constitutional
(B) powerful
(C) independent

2. Mary McCarthy's novel The Group helped to solidify her position as America's foremost female author.

(A) describe
(B) assure
(C) characterize

3. Didn't you know that the naughty girl used to skip classes ?

(A) attend classes in time
(B) miss classes
(C) cheat in classes

4. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic.

(A) a noteworthy
(B) a speedy
(C) an unaccompanied

5. Many gymnasts do special exercises to remain slim and fit.

(A) tall
(B) lean
(C) healthy

第一部分

shrewd ［ʃru:d ］

adj. 精明的〈同 clever, sharp〉

例　The shrewd student received the highest score in the class. 这个聪明的学生得到了全班最高分。

shrug ［ʃrʌg ］

n./v. 耸肩

例　She did not care what brand toothpaste they bought and shrugged her shoulders. 她不在乎他们买了什么牌子的牙膏，只是耸了耸肩。

shutter ［'ʃʌtə(r) ］

n. 百叶窗

例　Put the windows down and close the shutters before the storm comes. 暴风雨来临之前把窗户放下来，百叶窗关上。

shuttle ［'ʃʌtəl ］

n. 往返汽车、列车等（穿梭往返固定线路的运输工具）

例　The student took a shuttle from school to the train station. 学生从学校坐穿梭公交去火车站。

联　space shuttle 航天飞机

signify ［'sɪgnɪfaɪ ］

vt. 表示，意味〈同 denote, mean〉

例　The poor results from the test trials signify that the shuttle is not ready for launch. 测试的糟糕结果意味着航天器还无法发射。

simultaneous ［ˌsɪməl'teɪnɪəs ; (US)ˌsaɪməl'teɪnɪəs ］

adj. 同时的，同时发生的〈同 concurrent〉

例　The network made a simultaneous broadcast by radio and television. 联播网使得广播和电视可以同时播出同一节目。

记　simult（相同）+ aneous → 时间相同的 → 同时的

联　simultaneity n. 同时性；simulate v. 假装，模仿；simulation n. 假装；stimulate v. 刺激，激励

sin ［sɪn ］

n. 罪〈同 wrongdoing〉

例　The priest told the children that since they committed sins , they would go to hell. 牧师告诫小孩，如果他们犯下罪孽，就会下地狱。

skeleton ［'skelɪtən ］

n. 骨架；梗概〈同 framework〉

例　The students studied the skeleton in their biology class. 学生们在生物课上研究骨骼模型。

skeptical ［'skeptɪkəl ］

adj. 怀疑的；多疑的〈同 suspicious〉

例　I am skeptical of his methods; they do not seem very scientific to me. 我对他的方法持怀疑态度，我认为这些方法不太科学。

记　skept（怀疑）+ ical → 怀疑的

联　skepticism n. 怀疑，怀疑论；skeptic n. 怀疑论者；septic adj. 腐败的，脓毒性的

skip ［skɪp ］

v. ① 跳〈同 jump, hop〉

例　He skipped from rock to rock. 他从一块岩石上跳到另一块岩石上。

② 逃过；遗漏〈同 escape, omit〉

例　He got into trouble after he skipped class. 他逃课之后遇到麻烦了。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Her smile ______ that she agreed to his proposal.

7. The boy had lied so many times that everyone was ______ of anything he said.

8. The ______ thief avoided getting caught by the police.

9. The space ______ returned to Earth after it traveled around the moon.

10. I ______ the questions I couldn't answer.

11. People who do not believe in God probably do not believe in ______.

第二部分

skyscraper ［'skaɪskreɪpə(r) ］

n. 摩天大楼〈同 edifice〉

例　Skyscrapers were the tallest buildings in the city. 摩天大楼曾是这个城市最高的建筑。

slack ［slæk ］

adj. ① 疏忽的〈同 negligent〉

例　The manager criticized them for being slack at their jobs; they omitted many details and incurred a lot of mistakes. 经理批评他们工作马虎；他们遗漏了很多细节，导致发生了许多错误。

② 松弛的，松散的

例　The slack rope needed to be tightened to make it more secure. 需要把松弛的绳索系紧，这样会更安全。

slap ［slæp ］

n./vt. 拍，拍击；掌击〈同 strike〉

例　She slapped him in the face after he made that impolite comment. 他说了那些无礼的话之后，她扇了他一耳光。

slaughter ［'slɔ:tə(r) ］

n./v. 屠宰牲畜；大屠杀〈同 massacre〉

例　Thousands of cattle are slaughtered every year to make hamburgers. 为了制作汉堡，每年都要宰杀数以千计的牛。

sleeve ［sli:v ］

n. 袖子

例　Johnson rolled up his sleeves before he washed the dishes. 约翰逊卷起袖子，开始洗碗。

slim ［slɪm ］

adj. 纤细的，苗条的〈同 slender〉

例　She went on a diet to become slim . 为了减肥，她开始节食。

记　联想记忆：sli（看作 slight）+ m（看作 me）→ 小小的我 → 苗条的

联　slimy adj. 黏土的，泥泞的；slip v. 滑倒；slit v. 切开，撕裂

slogan ［'sləʊgən ］

n. 口号，标语

例　Nike's famous slogan is“Just do it”.“Just do it”是耐克公司广为人知的一句广告语。

slot ［slɒt ］

n. 窄缝，狭槽

例　The postman told the lady to slide her letters into the slot . 邮递员告诉这位女士把信件投入信箱的槽里。

slum ［slʌm ］

n. 贫民窟

例　Her family could not afford a nice house and so they lived in the slums . 她家买不起像样的房子，只能住在贫民窟里。

联　slumber n./v. 睡眠

smash ［smæʃ ］

n./v. 打碎，粉碎〈同 crush〉

例　When she gets mad, she likes to smash dishes. 她发疯的时候，喜欢摔盘子。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The ______ of waves hitting the beach lulled us to sleep.

13. You need to put coins into the ______ of a vending machine to buy a soft drink.

14. Many long distance runners are very ______.

15. The attack on the defenseless people was a ______.

16. You could see the whole city from the top of the ______.

17. The ______ can be a dangerous place at night.

第三部分

smuggle ［'smʌgəl ］

vt. 走私

例　The criminal smuggled drugs into the country. 罪犯走私毒品到这个国家。

联　niggle v. 挑剔，吹毛求疵；wiggle v. （使）踌躇，摆动

snack ［snæk ］

n. 小吃，快餐

例　An apple can be a healthy snack . 苹果是健康的小吃。

snap ［snæp ］

v. ① 突然断裂〈同 break, crack〉

例　My shoelace snapped when I pulled it too tightly. 我刚一系紧鞋带，它就断了。

② 抢夺；抢购

例　It's really a bargain; you should snap it up. 这件东西价格真便宜，你应该马上买下它。

snatch ［snætʃ ］

n./v. 攫取，抓住〈同 seize〉

例　T he bird flew down and snatched the worm. 鸟俯冲下来，抓住了虫子。

soar ［sɔ:(r) ］

vi. ① 高飞，翱翔〈同 fly〉

例　The jet soared above the clouds. 飞机飞到了云层之上。

② 剧增〈同 rise〉

例　After he started studying hard, his grades soared . 他开始努力学习之后，成绩得到了快速提高。

sober ［'səʊbə(r) ］

adj. ① 清醒的，未喝醉的

例　The sober driver drove his drunk friends home. 清醒的司机开车把喝醉的朋友们送回了家。

② 冷静的，严肃的〈同 serious〉

例　She had a sober look on her face after she heard the bad news. 听到这个坏消息之后，她看上去很冷静。

联　sob v. 哭泣；snob n. 势利小人；somber adj. 阴森的，昏暗的，忧郁的

solidarity ［ˌsɒlɪ'dærɪti ］

n. 团结，团结一致〈同 unity, accord〉

例　The team won the game because of its strong solidarity . 由于小组团结一致，最终赢得了比赛。

记　solid（固体的）+ arity → 固体状态 → 团结

联　solidity n. 坚固，可靠；solidify v. （使）变得坚固；solidly adv. 坚硬地，稳固地

solidify ［sə'lɪdɪfaɪ ］

v. （使）凝固；（使）团结，巩固〈同 harden〉

例　It was so cold that the water solidified into ice. 天气太冷了，水都结冰了。

solitary ［'sɒlɪtəri ; (US)'sɒlɪteri ］

adj. 孤独的；独居的〈同 isolated, alone〉

例　The solitary bachelor did not like Valentine's Day. 这个孤独的单身汉不喜欢过情人节。

记　solit（单独）+ ary → 单独一人的 → 孤独的

联　solitude n. 孤独；solicitous adj. 操心的，焦虑的

solo ［'səʊləʊ ］

n. 独奏曲

例　He always sang solos , never with anyone else. 他总是独唱，从来没有和别人合唱过。

adj. 单独的〈同 unaccompanied, single〉

例　Her solo violin performance was a big hit. 她的小提琴独奏表演很受欢迎。

联　soloist n. 独奏者，独唱者

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. He was ______ but he was not lonely.

19. Temperatures ______ during the summer.

20. She ______ the branch into two pieces.

21. The police arrested the man who tried to ______ jewelry into the country.

22. The company's top sales ______ its position as the leader in the market.

23. When he realized he was late for work, he ______ his car keys and ran out of the door.

第四部分

solution ［sə'lu:ʃən ］

n. ① 解答，解决〈同 answer〉

例　There are many solutions to a problem. 解决问题的办法有许多种。

② 溶液

例　Salt and water form a solution . 盐和水形成溶液。

sovereign ［'sɒvrɪn ］

n. 君主；统治〈同 monarch, king〉

例　The peasants bowed before their sovereign . 农民向君主鞠躬行礼。

adj. 独立自主的〈同 independent〉

例　The Americans did not want to be ruled by England and fought to become a sovereign country. 美国人不想被英国统治，他们通过斗争建立了独立的国家。

联　sovereignty n. 主权，统治权

spacious ［'speɪʃəs ］

adj. 广大的，宽敞的〈同 sizable, large〉

例　Working in a spacious room contributes to one's working efficiency. 在宽敞的房间里工作有利于提高工作效率。

span ［spæn ］

n. 跨度；一段时间〈同 length, range〉

例　Humans measure the span of their lives in decades. 人类以十年为单位来计算生命的长度。

sparkle ［'spɑ:kəl ］

n./v. （发）火花，（使）闪耀〈同 glitter〉

例　The stars seem to sparkle most on moonless nights. 在没有月亮的夜晚，星星显得尤其闪亮。

spatial ［'speɪʃəl ］

adj. 空间的

例　Bats emit sound waves to collect spatial information. 蝙蝠发射声波来获取空间的信息。

speciality ［ˌspeʃɪ'æləti ］

n. ① 招牌性的服务或产品；拳头产品

例　The waiter in the restaurant said their speciality was Peking Duck. 餐厅的服务员介绍北京烤鸭是他们的特色菜。

② 专业，特长〈同 metier〉

例　The scientist's speciality is Greek archaeology. 这位科学家的专长是希腊考古学。

联　specialist n. 专门医师，专家

species ［'spi:ʃi:z ］

n. 类群，种类〈同 kind, classification〉

例　Pine trees, of which there are almost one hundred species , are found throughout the North Temperate Zone. 松树几乎有上百个品种，遍布整个北温带。

联　subspecies n. 【生】亚种

specification ［ˌspesɪfɪ'keɪʃən ］

n. 规格；详细说明书〈同 instruction, description〉

例　She wrote and sent the architect specifications on how she would like her new house to be built. 她就想要如何建造自己的新房子写了一份详细的说明书，然后把它寄给了建筑师。

specify ［'spesɪfaɪ ］

vt. 明确说明；具体指定〈同 detail, name〉

例　The chemistry professor specified what chemicals to use in order to avoid any accidents. 为了避免事故发生，化学教授明确说明了要使用的化学品。

联　specified adj. 特定的；specific adj. 具体的，特指的；specifically adv. 特定地，明确地

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. Although some people believe humans evolved from monkeys, men and monkeys are different ______.

25. The elegant dress she wore made her ______ at that party.

26. The bank statement ______ the amount that they had left in their account.

27. The professor's research ______ was astrophysics.

28. The President and his advisers talked about what would be the best ______ to the issue.

29. Jan's new apartment is very ______ but it will appear smaller once she moves all her furniture in.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | sin | A. stupid
31. ______ | spacious | B. cramped
32. ______ | solidarity | C. include
33. ______ | sober | D. division
34. ______ | shrewd | E. problem
35. ______ | skeptical | F. virtue
36. ______ | soar | G. drunk
37. ______ | skip | H. dissolve
38. ______ | solution | I. believing
39. ______ | solidify | J. descend

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | span | A. secluded
41. ______ | species | B. bones
42. ______ | specify | C. duration
43. ______ | slaughter | D. indicate
44. ______ | signify | E. killing
45. ______ | skeleton | F. category
46. ______ | snap | G. twinkle
47. ______ | solitary | H. designate
48. ______ | sparkle | I. synchronous
49. ______ | simultaneous | J. fracture

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

smash | specifications | slack | spanspatial
sovereign | snack | simultaneous | shrugspacious

50. He has been very _____ in his work lately.

51. He did not know how to answer the question and just ______.

52. There were many ______ at the party: potato chips, cookies, and peanuts.

53. The tree fell on the car and ______ its windows.

54. The rooms of the palace were bright and ______.

55. The architect built a model of the town to give a ______ image of his vision.

56. The two ______ shots sounded like one.

57. When the thirteen colonies won the Revolutionary War, America became a ______ nation.

58. The ______ of the model plane was five feet.

59. The factory built the car according to national ______.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. signified
7. skeptical
8. shrewd
9. shuttle
10. skipped
11. sin
12. slap
13. slot
14. slim
15. slaughter
16. skyscraper
17. slums
18. solitary
19. soar
20. snapped
21. smuggle
22. solidified
23. snatched
24. species
25. sparkle
26. specified
27. speciality
28. solution
29. spacious
30. F
31. B
32. D
33. G
34. A
35. I
36. J
37. C
38. E
39. H
40. C
41. F
42. H
43. E
44. D
45. B
46. J
47. A
48. G
49. I
50. slack
51. shrugged
52. snacks
53. smashed
54. spacious
55. spatial
56. simultaneous
57. sovereign
58. span
59. specifications

Lesson 27

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. She stumbled and hurt herself.

(A) cried out
(B) tripped
(C) exaggerated

2. The introduction of standardized parts was a great contribution to the automobile industry.

(A) neutralized
(B) uniform
(C) advanced

3. Harriet Beecher Stowe, in her antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin , aimed to stir the consciences of her readers.

(A) heed
(B) appease
(C) awaken

4. If an object is suspended from any point on the vertical line passing through its center of gravity, the object will remain stationary .

(A) secure
(B) flexible
(C) immobile

5. My aunt is very stubborn .

(A) soft hearted
(B) obdurate
(C) odd

第一部分

spectacle ［'spektəkəl ］

n. 奇观；展示，景象〈同 demonstration, show〉

例　The fireworks are a very popular spectacle on National Day. 在国庆节，烟火表演非常受欢迎。

spectacular ［spek'tækjʊlə(r) ］

adj. 引人入胜的，壮观的〈同 sensational, fascinating, grand〉

例　The most spectacular thing that happened in the 20th century was the invention of the computer. 20世纪最引人注目的事件就是电脑的发明。

记　来自名词 spectacle（奇观，壮观）：spect（看）+ ac(le)（东西）+ ular → 看的东西的 → 壮观的

联　spectrum n. 光谱，范围；speculate v. 思索，推测，投机；secular adj. 现世的，世俗的

spectator ［spek'teɪtə(r) ; (US)'spekteɪtər ］

n. 参观者，观众〈同 observer, audience〉

例　The spectators watched in sadness as their team lost the championship. 当他们关注的队伍输掉冠军赛的时候，观众的眼里充满了悲伤。

spectrum ［'spektrəm ］

n. 谱，光谱

例　The visible portion of the spectrum includes red at one end and violet at the other. 光谱的可见部分一端是红色的，另一端是紫色的。

联　spectra n. 光谱

speculate ［'spekjʊleɪt ］

v. 推测；沉思〈同 hypothesize, guess〉

例　He speculated that there would be a comet passing the Earth this May, but he was wrong. 他推测在五月份会有彗星经过地球，可是他错了。

记　spec（看）+ ul + ate（使…）→ 使仔细看，引起沉思 → 沉思

联　speculation n. 思索，推测，投机

spiral ［'spaɪrəl ］

adj. 螺旋形的，盘旋的〈同 rotary, curled〉

例　The spring has a spiral shape. 弹簧是螺旋形的。

记　spir(e)（螺旋）+ al → 螺旋形的

联　spiny adj. 多刺的，针状的；spinal adj. 脊髓的；spider n. 蜘蛛

splash ［splæʃ ］

v. 溅，泼〈同 throw a liquid〉

例　The baby liked to splash water when taking a bath. 这个婴儿在洗澡的时候，喜欢戏水玩耍。

联　splat v. 啪嗒作响；lash n. 鞭子，睫毛 v. 鞭打；splatter v. 泼，溅

spokesman ［'spəʊksmən ］

n. 发言人；代表者

例　The company spokesman met with the media and answered questions. 公司发言人与媒体见面，回答了他们提出的问题。

sponge ［spʌnʤ ］

n. 海绵

例　Elizabeth used a sponge to wash her back in the shower. 伊丽莎白在淋浴的时候用海绵擦洗后背。

spontaneous ［spɒn'teɪnɪəs ］

adj. 自发的，自然产生的〈同 instinctive, natural〉

例　There was spontaneous applause at the end of Mary's speech. 在玛丽演讲结束后，观众自发为她喝彩。

记　spont（自愿）+ aneous → 自发的

联　spontaneity n. 自发性；simultaneous adj. 同时的，同时发生的

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Scientists ______ that the rare bone they found was from a dinosaur.

7. The opera singer last night gave a ______ show that brought many people to tears.

8. DNA resembles a ______.

9. She would not answer any questions and told reporters that her lawyer was her ______.

10. Every rainbow has a ______ of colors.

11. After falling into the water, the ______ became larger.

第二部分

spouse ［spaʊz ; (US)spaʊs ］

n. 配偶

例　All the employees will bring their spouses and children to the company's Christmas party. 所有员工将带着配偶和孩子参加公司组织的圣诞派对。

联　espouse v. 支持，拥护；spousal adj. 结婚的；spout n. 喷管 v. 喷出

spy ［spaɪ ］

n. 间谍，侦探

例　The spy stole the secret documents from the government building. 间谍从政府大楼里偷出了机密文件。

v. 侦察，暗中监视；看见，发现

例　She spied someone breaking into her neighbor's house and called the police. 她发现有人闯入了邻居家，然后报了警。

stabilize ［'steɪbɪlaɪz ］

vt. 使稳定，使坚固〈同 secure〉

例　In Japan and elsewhere, the trees are planted to stabilize the soil on steep mountain slopes. 在日本以及其他一些地区，人们在陡峭的山坡上种植植物以防止土壤流失。

stainless ［'steɪnlɪs ］

adj. ① 纯洁的，无瑕疵的

例　After founding four successful businesses, his business reputation was stainless . 成功建立了四个公司之后，他的商业信誉很优良。

② 不生锈的

例　Many pots and pans are made out of stainless steel. 许多厨具由不锈钢制成。

staircase ［'steəkeɪs ］

n. 楼梯

例　Please use the staircase in case of fire, not the elevators. 一旦遇见火情，请使用楼梯，不要使用电梯。

stall ［stɔ:l ］

n. 货摊；畜栏，厩

例　He always opened his food stall bright and early and made breakfast for his customers. 他总是一大早就开始营业，为顾客制作早点。

v. （使）停转，（使）停止〈同 stop〉

例　The old car stalled at the stop light. 这辆老旧的汽车在红灯前停了下来。

standardize ［'stændədaɪz ］

vt. 使符合标准，使标准化〈同 normalize〉

例　The president standardized company policies at all the offices. 总裁要求所有办公室按照公司政策的标准行事。

联　standardized adj. 标准化的

standpoint ［'stændpɔɪnt ］

n. 立场，观点

例　From his standpoint , Ken found he could not agree with the majority. 从他的立场出发，肯发现他无法同意大多数人的意见。

记　stand（站）+ point（点）→ 站的地方 → 立场

联　standstill n. 停止，停顿

startle ［'stɑ:təl ］

v. 震惊〈同 surprise, scare〉

例　The thunder startled the baby. 婴儿被雷声吓到了。

static ［'stætɪk ］

adj. 静态的，呆板的〈同 stationary〉

例　The painting had a picture of a static dog sleeping. 这幅油画画的是一只安静睡觉的小狗。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. He saw two men ______ on him from behind a tree.

13. From the ______ of the consumer, better quality at a lower price would be best.

14. She and her ______ have been together for more than ten years.

15. The economy has been anything but ______ this year, with many ups and downs.

16. Computers were ______ for the Internet.

17. One property of ______ steel is that it will not rust.

第三部分

stationary ［'steɪʃənəri ; (US)'steɪʃəneri ］

adj. 固定的，静止的〈同 fixed, motionless〉

例　I think your arm is broken. Try to keep it stationary until we get to the hospital. 我觉得你的胳膊骨折了。在咱们到医院之前，让你的胳膊保持不动。

stationery ［'steɪʃənəri ; (US)'steɪʃəneri ］

n. 文具

例　He forgot to bring any stationery to class and asked a friend for a pen and paper. 他上课忘带文具了，于是找朋友借了一支笔和纸。

statistics ［stə'tɪstɪks ］

n. 统计学

例　The enterprise relied on statistics to decide its target audience and marketing strategy. 企业依靠统计数据来决定目标客户和市场营销策略。

联　statistical adj. 统计的，统计学的

stereotype ［'sterɪəʊtaɪp ; 'stɪərɪəʊtaɪp ］

n. 陈规，老套；模式化的形象、思想等

例　His perception that all Scottish people were stingy was based on a gross stereotype . 基于一种固有的印象，他认为所有苏格兰人都很吝啬。

记　stereo（坚固的）+ type（类型）→ 成为固定不变的类型 → 模式化的形象

联　stereo n. 立体，立体声 adj. 立体的；stereotypy n. 铅版印刷术；stereomicroscope n. 立体显微镜；stereophonic adj. 立体音响的

stern ［stɜ:n ］

adj. 苛刻的，严格的；严厉的〈同 strict, severe〉

例　The museum guard gave us a stern warning not to touch the paintings. 博物馆的保安严厉警告我们不要触碰画作。

记　联想记忆：发音很像上海话“死特了” → 死板的 → 苛刻的，严格的

联　cistern n. （抽水马桶的）贮水池；intern n. 实习生

steward ［'stjʊəd ］

n. （轮船、飞机等的）乘务员；管家

例　The airline steward gave out the lunch on the flight. 空乘人员在飞机上分发了午餐。

stimulus ［'stɪmjʊləs ］

n. （pl. stimuli）刺激；刺激物

例　His good grade was a stimulus for him to study harder. 他优秀的成绩激励他更努力地读书。

记　stimul（刺激）+ us → 刺激物

联　stimulate v. 刺激，激励；stimulating adj. 使人兴奋的；stimulant n. 兴奋剂，刺激物

stir ［stɜ:(r) ］

v. 激起，引起；搅动〈同 churn〉

例　If you stir your tea, the sugar will melt more quickly. 如果你搅一搅茶，糖就会融化得更快。

联　stirring adj. 激动人心的，活跃的；stirrer n. 搅拌器，搅拌者

stitch ［stɪtʃ ］

v. 缝〈同 sew, knit〉

例　She stitched the hole in her husband's shirt. 她将丈夫衬衫上的破洞缝补好了。

straightforward ［streɪt'fɔ:wəd ］

adj. ①（指人、态度等）坦率的，老实的〈同 honest〉

例　Her criticism of any paper was straightforward and painful. 她针对每篇论文提出的批评都很直接，让人不快。

② 简单的，易懂的〈同 simple, not difficult to do〉

例　The negotiator gave a very straightforward explanation as to why he would not assume any risks. 谈判者简单解释了为什么他不会承担任何风险。

记　组合词：straight（正直的）+ forward（向前的）→ 坦率的

联　straightness n. 正直，率直；straighten v. （使）弄直，伸直；straitened adj. 穷困的，拮据的；strait n. 海峡

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. His ______ parents made him study at home on the weekends.

19. He fell face first on the tennis court and had to go to the hospital to have the cut ______.

20. That hotel ______ was in charge of housekeeping.

21. They waited until the plane was ______ before they stood up.

22. ______ do not take into account individual differences.

23. Ambition is a great ______ for a person to work hard.

第四部分

streamlined ［'stri:mlaɪnd ］

adj. 流线型的

例　Fish developed their streamlined shape to swim faster. 鱼类进化成了流线型是为了游得更快。

联　streamliner n. 流线型高速列车

stride ［straɪd ］

n. 大步，一跨步〈同 step, pace〉

例　The child could not keep up with his father's stride . 小孩无法跟上父亲的脚步。

striking ［'straɪkɪŋ ］

adj. 醒目的，引人注目的；惊人的〈同 dramatic, outstanding〉

例　The girl's beauty is striking . 这个女孩美艳动人。

联　strikingly adv. 醒目地，引人注目地

strive ［straɪv ］

vi. 努力，奋斗；力求〈同 endeavor, try〉

例　We must strive to finish this report before we leave because it is due tomorrow morning. 我们必须在离开之前完成这份报告，因为截止日期是明天上午。

联　strain v. 拉紧，竭尽全力；struggle v. 斗争；strife n. 纷争，倾轧

stubborn ［'stʌbən ］

adj. 顽固的，固执的〈同 headstrong, obstinate〉

例　She was very stubborn and would not agree with him no matter what. 她很顽固，无论在什么事情上都不同意他的意见。

联　stubbornness n. 倔强，顽强

studio ［'stju:dɪəʊ ; (US)'stu:dɪəʊ ］

n. 录音室；艺术家工作室

例　The singer recorded her new CD in a studio in London. 这位歌手在伦敦的一家录音棚录制了新CD。

stumble ［'stʌmbəl ］

vi. 绊倒〈同 trip, fall〉

例　Fred was distracted by his friend, causing him to stumble on a rock. 弗雷德被他的朋友弄得心烦意乱，不小心绊到了石头上。

sturdy ［'stɜ:di ］

adj. （人）强健的，结实的；（物）稳固的〈同 robust, strong〉

例　The walls of this house are so sturdy that not even an earthquake could knock them down. 这座房子的墙很坚固，连地震都震不倒它。

记　联想记忆：study 中间多出一个 r

联　stutter v. 结巴地说出；stupor n. 昏迷；stout adj. 结实的，矮胖的；stalwart adj. 健壮的，坚定的

subjective ［səb'ʤektɪv ］

adj. 主观的，个人的

例　His assessment was too subjective to be considered seriously. 他的评价过于主观，不会被认真考虑。

记　subject（主题，主观）+ ive（…的）→ 主观的

联　subject n. 主题 v. 支配，使隶属；objective adj. 客观的；adjective n. 形容词；abject adj. 卑鄙的，可怜的

subordinate ［sə'bɔ:dɪnət ; (US)sə'bɔ:dənət ］

adj. 下级的，从属的〈同 inferior〉

例　The subordinate soldiers did not question the commander. 下属士兵完全服从长官的命令。

记　sub（下面）+ ordin（顺序）+ ate → 顺序在下面 → 从属的

联　insubordinate adj. 不服从的；ordinance n. 法令；coordinate v. 整理，协调；inordinate adj. 过度的，过分的

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The students complained to the teacher that the test was too ______ and it wasn't a fair measure of their studies.

25. The painter worked day and night in his ______ until he finished his work.

26. Alice's long legs allowed her to run with long ______.

27. He always studies hard and ______ to make his parents proud.

28. After Peter broke his leg, finishing the hiking trip was ______ to taking him to a hospital.

29. The car's new ______ design would allow it to go faster.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | static | A. docile
31. ______ | striking | B. superior
32. ______ | sturdy | C. objective
33. ______ | stern | D. commonplace
34. ______ | stubborn | E. premeditated
35. ______ | spontaneous | F. weaken
36. ______ | subjective | G. lenient
37. ______ | stabilize | H. cumbersome
38. ______ | subordinate | I. mobile
39. ______ | streamlined | J. frail

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | strive | A. suture
41. ______ | spontaneous | B. honest
42. ______ | speculate | C. automatic
43. ______ | striking | D. harsh
44. ______ | stitch | E. changeless
45. ______ | spectator | F. struggle
46. ______ | static | G. tenacious
47. ______ | stubborn | H. ponder
48. ______ | straightforward | I. remarkable
49. ______ | stern | J. viewer

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

splash | stir | sturdy | spontaneous | stumble
stubborn | spectacle | stall | spectator | stationary

50. The mud ______ the wagon from continuing the journey.

51. The sunset over the ocean was a ______ for those who had never seen it before.

52. His dive into the swimming pool ______ water on dry people.

53. Rowing boats every day for a year had made his arms very ______.

54. The eruption of a volcano is ______.

55. His mom went out to buy ______ for him before the first day of class.

56. The ______ cheered and screamed every time their team scored a goal.

57. Please ______ the soup before it burns.

58. The ______ explorers refused to turn back.

59. I ______ over an exposed tree root.

参考答案

1. B
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. speculate
7. spectacular
8. spiral
9. spokesman
10. spectrum
11. sponge
12. spying
13. standpoint
14. spouse
15. static
16. standardized
17. stainless
18. stern
19. stitched
20. steward
21. stationary
22. Stereotypes
23. stimulus
24. subjective
25. studio
26. strides
27. strives
28. subordinate
29. streamlined
30. I
31. D
32. J
33. G
34. A
35. E
36. C
37. F
38. B
39. H
40. F
41. C
42. H
43. I
44. A
45. J
46. E
47. G
48. B
49. D
50. stalled
51. spectacle
52. splashed
53. sturdy
54. spontaneous
55. stationary
56. spectators
57. stir
58. stubborn
59. stumbled

Lesson 28

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. The symptoms of influenza are fever, headache and muscular pain.

(A) effects
(B) delights
(C) signs

2. The founders of the United States were suspicious of a central government that was very powerful.

(A) in need of
(B) mistrustful of
(C) favorable to

3. The Argentine mountain named Aconcagua is the highest summit outside Central Asia.

(A) volcano
(B) range
(C) peak

4. During hard times, rural people tend to swarm into cities.

(A) throng
(B) retreat
(C) withdraw

5. All of the tenants in the building complained about the lack of hot water.

(A) old people
(B) landlords
(C) occupants

第一部分

subscribe ［səb'skraɪb ］

v. 订阅

例　The saleswoman wanted me to subscribe to several magazines. 女销售员希望我订几本杂志。

subsidiary ［səb'sɪdɪəri ］

n. 支流；子公司〈同 branch〉

例　The company's main office is in New York but it has subsidiaries in Los Angeles and Miami. 公司的总部在纽约，但是在洛杉矶和迈阿密都有分公司。

记　sub（下）+ sid（坐）+iary → 坐在下面 → 子公司

联　subside vi. 下沉，平息

subsidize ［'sʌbsɪdaɪz ］

vt. 补助，资助〈同 finance, fund〉

例　The City Opera is subsidized by individual and corporate donations. 市剧院由个人和公司出资建造。

联　subsidy n. 补助金，津贴

subtle ［'sʌtəl ］

adj. 微妙的，细微的〈同 slight, delicate〉

例　Subtle humor is often hard to understand. 微妙的幽默通常难懂。

记　sub（下面）+ tle → 在下面的东西 → 微妙的

联　subtlety n. 微妙，狡猾；subtitle n. 副标题

suburb ［'sʌbɜ:b ］

n. 郊区〈同 outskirts, vicinity〉

例　Many people work in the busy city and live in a quiet suburb . 许多人在繁忙的市里工作，在安静的郊区居住。

联　suburbanization n. 近郊化，郊区建造；suburbanite n. 郊区居民

sue ［su: ］

v. 提出诉讼，控告〈同 appeal〉

例　If he does not pay me by the first of the month, I will have to sue him. 如果他月初不付我钱，我就只好起诉他了。

联　pursue vt. 追赶，追踪，从事；tissue n. 薄的纱织品，薄纸，棉纸，【生】组织

suffice ［sə'faɪs ］

v. 足够，有能力；使满足〈同 be enough〉

例　Will one hundred dollars suffice to buy that stereo? 100美元够买这个立体声音响吗？

联　sufficient adj. 充分的，足够的；suffix n. 【语】后缀，下标

suicide ［'su:ɪsaɪd ; 'sju:ɪsaɪd ］

n. 自杀，自毁

例　Some people say smoking cigarettes is a form of suicide . 许多人说吸烟是一种慢性自杀。

suitcase ［'su:tkeɪs ; 'sju:tkeɪs ］

n. 手提箱，衣箱

例　He packed all his clothes for the trip into one suitcase . 他把旅行要带的所有衣服打包放到了一个箱子里。

summit ［'sʌmɪt ］

n. 山顶，顶点〈同 peak, acme〉

例　The climbers placed their country's flag at the mountain's summit . 登山者把他们国家的旗帜插到了山顶上。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. The joke was too ______ for foreigners to understand.

7. The telescope was placed on the ______ in order to have a better view of the stars.

8. She ______ the driver of the car that hit her.

9. Jack's company ______ his business trip.

10. This bank has more than 50 ______ in the city and has the highest number of clients.

11. I am not very thirsty so one glass of water will ______.

第二部分

summon ［'sʌmən ］

vt. 召唤，传唤；召集〈同 call〉

例　She was summoned to the principal's office for misbehaving. 由于行为失当，她被叫去院长办公室了。

联　summons n. 传票，传唤；monition n. 忠告，警告；admonitory adj. 忠告的

superb ［su:'pɜ:b ; sju:'pɜ:b ］

adj. 极好的，超级的〈同 excellent, wonderful〉

例　This excellent restaurant serves superb steaks. 这家高档的餐厅有优质牛排。

记　super（上等，超越）+ b → 超级的

联　superbly adv. 雄伟地，壮丽地，极好地；super adj. 特级的，极好的；superior adj. 较高的，上级的

superiority ［su:ˌpɪərɪ'ɒrəti ］

n. 优越，优秀

例　The stars on the general's uniform are a sign of superiority to lower ranking officers. 将军军装上的星星是其比低级别军官卓越的标志。

supersonic ［ˌsu:pə'sɒnɪk ; ˌsju:pə'sɒnɪk ］

adj. 超音速的

例　The supersonic jet flew at a speed twice the speed of sound. 超音速战机以音速两倍的速度飞行。

记　super（超级，超过）+ sonic（声音的）→ 超音速的

联　supersede vt. 代替，取代；superstar n. 超级明星；superstition n. 迷信；sonic adj. 音速的；sonata n. 奏鸣曲；sonorous adj. 洪亮的

supervise ［'su:pəvaɪz ; 'sju:pəvaɪz ］

vt. 监督，指导〈同 administer, direct〉

例　The manager supervised the workers to make sure they did a quality job. 经理监督工人以确保他们的工作质量。

联　supervision n. 监督，管理；supervisor n. 主管，管理人

suppress ［sə'pres ］

vt. 镇压，抑制〈同 check, restrain〉

例　Bob would be a more attractive person if he did not suppress his impulses toward warmth and affection. 如果鲍勃不去压抑自己对温暖与爱的向往，他会是一个更有吸引力的人。

surge ［sɜ:ʤ ］

n. 汹涌，澎湃，喷发〈同 outburst, eruption〉

例　A surge of anger swept over her when she saw her boyfriend with another woman. 当看见自己的男朋友和别的女人在一起的时候，她怒火中烧。

联　insurgent adj. 叛乱的；urge v. 敦促；purge v. 肃清，净化；surgeon n. 外科医生；surgery n. 外科，手术

surpass ［sə'pɑ:s ; (US)sər'pæs ］

vt. 超越，胜过〈同 exceed〉

例　Her TOEFL scores surpassed our expectations. 她的托福考试成绩超过了我们的期望。

记　sur（上面）+ pass（经过）→ 从上面经过 → 超越

联　impasse n. 僵局；trespass vt. 侵入，打扰；surmount vt. 战胜，超越；surplus n. 剩余，过剩；surcharge n. 附加费

susceptible ［sə'septɪbəl ］

adj. 易受影响的；敏感的，过敏的〈同 vulnerable, sensitive〉

例　She was susceptible to crying on rainy days. 她容易在下雨天哭泣。

suspicious ［sə'spɪʃəs ］

adj. （人或物）可疑的；好猜疑的，怀疑的〈同 questionable, mistrustful〉

例　Bob was suspicious of everyone who came to his door. 鲍勃怀疑每一个来找他的人。

记　sus（在…下面）+ (s)pic（看）+ ious → 在下面看的 → 怀疑的

联　suspicion n. 怀疑；suspect n. 嫌疑犯 v. 怀疑；superstitious adj. 迷信的

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The twin sisters were both ______ to illness if they did not eat well.

13. The nursery school（幼儿园）teacher ______ the children to make sure they did not hurt themselves.

14. The judge ______ the witness to court but she had already run away.

15. People knocking on my door at night make me ______ .

16. Since we were in the library, Ray had to ______ his laughter.

17. The choir gave a ______ performance and everyone applauded.

第三部分

swamp ［swɒmp ］

n. 沼泽，湿地〈同 marsh, bog〉

例　The swamp was full of snakes and alligators. 沼泽里到处都是蛇和短吻鳄。

联　swampy adj. 沼泽的，湿地的

swarm ［swɔ:m ］

n. 蜂群，一大群〈同 throng, flock〉

例　A swarm of bees attacked the bear that was trying to steal their honey. 一群蜜蜂攻击了一头想要偷蜂蜜的熊。

v. 挤满，密集〈同 teem, crowd〉

例　Her friends swarmed around her when she scored the winning goal. 她打入制胜球时，朋友们都围住了她。

switch ［swɪtʃ ］

n. 开关，电闸；转换，转变

例　The switch is next to the door. 开关在门的旁边。

v. 转换，转变〈同 exchange〉

例　Please switch off the light when you leave. 走的时候请关灯。

symmetry ［'sɪmɪtri ］

n. 对称（性），匀称〈同 balance〉

例　The addition of a second tower will give this edifice the symmetry which it now lacks. 再建一座高楼将使这栋大厦呈现出一种对称感，而这是它目前所欠缺的。

sympathetic ［ˌsɪmpə'θetɪk ］

adj. ① 有同情心的

例　He had a vocation for teaching in poor countries because he is a very sympathetic person. 他选择在贫穷国家从事教育工作，因为他是一个富有同情心的人。

② 赞成的，合意的〈同 approving〉

例　The teacher was sympathetic to the class's plan for a trip to the museum. 老师对班级参观博物馆的计划表示赞同。

记　sym（共同，相同）+ path(y)（感情）+ etic → 与别人有着相同的感情 → 有同情心的

联　sympathize vi. 同情；empathetic adj. 移情作用的；pathetic adj. 可怜的；apathetic adj. 冷漠的

symphony ［'sɪmfəni ］

n. 交响乐，交响曲

例　The opera singer was accompanied by a symphony at the concert last week. 上周音乐会的歌剧是由交响乐伴奏的。

symposium ［sɪm'pəʊzɪəm ］

n. 讨论会，座谈会〈同 seminar〉

例　The symposium on peace invited distinguished professors and leading politicians for discussion. 这个关于和平的研讨会邀请了著名的专家和主要的政治家参与讨论。

symptom ［'sɪmptəm ］

n. 症状；征兆〈同 sign, indication〉

例　One symptom of the disease is a high fever. 这种疾病的症状之一是发高烧。

联　symptomatic adj. 症状的，征兆的

synchronize ［'sɪŋkrənaɪz ］

v. （使）同步

例　She synchronized her watch with the clock at the railway station. 她照着火车站的时钟调了手表。

记　syn（共同）+ chron（时间）+ ize → 同步

联　synchronization n. 同一时刻，同步；synchronous adj. 同时的，同步的；chronic adj. 慢性的；chronicle n. 编年史；anachronism n. 时代错误

synthesis ［'sɪnθɪsɪs ］

n. 综合，合成〈同 integration〉

例　Humans need some sunlight for the synthesis of Vitamin D which takes place in the skin. 人体需要点阳光才能在皮肤内合成维生素D。

联　synthetic adj. 合成的，人造的

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. Scientists have discovered that faces with the most ______ are the most attractive.

19. A ______ of locusts darkened the sky.

20. The school held a weekend ______ which included lectures, discussions and presentations.

21. Alligators live in Florida's coastal ______.

22. Teddy was told to take the medicine for a week even if the ______ had gone away.

23. The ______ of the two top companies made it difficult for competitors to survive.

第四部分

tablet ［'tæblɪt ］

n. ① 便笺簿〈同 pad〉

例　The university bookstore stocks a large supply of writing tablets . 这家大学书店采购了大量的便笺薄。

② 药片〈同 pill〉

例　The big medicine bottle contained 1,000 tablets . 这个大药瓶装有1000片药。

tackle ［'tækəl ］

vt. 应付（难事等），处理〈同 undertake〉

例　Don't tackle a project you can't finish. 不要承接你完成不了的项目。

联　tack vt. 钉住；tacky adj. 黏的，俗气的

tactic ［'tæktɪk ］

n. 战术，用兵学；策略，手段〈同 strategy, policy〉

例　Anne's tactic of confronting her boss directly was successful. 安娜直接对抗上司的策略很成功。

tangle ［'tæŋg(ə)l ］

n./v. （处于）混乱状态；（使）缠结〈同 mess, snarl〉

例　The insect was tangled up in the spider's web and could not escape. 昆虫被蜘蛛网缠住了，没法逃跑。

tar ［tɑ:(r) ］

n. 焦油，柏油

例　This cigarette with lower tar is probably less harmful. 吸这种焦油含量低的香烟可能对健康的损害少一点。

tariff ［'tærɪf ］

n. 关税

例　The government imposed a higher tariff to discourage imports. 政府征收高额关税来限制进口。

联　sheriff n. 县治安官；tiff n./v. 吵嘴；customs n. 进口税，海关

tease ［ti:z ］

vt. 取笑，逗恼，奚落〈同 ridicule〉

例　He always teased his little sister and made her cry. 他总是戏弄他妹妹，把她弄哭。

temperament ［'tempərəmənt ］

n. 气质，性情

例　The teacher's patient and sweet temperament made her the children's favorite teacher. 这位老师耐心亲切，这使她成了孩子们最喜欢的老师。

tempo ［'tempəʊ ］

n. （音乐）速度，拍子〈同 pace〉

例　As the music reached a frenetic tempo the audience lost all decorum and broke into impromptu dancing. 随着音乐节奏变得狂热，观众们也丢掉矜持，即兴跳起舞来。

联　temporal adj. 时间的，暂时的；tempt vt. 诱惑；temple n. 寺，庙

tenant ［'tenənt ］

n. 承租人，房客〈同 occupant, resident〉

例　The tenants of the office building are mainly small firms. 租用这座办公楼的基本上都是些小公司。

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The children knew that Peter was fond of Mary but too shy to speak to her, so they used to ______ him about it.

25. It is the ______ duty to pay his rent on time.

26. The fisherman threw the net into the water and, when he pulled it up, found many fish ______ inside.

27. Medicinal ______ come in a large variety of sizes and shapes.

28. The ______ of pretending to retreat fooled the enemy.

29. She would always buy cigarettes at the airport because there was no ______.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | suspicious | A. imbalance
31. ______ | subtle | B. poor
32. ______ | susceptible | C. immune
33. ______ | summit | D. untangle
34. ______ | tangle | E. base
35. ______ | superb | F. commend
36. ______ | tease | G. unleash
37. ______ | symmetry | H. ignore
38. ______ | supervise | I. obvious
39. ______ | suppress | J. unsuspecting

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

40. DNA contains coded information for the synthesis of proteins.

(A) analysis
(B) formation
(C) absorption

41. There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when a previous record of performance is surpassed .

(A) exceeded
(B) matched
(C) maintained

42. The Texas Opera Theater was established as a subsidiary of the Houston Grand Opera in order to give young singers performing experience.

(A) hall
(B) rival
(C) branch

43. Classicism is a form of art derived from Greek and Roman styles and is characterized by harmony, symmetry , and serenity.

(A) symbolism
(B) ornamentation
(C) balance

44. Although poisonous, many alkaloids are valuable as medicines, and some can suppress coughing.

(A) check
(B) cause
(C) demonstrate

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | switch | A. sponsor
46. ______ | tempo | B. crowd
47. ______ | symposium | C. speed
48. ______ | subsidize | D. prone
49. ______ | suffice | E. change
50. ______ | tackle | F. start a lawsuit against
51. ______ | swarm | G. deal with
52. ______ | surge | H. panel
53. ______ | sue | I. explode
54. ______ | susceptible | J. be sufficient

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

supersonic | tar | switch | suitcase
synchronize | tackle | suburb | surpass

55. He ______ channels when he got bored with the TV show.

56. The air was cleaner to breathe in the ______ than in the city.

57. When you arrive at a foreign country, the first thing you need to do is ______ your watch with the local clock at the airport.

58. She wrote her name on the side of her ______ so she could recognize it easily when she picked it up at the airport.

59. Superman can run and fly at ______ speeds.

60. We have to ______ this difficult problem today, otherwise things will be aggravated further.

61. Kenny's grades in the difficult class ______ those of all his classmates.

62. He did not realize he had stepped in some ______ and he made a mess when he walked into the room.

参考答案

1. C
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. subtle
7. summit
8. sued
9. subsidized
10. subsidiaries
11. suffice
12. susceptible
13. supervised
14. summoned
15. suspicious
16. suppress
17. superb
18. symmetry
19. swarm
20. symposium
21. swamps
22. symptoms
23. synthesis
24. tease
25. tenant's
26. tangled
27. tablets
28. tactic
29. tariff
30. J
31. I
32. C
33. E
34. D
35. B
36. F
37. A
38. H
39. G
40. B
41. A
42. C
43. C
44. A
45. E
46. C
47. H
48. A
49. J
50. G
51. B
52. I
53. F
54. D
55. switched
56. suburb
57. synchronize
58. suitcase
59. supersonic
60. tackle
61. surpassed
62. tar

Lesson 29

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. Light from the Sun and distant stars traverses a vacuum in space.

(A) fills
(B) creates
(C) crosses

2. The Rocky Mountain forest belt is known for its ponderosa pines and rugged terrain .

(A) climate
(B) wildlife
(C) land

3. Laurels（月桂树）are valued for their aromatic oils and spices, edible fruits, and timber .

(A) wood
(B) leaves
(C) blossoms

4. The ambassador was given the book as a token of the government's regard for him.

(A) an estimation
(B) a memento
(C) a share

5. The medieval legend of Dr. Faustus has been a recurrent theme in Western literature.

(A) issue
(B) tale
(C) subject

第一部分

tendency ［'tendənsɪ ］

n. 趋势，倾向〈同 trend, propensity〉

例　A tendency in all human beings is to try to survive. 生存是所有人的本性。

联　tendentious adj. 有倾向性的；tendance n. 伺候

tense ［tens ］

adj. 紧张的；拉紧的〈同 strained, tight〉

例　The bath relaxed Mary's tense muscles. 玛丽洗了个澡，使紧张的肌肉得到了放松。

联　tension n. 紧张（状态），压力；intense adj. 强烈的，剧烈的；tensile adj. 可拉长的，可伸长的；pretense n. 矫饰，做作；pretension n. 主张，要求

tentative ［'tentətɪv ］

adj. 试验性的，试探的；暂定的〈同 unconfirmed〉

例　They made tentative plans to have dinner sometime next week. 他们暂时计划下周找个时间一起吃晚饭。

terminate ［'tɜ:mɪneɪt ］

v. 停止，结束〈同 stop, end〉

例　She became so upset that she terminated the conversation by hanging up. 她变得心烦意乱，然后挂断电话，结束了谈话。

记　termin（结束）+ ate → 停止，结束

联　termination n. 终止；terminal n. 终点 adj. 末端的；terminus n. 终点站；exterminate vt. 根除，灭绝；determination n. 决心，果断

terrace ［'terəs ］

n. 梯田；阳台

例　The family enjoyed having breakfast outside on the terrace . 这家人喜欢在屋外的阳台上吃早餐。

vt. 使成梯田

例　The roadway was terraced into the side of the mountain. 小路在山腰上蜿蜒盘旋，成梯田状。

记　terr（地）+ ace → 梯田

联　territory n. 领土，领域；territorial adj. 领土的；subterrane n. 地下室；extraterrestrial adj. 地球外的

terrain ［tə'reɪn ］

n. 地势，地形〈同 land, landform, topography〉

例　The mountainous terrain required people to wear hiking boots. 山区的地形决定了人们需要穿登山靴。

terrific ［tə'rɪfɪk ］

adj. 极好的〈同 excellent〉

例　Sally's promotion was terrific news for the whole family. 萨利升职了，这对于全家来说真是个大好消息。

记　terr（怕）+ ific → 好得让人怕 → 极好的

terrify ［'terɪfaɪ ］

vt. 使恐怖，使惊吓〈同 frighten〉

例　The thought of a major potential earthquake terrifies many Southern Californians. 一想到可能会有一场大地震，许多加利福尼亚南部的居民就很害怕。

联　terrifying adj. 恐怖的；terribly adj. 可怕的，十分

testify ［'testɪfaɪ ］

v. 证明，证实；作证〈同 affirm, witness〉

例　The witness testified against the defendant in court today. 目击证人今天在法庭上作证指控了被告。

testimony ［'testɪməni ; (US)'testɪməʊni ］

n. 证据，【律】证言〈同 evidence〉

例　Her testimony was very believable and led to the criminal's conviction. 她的证词非常有力可信，因此罪犯被判有罪。

记　testi（见证）+ mony → 证言

联　testimonial n. 证明书，推荐；testify v. 证实，证明

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. It was because of Molly's ______ for diligent studying that she became a top student.

7. The judge listened closely to the witness' ______.

8. Tom and Jerry always argued and every time they were in the same room it felt ______.

9. The terrible ghost traveled from house to house ______ little boys and girls.

10. Even though you don't know whether you will be available next month, let's make a ______ schedule at least.

11. She ______ that she had seen him commit the crime.

第二部分

textile ［'tekstaɪl ］

n. 纺织品

例　The fabric store sold many types of textiles . 纺织品店销售很多种纺织品。

texture ［'tekstʃə(r) ］

n. 质地；（材料等的）结构〈同 structure〉

例　Burlap has a much coarser texture than linen. 粗麻布比亚麻布的质地粗糙得多。

联　textured adj. 手摸时有感觉的，有织纹的

theft ［θeft ］

n. 偷窃〈同 stealing〉

例　The prisoner was jailed for theft . 这个囚徒由于偷盗而入狱。

theme ［θi:m ］

n. （谈话、写作等的）题目；主题〈同 subject〉

例　Love is a recurring theme in popular music these days. 在当今的流行音乐里，爱情是个反复出现的主题。

therapy ［'θerəpi ］

n. 治疗（法）〈同 treatment〉

例　He had to undergo therapy to fully recover from his broken back. 为了使背伤完全康复，他不得不接受治疗。

联　therapeutic adj. 治疗的；therapist n. 治疗学家

thesis ［'θi:sɪs ］

n. 论题，论文〈同 dissertation〉

例　Each senior had to write a thesis before graduating from college. 每位大四学生在大学毕业前必须写一篇论文。

联　hypothesis n. 假设；photosynthesis n. 光合作用；synthesis n. 综合，合成

thorn ［θɔ:n ］

n. 【植】刺，棘，荆棘

例　A rose is beautiful but its thorns are sharp. 玫瑰虽然漂亮，但也带着锋利的刺。

联　thorny adj. 有刺的，多刺的

threshold ［'θreʃhəʊld ］

n. 开始，开端〈同 entrance〉

例　The year 2001 is the threshold of a new millennium. 2001年是新千年的开始。

thrifty ［'θrɪfti ］

adj. 节省的，节俭的〈同 economical〉

例　A thrifty shopper compares prices before making purchases. 勤俭节约的人在购物时会比较一下价格。

thrill ［θrɪl ］

v. （使）使激动；（使）发抖

例　She was thrilled to hear that her son was coming back home for Christmas. 听儿子说他要回家过圣诞节，她特别激动。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. The medicine and ______ helped him be able to walk again.

13. His graduation marked the ______ of his life after college.

14. The ______ mill produced sweaters in the winter and T-shirts in the summer.

15. The student's adviser praised his ______ and recommended it be published in a leading magazine.

16. The ______ of sand is coarse and gritty.

17. The parents were ______ when their daughter was accepted into law school.

第三部分

throne ［θrəʊn ］

n. 王座；君主

例　The king sat on his throne when guests would enter his chamber. 当宾客进入大殿的时候，国王已经坐在了宝座上。

tick ［tɪk ］

vi. 滴答地响

例　The clock ticked every second. 时钟每秒都滴答作响。

tight ［taɪt ］

adj. 紧的；绷紧的；紧密的〈同 firm〉

例　The bottle cap was too tight and she had to ask her older brother to help her open it. 瓶盖太紧了，她不得不让她的哥哥帮她打开。

tile ［taɪl ］

n. 瓦片；瓷砖

例　The white bathroom tiles needed to be cleaned every two days. 浴室的白瓷砖每隔两天就需要清洁一次。

tilt ［tɪlt ］

n. 倾斜〈同 slant, lean〉

例　The Leaning Tower of Pisa has so much tilt it looks as if it should fall. 比萨斜塔如此地倾斜，看上去就好像快要倒了。

联　gilt adj. 镀金的；lilt v. 轻快地唱；silt n. 淤泥；stilt n. 高跷

timber ［'tɪmbə(r) ］

n. 木材，木料〈同 wood, lumber, log〉

例　Timber is sold for the construction of new homes. 人们购买木料来建造新房。

timely ［'taɪmli ］

adj. 及时的，适时的〈同 opportune〉

例　The professor always arrived at class in a timely fashion. 教授总是在上课的时候刚好准时赶到。

timid ［'tɪmɪd ］

adj. 胆怯的，羞怯的〈同 shy〉

例　The timid student was afraid to talk to his teacher. 这个胆小的学生害怕和老师讲话。

记　tim（胆怯）+ id → 胆怯的

联　timidity n. 胆小，胆怯；intimidate vt. 恐吓，威胁；timorous adj. 胆小的；tumid adj. 肿胀的，肿大的；humid adj. 潮湿的

token ［'təʊkən ］

n. 象征，记号〈同 symbol〉

例　Please accept this gift as a token of gratitude for your friendship. 请接受这份礼物，以表达我对你的情谊的感谢之情。

toss ［tɒs ; (US)tɔ:s ］

n./v. 投，掷〈同 throw〉

例　The basketball players tossed the ball around in practice. 这些篮球运动员在不断练习投球。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. The president had a ______ schedule during his visit and could not meet friends for dinner.

19. His gift of a DVD player was ______; I had just bought a new TV.

20. She was so upset with her husband that she ______ her wedding ring into the ocean.

21. The waiter placed some paper under the table's legs to adjust the ______.

22. The rose was a ______ of her love for him.

23. The rebellion overthrew the king's ______ and established a new form of government.

第四部分

tow ［təʊ ］

v. 拖引，牵引〈同 pull, drag〉

例　The car broke down and had to be towed to the garage. 这辆车发生了故障，只好被拖到修理厂去。

联　tower n. 塔，城堡；towering adj. 高耸的，杰出的

tract ［trækt ］

n. 广阔的地面，大片（土地）〈同 area, region〉

例　The king granted William Penn a tract of land in the New World. 国王分封给威廉·佩恩将军位于新大陆的一大片土地。

联　traction n. 牵引；tractor n. 拖拉机

trademark ［'treɪdmɑ:k ］

n. 商标〈同 brand〉

例　The company put its trademark on all its products. 这家公司给旗下所有产品加上了本公司的商标。

tragic ［'træʤɪk ］

adj. 悲惨的；悲剧的〈同 dreadful, deplorable〉

例　The tragic accident took the lives of five people. 这场不幸的事故夺走了五个人的生命。

记　来自名词 tragedy（n. 悲剧；悲惨的事）

联　tragedian n. 悲剧演员；traffic n. 交通

trait ［treɪt ］

n. 特征，特性〈同 quality, attribute〉

例　The color of one's eyes is a genetic trait . 一个人眼睛的颜色是遗传特征。

联　trail n. 踪迹，痕迹；trailblazer n. 先驱者，开拓者；portrait n. 肖像，人像；portraiture n. 肖像画法

transaction ［træn'zækʃən ］

n. 交易〈同 deal〉

例　Opening a savings accout is a simple transaction . 开通一个储蓄账户是一项简单的交易。

transient ［'trænzɪənt ］

adj. 短暂的，瞬时的〈同 ephemeral, transitory〉

例　The transient breeze provided some relief from the summer heat, but we were soon perspiring again. 这一小阵微风给炎热的夏天带来一丝凉爽，但我们很快又流汗了。

联　transistor n. 晶体管；intransigent adj. 不妥协的，不让步的

transition ［træn'zɪʃən ］

n. 转变，过渡〈同 passage, change〉

例　Spring is a transition from winter into summer. 春天是从冬天到夏天的过渡季节。

联　transitional adj. 变迁的，过渡的；transit n./v. 经过，运输

transplant ［træns'pla:nt ］

v. 移植〈同 transfer, graft〉

例　The doctor transplanted a heart into the patient. 医生给病人移植了心脏。

traverse ［træ'vɜ:s ］

v. 横贯，横越〈同 cross, bridge〉

例　She was an experienced traveler who had traversed both Africa and Europe in her twenties. 她是一位经验丰富的旅行者，她曾在二十几岁时就穿越了非洲和欧洲。

记　tra（横）+ verse（转）→ 横过

联　travesty n. 滑稽模仿

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The story of Romeo and Juliet is very ______.

25. The ship that had been damaged had to be ______ to the part.

26. They spent their summer on motorbikes ______ the whole country.

27. The company's ______ had become so well-known that people around the world automatically associated it with the company.

28. The farmer ______ the plant from a flowerpot（花盆）into the garden.

29. One of the main staples of gypsy（吉卜赛人）culture is ______ living.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | tentative | A. tranquilize
31. ______ | thrifty | B. definite
32. ______ | transient | C. happy
33. ______ | tragic | D. end
34. ______ | tendency | E. bad
35. ______ | terrify | F. aversion
36. ______ | timid | G. permanent
37. ______ | thrill | H. reassure
38. ______ | terrific | I. improvident
39. ______ | threshold | J. bold

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
40. ______ | tight | A. incline
41. ______ | toss | B. temporary
42. ______ | transient | C. proof
43. ______ | tilt | D. cast
44. ______ | timber | E. prompt
45. ______ | testimony | F. taut
46. ______ | trait | G. confirm
47. ______ | timely | H. wood
48. ______ | tentative | I. characteristic
49. ______ | testify | J. temporary

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

trait | tract | textile | transition | timid
thorn | terrific | tick | terminate | transaction

50. Bill fell on a cactus（仙人掌）and spent his day removing ______ from his leg.

51. The restaurant makes hamburgers that taste ______, so it is always crowded during lunch time.

52. Although he had dropped his watch in the water, it was still ______.

53. The boy was too ______ to talk to girls.

54. She kept receipts of all her shopping ______ in case she might need to return or exchange the merchandise.

55. She had a difficult time in her ______ from American to Chinese culture when she came back to China.

56. Old McDonald bought a 100-acre ______ for his farm and livestock.

57. Fairfield, Iowa, is a trade and industrial center producing dairy products, feed, washing machines, farm equipment, and ______.

58. After seeing him in the library every day for a month, it was obvious that his greatest ______ was his diligence.

59. The court ruled that the contract must be _____.

参考答案

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. tendency
7. testimony
8. tense
9. terrifying
10. tentative
11. testified
12. therapy
13. threshold
14. textile
15. thesis
16. texture
17. thrilled
18. tight
19. timely
20. tossed
21. tilt
22. token
23. throne
24. tragic
25. towed
26. traversing
27. trademark
28. transplanted
29. transient
30. B
31. I
32. G
33. C
34. F
35. H
36. J
37. A
38. E
39. D
40. F
41. D
42. J
43. A
44. H
45. C
46. I
47. E
48. B
49. G
50. thorns
51. terrific
52. ticking
53. timid
54. transactions
55. transition
56. tract
57. textiles
58. trait
59. terminated

Lesson 30

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. After listening to the testimony, the members of the jury delivered their verdict .

(A) sentence
(B) decision
(C) cross examination

2. Many fossils are uncovered by chance on the surface of the earth.

(A) altered
(B) ruined
(C) revealed

3. The bud of a water lily opens at sunset since its opening is triggered by the decreased light.

(A) alleviated
(B) endured
(C) set off

4. Urban renewal programs strive to upgrade areas that are becoming slums.

(A) reproach
(B) improve
(C) fortify

5. A turbulent storm was a major factor in the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

(A) noxious
(B) violent
(C) mysterious

第一部分

trench ［trentʃ ］

n. 沟，壕沟〈同 ditch, canal〉

例　The soldiers dug a trench to avoid gunfire. 战士们挖战壕来防御炮火攻击。

联　entrenched adj. （权利、传统等）确立的，牢固的

tribe ［traɪb ］

n. 部落，部族

例　Everyone in the tribe participates in a weekly ritual. 部落里的每个人都参加每周一次的仪式。

联　tribal adj. 部落的，宗族的

tribute ［'trɪbju:t ］

n. ① 贡品；贡税〈同 tax, levy〉

例　The defeated country was forced to pay a tribute to the victor. 战败国被迫向战胜国交纳贡品。

② 颂词，殷勤〈同 praise, compliment〉

例　The actress gave tribute to her director when she accepted her Oscar. 在接受奥斯卡金像奖的时候，这位女演员向导演表达了感激之情。

trifle ［'traɪfəl ］

n. 琐事；少量〈同 little〉

例　The cheap picture cost only a trifle . 只花了一点钱就买了这幅便宜的画。

联　trifling adj. 不重要的

trigger ［'trɪgə(r) ］

vt. 引发，引起，触发〈同 set off, initiate〉

例　The attack triggered a full-scale war. 这次攻击引发了全面的战争。

triple ［'trɪpəl ］

n./adj. 三倍数（的）

例　Nine is the triple of three. 9是3的三倍。

trivial ［'trɪvɪəl ］

adj. 微不足道的，琐碎的〈同 insignificant, trifling〉

例　The new textbook is quite good, though it does contain a few trivial errors. 尽管里面有点小错误，这本新教科书还是不错的。

tuck ［tʌk ］

vt. 把…塞进（一个狭小容器或空洞等）

例　All the boys in this class are required to tuck their shirts into their pants. 这个班里的所有男孩被要求把衬衫下摆塞到裤子里。

tug ［tʌg ］

v. 用力拖，吃力地搬运〈同 pull〉

例　They tugged on the rope to pull the truck out of the mud. 他们用力拽着绳子，想把卡车从泥里拉出来。

tuition ［tju:'ɪʃən ; (US)'tu:'ɪʃn ］

n. 学费

例　He had to pay the school tuition before he could attend class. 他必须交了学费，然后才能上课。

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. College ______ vary greatly, mostly depending on whether it is a state or private school.

7. The soldiers paid ______ to their general at his funeral.

8. The ______ filled up with water when it rained.

9. They argued about everything, even the most ______ of topics.

10. The national team's victory ______ celebrations throughout the country.

11. The professor hated answering questions that were based on ______.

第二部分

tumble ［'tʌmbəl ］

vi. 跌倒〈同 topple, fall〉

例　He tumbled off his horse. 他从马上摔了下来。

记　tum（肿）+ ble → 摔肿了 → 跌倒

联　fumble v. 摸索，搜寻；humble adj. 低声下气的；jumble v. 掺杂；crumble v. 弄碎；grumble v. 诉苦，抱怨

turbulent ［'tɜ:bjʊlənt ］

adj. 吵闹的；狂暴的，（空气等）流动得剧烈而不稳定的〈同 disorderly, violent〉

例　Since the 1930s, aircraft manufacturers have tried to build airplanes with frictionless wings so that the air passing over them would not become turbulent . 从20世纪30年代起，飞机制造者就开始尝试建造一种有平滑机翼的飞机，这样飞机在穿过气流时就不会产生强烈的震荡。

记　turb（搅动）+ ulent → 搅得厉害 → 狂暴的

联　turbulence n. 骚乱；turbid adj. 浑浊的；turbine n. 涡轮；tumultuous adj. 喧嚣的；riotous adj. 暴动的，骚乱的

turnover ［'tɜ:nəʊvə(r) ］

n. 营业额；人员更替率

例　This department has the highest turnover rate in the company. 这个部门是公司人员流动率最高的部门。

tutor ［'tju:tə(r) ; (US)'tu:tər ］

vt. 辅导；当…的家庭教师〈同 guide, direct〉

例　Ted wants someone to tutor him before the exam. 泰德希望有人能在考前辅导他。

n. 家庭教师〈同 coach〉

例　The tutor would explain his mistakes to him. 家庭教师会对他犯错的地方进行讲解。

联　tutorial n. 个别指导

twinkle ［'twɪŋkəl ］

v. 闪烁；（使）闪光〈同 glitter〉

例　You could stay up all night trying to count all the stars that twinkle in the sky. 你可以整夜不睡，试着数清天上所有闪烁的星星。

ultraviolet ［ˌʌltrə'vaɪələt ］

adj. 紫外线的

例　We cannot see ultraviolet light in our atmosphere. 我们看不到空气中的紫外线。

unanimous ［ˌju:'nænɪməs ］

adj. 全体意见一致的〈同 uniform, agreed〉

例　Janet was elected chairwoman by a unanimous decision of the board. 经董事会一致同意，珍妮特当选为主席。

uncover ［ˌʌn'kʌvə(r) ］

v. 发现，揭示〈同 reveal, expose〉

例　The newspaper article uncovered the truth behind the scandal. 报纸上的这篇文章揭示了丑闻背后的真相。

underestimate ［ˌʌndər'estɪmeɪt ］

vt. 低估〈同 undervalue〉

例　The value of our house was underestimated by at least two thousand dollars. 我们房子的价值被低估了至少两千美元。

联　underrate vt. 低估，看轻；estimate v. 估计；overestimate v. 评价过高

underlying ［ˌʌndə'laɪɪŋ ］

adj. 基础的；在下面的〈同 fundamental, elementary〉

例　Lack of money was the underlying reason that I didn't go on vacation. 我没去度假的根本原因是没钱。

联　underlie vt. 位于…之下，成为…的基础

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. Every time she was happy her eyes ______.

13. The coach told his players never to ______ their opponents.

14. His parents hired a private ______ to prepare him for the upcoming exam.

15. You should wear special sunglasses to block out ______ light when you go to the beach.

16. They are trying to find the ______ significance of these supposedly random acts of violence.

17. The poor management style of the company explains the high employee ______.

第三部分

undermine ［ˌʌndə'maɪn ］

vt. 渐渐破坏，暗地里破坏〈同 weaken, impair〉

例　The recent corruption scandals have undermined many people's faith in the city government. 最近的腐败丑闻使很多人对市政府失去了信心。

unemployment ［ˌʌnɪm'plɔɪmənt ］

n. 失业；失业人数

例　Unemployment has increased this year because of the poor national economy. 由于国内经济形势不景气，今年的失业人数有所增加。

联　unemployed adj. 失业的

unfold ［ʌn'fəʊld ］

v. 展开；显露，展示

例　The questions people asked Mark and Sara at the dinner party unfolded the plans for their secret wedding. 在晚宴上，人们对马克和萨拉的提问使他们的秘密婚礼计划公开了。

unify ［'ju:nɪfaɪ ］

vt. 统一，使成一体〈同 integrate, unite〉

例　The American Civil War unified the north and south. 美国内战统一了南方和北方。

联　unity n. 综合，一致

untie ［ʌn'taɪ ］

v. 解开；松开

例　She untied her shoes before taking them off. 她解开鞋带，脱掉了鞋。

update ［ʌp'deɪt ］

vt. 修正，校正；更新

例　His boss told him he wanted to be updated on any progress on a daily basis. 老板告诉他，他要知道每天的最新进展。

upgrade ［ˌʌp'greɪd ］

vt. 使升级，提升〈同 improve, advance〉

例　The manufacturer has done everything possible to upgrade his product, with the result that it is now of excellent quality. 制造商想尽一切办法升级产品，如今产品质量已非常上乘。

记　up（向上）+ grade（等级）→ 向上提高等级 → 使升级

联　upgrowth n. 生长，发育；upsoar vi. 高飞，上升；upheaval n. 动乱，剧变

uphold ［ʌp'həʊld ］

vt. 维护，支持（决定等）〈同 support, maintain〉

例　The Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling. 最高法院维持了下级法院的判决。

记　up + hold（举）→ 举起来 → 支持

联　upholster vt. 为（椅子）装垫子；upbraid vt. 责备；behold vt. 把…视为

vapor ［'veɪpə(r) ］

n. 水汽，水蒸气〈同 steam〉

例　In old horror movies, the monsters frequently appear amidst clouds of vapor . 在以前的恐怖片中，怪物总是在水汽氤氲中出现。

联　vaporize v. （使）蒸发；evaporate v. （使）蒸发，消失；evaporation n. 蒸发（作用）

vegetarian ［ˌveʤɪ'tərɪən ］

n. 素食者

例　Consuming enough protein is especially important for vegetarians . 摄入足量的蛋白质对素食者来说尤为重要。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. He ______ the dog from its leash and let it run wild.

19. Police officers are sworn to ______ the law.

20. The American colonies were ______ in their struggle against British domination.

21. ______ usually eat beans and nuts as their main source of protein.

22. She ______ her flight seat from coach to first class.

23. The daily hard work in the coal mine had ______ his health.

第四部分

vegetation ［ˌveʤɪ'teɪʃən ］

n. 植物，草木，植被〈同 plants〉

例　The rainforest has a great diversity of vegetation . 雨林里有各种各样的植物。

联　vegetable n. 蔬菜；vegetarian n. 素食者

veil ［veɪl ］

vt. 隐藏，遮蔽〈同 cover, hide〉

例　Veiled in shadow, he managed to slip unnoticed through the gateway. 他躲在阴影里，趁人不备设法穿过通道溜走了。

vein ［veɪn ］

n. 静脉；血管

例　The nurse found a prominent vein in my arm for injection. 护士在我胳膊上找到了可以进行注射的清晰的血管。

联　veining n. 脉络分布

vent ［vent ］

n. 通风孔；出烟孔〈同 outlet〉

例　The vent released poisonous gas out of the laboratory. 通风口可以把实验室里的有毒气体释放出去。

ventilate ［'ventɪleɪt ］

vt. 使通风〈同 aerate〉

例　He ventilated the bedroom as he painted its walls. 他刷墙的时候保持卧室通风。

联　ventilation n. 通风

verbal ［'vɜ:bəl ］

adj. 口头的〈同 spoken〉

例　It is best to live in the US to improve your verbal English. 要想提高英语口语水平，最好的办法是去美国生活。

verdict ［'vɜ:dɪkt ］

n. 判决，结论〈同 conclusion〉

例　The jury took five days to reach a verdict . 陪审团花了五天时间作出判决。

记　ver（真实）+ dict（说）→ 认真地说 → 判决

联　verity n. 真实；verify vt. 检验；veritable adj. 真正的；veracity n. 诚实

verge ［vɜ:ʤ ］

vi. 濒临

例　He had taken over an old company verging on liquidation. 他接管了一家行将破产的老公司。

记　来自古法语 verge（杆，棍）

联　veridical adj. 诚实的；verse n. 诗

versatile ［'vɜ:sətaɪl ; (US)'vɜ:sətl ］

adj. 多才多艺的〈同 talented, skilled〉

例　Leonardo da Vinci was a versatile genius who excelled in many different fields of art and science. 列奥拉多·达芬奇是一个多才多艺的天才，精通艺术和科学等多个领域。

verse ［vɜ:s ］

n. 诗，韵文〈同 poetry〉

例　The poet wrote verses every night before going to sleep. 这位诗人每天睡觉前都要写诗。

联　universe n. 宇宙，世界；converse vi. 谈话，交谈；diverse adj. 不同的，变化多的；adverse adj. 不利的，敌对的，相反的；reverse adj. 相反的，倒转的 vt. 颠倒，倒转

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The ______ at the farm included tomatoes, carrots, cabbage, and spinach.

25. He wrote love ______ for her and sang outside her window at night.

26. Through practice, she is pleased to see that her daughter's ____ skills have improved significantly.

27. Actually the blood in your ______ is blue; it becomes red when it makes contact with oxygen.

28. The judge read the guilty ______ out loud before the court and sentenced the woman to prison.

29. Muslim women ______ their faces in public for religious reasons.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | turbulent | A. overestimate
31. ______ | trivial | B. profound
32. ______ | tribute | C. placid
33. ______ | underestimate | D. separate
34. ______ | unify | E. calm
35. ______ | veil | F. reveal
36. ______ | undermine | G. condemnation
37. ______ | turbulent | H. conceal
38. ______ | uncover | I. buttress

Exercise 2 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
39. ______ | upgrade | A. sustain
40. ______ | trifle | B. brink
41. ______ | tug | C. acclaim
42. ______ | uphold | D. promote
43. ______ | verge | E. sparkle
44. ______ | tutor | F. bit
45. ______ | tribute | G. unimportant
46. ______ | trivial | H. stumble
47. ______ | tumble | I. haul
48. ______ | twinkle | J. instructor

Exercise 3 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

vapor | verge | unanimous | uncover | unemployment
ventilate | vent | turbulent | versatile | tumble

49. The hurricane brought ______ winds that threw around people's cars as if they were little toys.

50. The detective ______ some information that will be helpful in capturing the criminal.

51. The water ______ collected into clouds and then turned into rain.

52. The child ______ down the stairs.

53. He turned on the fan and opened the window to ______ the room and dissipate the smoke from the burnt chicken.

54. The ______ feeling of the employees is that the company should increase their salaries.

55. The new factory in town will bring new jobs and decrease ______.

56. The ______ student achieved high grades, was the captain of his basketball team, and was elected as class president.

57. She opened the ______ to let fresh air into her car.

58. The boy was on the ______ of tears when his parents scolded him.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. tuitions
7. tribute
8. trench
9. trivial
10. triggered
11. trifles
12. twinkled
13. underestimate
14. tutor
15. ultraviolet
16. underlying
17. turnover
18. untied
19. uphold
20. unified
21. Vegetarians
22. upgraded
23. undermined
24. vegetation
25. verses
26. verbal
27. veins
28. verdict
29. veil
30. E
31. B
32. G
33. A
34. D
35. F
36. I
37. C
38. H
39. D
40. F
41. I
42. A
43. B
44. J
45. C
46. G
47. H
48. E
49. turbulent
50. uncovered
51. vapor
52. tumbled
53. ventilate
54. unanimous
55. unemployment
56. versatile
57. vent
58. verge

Lesson 31

音频

预备测验

找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

1. At the zenith of her career in the 1930's Dorothy Thompson was one of the best known journalists in the United States.

(A) completion
(B) pinnacle
(C) outset

2. The check was marked void .

(A) payable
(B) valid
(C) canceled

3. In a desert an oasis is a welcome relief to weary travelers.

(A) homeless
(B) hungry
(C) tired

4. For most people the decision to wed is generally surrounded by social constraints.

(A) marry
(B) emigrate
(C) choose a job

5. My uncle volunteers his services to worthy causes.

(A) asserts
(B) offers
(C) blasts

第一部分

versus ［'vɜ:səs ］

prep. 对，对抗（指诉讼、比赛等中），与…相对

例　The headline for the final game read“Brazil versus Germany”. 决赛的标题是“巴西对阵德国”。

vest ［vest ］

n. 背心

例　He wore the vest as part of his three-piece suit. 他穿着背心，作为他的三件套中的一件。

veto ［'vi:təʊ ］

vt. 否决；禁止〈同 deny, prohibit〉

例　My parents vetoed my plan to go to a hill station; instead they said I should study at home. 父母否决了我去避暑山庄的计划，说我应该待在家里。

vicinity ［vɪ'sɪnɪti ］

n. 附近，接近〈同 proximity, nearness〉

例　Living in the vicinity of New York, Bob was near many museums. 鲍勃住在纽约附近，离许多博物馆都很近。

记　vicin（邻近）+ ity → 邻近（地区）→ 附近

联　vanity n. 空虚

vicious ［'vɪʃəs ］

adj. 恶毒的；道德败坏的，堕落的〈同 evil, depraved〉

例　 Snakes can be very vicious if you get too close to their eggs. 如果你太接近蛇蛋，蛇会变得非常凶恶。

记　vic（= vice 邪恶的）+ ious → 邪恶的 → 恶毒的

联　vice n. 恶习，恶行；vicissitude n. 荣辱兴衰；vivacious adj. 活泼的，快活的；voracious adj. 狼吞虎咽的；veracious adj. 说实话的，诚实的

vigor ［'vɪgə(r) ］

n. 精力，活力〈同 strength, energy〉

例　Having a great deal of vigor , Michael was able to excel in all sports. 迈克尔精力十分旺盛，他的所有体育项目成绩都很优秀。

记　vig（生命）+ or → 生命力 → 活力

联　vigorous adj. 精力旺盛的；vigilant adj. 警惕的，清醒的；invigorate vt. 鼓舞；vigorously adv. 精力旺盛地

violate ［'vaɪəleɪt ］

vt. 亵渎（圣物），冒犯；违反〈同 break〉

例　He violated the law when he stole the money from the store. 当他从商店里偷走钱财，他已经触犯了法律。

violence ［'vaɪələns ］

n. 暴力；强烈〈同 force〉

例　The violence of the storm terrified the sailors. 凶猛的风暴吓坏了水手们。

联　violent adj. 猛烈的，激烈的，强烈的

virgin ［'vɜ:ʤɪn ］

n. 处女

例　Mary was a virgin until she got married. 玛丽结婚之前是处女。

adj. 未经使用的，处于原来状态的；初榨的〈同 unused〉

例　Virgin olive oil is very popular in Italy. 初榨橄榄油在意大利很受欢迎。

virtual ［'vɜ:tjʊəl ; 'vɜ:tʃʊəl ］

adj. 实质上的

例　Pollution will cause the virtual destruction of the planet. 污染能导致星球真正毁灭。

联　virtually adv. 事实上，实质上

自我检测　从第一部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

6. Her father ______ Kendall's request to marry his daughter, because they are really not well-matched.

7. She arrived at work every day with great ______ and enthusiasm.

8. The police put on their bulletproof ______ before work.

9. There is not much ______ wilderness left in the world today.

10. The company ______ the agreement we had with them and we should sue them.

11. Kidnapping is a ______ crime.

第二部分

virus ［'vaɪərəs ］

n. 病毒〈同 germ〉

例　The virus was killed with antibiotics. 抗生素杀死了病毒。

visualize ［'vɪzjʊəlaɪz ; 'vɪʒʊəlaɪz ］

v. 使可见；想像，设想〈同 imagine〉

例　The inventor of the Internet visualized a world networked together. 互联网的发明者使世界联网为一体成为现实。

vocal ［'vəʊkəl ］

adj. 嗓音的；歌唱的

例　Her vocal skills as a child were evidence that she would become a great singer. 作为一个小孩，她的歌唱技巧可以证明她将成为一个伟大的歌唱家。

vocation ［vəʊ'keɪʃən ］

n. 职业〈同 career, profession〉

例　He chose medicine as his vocation and committed himself to curing diseases. 他选择进入医药行业工作，致力于治病救人。

联　vocational adj. 职业的；avocation n. （个人）副业，业余爱好

void ［vɔɪd ］

n. 空白，空虚〈同 emptiness, space〉

例　Her death left a void in her husband's life. 她去世后她丈夫的生活很空虚。

adj. 无效的〈同 canceled, invalid〉

例　The student's report was void of any reason and he failed. 学生的报告缺少理由，未被准许。

联　devoid adj. 全无的，缺乏的

volunteer ［ˌvɒlən'tɪə(r) ］

n. 自愿者，志愿者

例　The volunteers cleaned up the street without getting paid. 志愿者们无偿清扫街道。

v. 自愿（做…）〈同 offer〉

例　People who volunteer their services to the army were called volunteers . 志愿在军队服役的人称为志愿兵。

vulgar ［'vʌlgə(r) ］

adj. 粗鲁的，庸俗的；下流的〈同 rude, indecent〉

例　His vulgar words were very impolite to say in front of guests. 他在客人面前说粗话是很不礼貌的。

记　vulg（庸俗）+ ar → 庸俗的

vulnerable ［'vʌlnərəbəl ］

adj. 易受攻击的；易受伤害的〈同 defenseless, susceptible〉

例　Small animals are often vulnerable to attack. 小型动物通常易受攻击。

记　vulner（伤）+ able → 易受伤的

联　invulnerable adj. 不会受伤害的；vulnerary n. 伤药

wallet ［'wɒlɪt ］

n. 皮夹，钱夹

例　He kept all his money in his wallet . 他把所有的钱都放在钱包里。

warehouse

n. 仓库，货栈〈同 depot, storehouse〉

例　The warehouse stored rice and grain. 仓库存储米和粮食。

自我检测　从第二部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

12. His ______ and all his money were stolen by a thief.

13. People went to the ______ to buy goods at a cheap price.

14. The tongue is a ______ organ.

15. The doctor told the patient the ______ is contagious and he should stay home.

16. ______ language is prohibited at school.

17. Elderly people living alone are especially ______.

第三部分

warfare ［'wɔ:fə(r) ］

n. 战争；斗争

例　The Art of War is a book on warfare .《孙子兵法》是一部关于战争的书籍。

warrant ［'wɒrənt ; (US)'wɔ:rənt ］

n. 授权书，委托书；许可证

例　The police had a warrant to enter their house and search for the missing people. 警察带着搜查证进入他们的房子，搜查失踪的人。

联　warranty n. 授权，担保，保证

waterfall ［'wɔ:təfɔ:l ］

n. 瀑布〈同 falls〉

例　The large waterfall was exploited to make electricity. 巨大的瀑布被利用起来发电。

waterproof ［'wɔ:təpru:f ］

adj. 防水的〈同 impermeable, tight〉

例　She put her camera in a waterproof bag so it wouldn't get wet. 她把相机放进防水包里防止被打湿。

联　watertight adj. 防水的

whim ［wɪm ; (US)hwɪm ］

n. 随意，冲动〈同 fancy, caprice, impulse〉

例　He has a whim for reading suddenly. 他突然心血来潮想看书。

联　whimsical adj. 反复无常的，古怪的；whimmy adj. 异想天开的，心血来潮的

weary ［'wɪəri ］

adj. 疲倦的；厌倦的〈同 tired, exhausted〉

例　The weary workers walked slowly toward the train station after work. 下班后，疲倦的工人们步履缓慢地朝火车站走去。

记　来自名词 wear（磨损，消耗）+ y → 身体被磨损的 → 疲倦的

联　wearing adj. 使人厌烦的；wearable adj. 可穿用的；wearisome adj. 使疲倦的；weariless adj. 不疲倦的，不厌烦的；weariness n. 疲倦

weave ［wi:v ］

vt. 编织，组合〈同 braid, knit〉

例　A loom is used to weave cloth. 织布机用是来织布的。

联　weaverbird n. 【动】织巢鸟之一种；weaver n. 织布者，织工

wed ［wed ］

v. 娶，嫁，（与…）结婚〈同 marry〉

例　He put one knee on the ground and asked her to wed him. 他单膝跪地，向她求婚。

联　wedding n. 婚礼

wedge ［weʤ ］

n. 楔；使分裂的东西

例　The quarrel drove a wedge between him and his relatives. 吵架使他和他的亲人之间产生了裂痕。

v. 楔入，挤进

例　He wedged himself through the crowd to get a glimpse of the movie star. 他挤进人群瞥见了那位电影明星。

联　wedge-shaped adj. 楔形的

wholesome ［'həʊlsəm ］

例　The food we got at school was simple but wholesome . 我们在学校买的食物虽然简单，但是有益健康。

自我检测　从第三部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

18. People ______ thread into cloth and straw into hats.

19. She had a sudden ______ to take a short vacation after working the whole night.

20. The US now is preparing itself against chemical ______ .

21. He ______ himself through the narrow window.

22. This rain jacket is ______ and will keep you dry during the rainy season.

23. After years of living together, they will finally ______ this Sunday at the church.

第四部分

wildlife ［'waɪldlaɪf ］

n. 野生动植物〈同 animal〉

例　The conservation research project will concentrate on the wildlife habitats in the forest.（动物）保护研究项目将关注森林野生动物的习性。

wither ［'wɪðə(r) ］

v. （使）枯萎，凋谢〈同 shrivel, shrink〉

例　I forgot to water my plant and it withered . 我忘给植物浇水，它都枯萎了。

记　with（和…一起）+ er（可以记为“饿”）→ 和饿在一起久了就会枯萎 → 枯萎

联　dither vi. 发抖

withhold ［wɪð'həʊld ］

v. 保留，抑制〈同 hold, keep〉

例　The bank withheld the deposit until he paid back his debt. 银行冻结了他的财产，直到他偿还完借款。

wreath ［ri:θ ］

n. 花圈，花环

例　The bride wore a wreath on her head at the wedding. 婚礼上，新娘头戴花环。

wrench ［rentʃ ］

n./v. 猛扭，猛拉〈同 twist〉

例　With a powerful wrench , I removed the lid from the pickle jar. 我用了个强有力的扳手，打开了泡菜坛上的盖子。

联　wreck n. 残骸，失事 vt. 破坏

wrinkle ［'rɪŋkəl ］

n. 皱纹，褶皱〈同 crease, furrow〉

例　The shirt has many wrinkles and should be ironed. 衬衫上有许多褶皱，应该熨一下。

yell ［jel ］

n./v. 大叫，呼喊〈同 shout〉

例　The patient let out a yell of pain when the doctor touched his broken bone. 当医生碰到病人的骨折处时，病人发出了痛苦的叫声。

youngster ［'jʌŋstə(r) ］

n. 年轻人，少年〈同 youth〉

例　The youngster listened respectfully to his grandfather's stories. 年轻人恭敬地听着祖父的故事。

zenith ［'zenɪθ ; (US)'zɪ:nɪθ ］

n. 顶点，顶峰〈同 pinnacle, peak〉

例　Bill Clinton reached the zenith of his career in 1992. 1992年，比尔·克林顿到达了事业的顶峰。

联　zenithal adj. 顶点的，绝顶的

zone ［zəʊn ］

n. 区域；地带〈同 region, district〉

例　The factory was built in an industrial zone. 那座工厂建在工业园区。

联　ozone n. 【化】臭氧

自我检测　从第四部分中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

24. The clown was so funny that the children couldn't ______ their laughter.

25. The girl ______ in terror when the snake bit her.

26. The residential ______ was normally quiet after 8 o'clock at night.

27. The fallen leaf ______ in the sun.

28. Alice ______ her back when she picked up the heavy box.

29. These ______ are too young to drive, drink or smoke cigarettes.

综合复习

Exercise 1 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的反义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
30. ______ | vulnerable | A. polite
31. ______ | withhold | B. used
32. ______ | zenith | C. divorce
33. ______ | wed | D. impregnable
34. ______ | vicious | E. weakness
35. ______ | vulgar | F. bottom
36. ______ | vigor | G. friendly
37. ______ | virgin | H. grant
38. ______ | weary | I. energetic

Exercise 2 　找出与句子中划线单词意义最相近的词。

39. The nursing vocation , as we know it today, came into being at the beginning of this century.

(A) profession
(B) society
(C) philosophy

40. The grapes withered on the vine.

(A) matured
(B) shriveled
(C) rotted

41. Weaving is an art among the Navaho of Arizona and New Mexico.

(A) Pottery making
(B) Jewelry making
(C) Cloth making

42. A portion of an employee's wages is withheld by the employer for income taxes.

(A) borrowed
(B) retained
(C) guaranteed

43. Although people are able to generate a wide range of vocal sounds, any given language uses only a small fraction of them.

(A) valid
(B) voiced
(C) measurable

44. In order to maintain physical well-being, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient exercise.

(A) healthful
(B) fresh
(C) well cooked

Exercise 3 　从第二栏中选出第一栏各词的同义词。

| COLUMN Ⅰ | COLUMN Ⅱ
45. ______ | violate | A. vitality
46. ______ | weave | B. neighborhood
47. ______ | youngster | C. beneficial
48. ______ | vicinity | D. breach
49. ______ | vigor | E. suppress
50. ______ | vocation | F. wrest
51. ______ | withhold | G. plait
52. ______ | wholesome | H. coarse
53. ______ | wrench | I. career
54. ______ | vulgar | J. juvenile

Exercise 4 　从下列单词中选出最适当的词填入空格内。

volunteer | versus | wrinkles | void | virtual
warrant | violence | wreath | vicinity | weary

55. People like to hang ______ as decorations during Christmas time.

56. Some parents say that the movies today teach children that ______ is fun.

57. How would you compare New York ______ Los Angeles?

58. This contest is ______ due to unfairness.

59. The battle was won with so great a loss of soldiers that it was a ______ defeat.

60. No one was brave enough to venture across the ocean until Christopher ______.

61. The travelers were ______ in body and mind after the 10-day hike.

62. The nearest post office is in the ______ of the city park and 11th Street.

63. The ______ on the old man's face indicated that he smiled a lot.

64. Without a ______, no one can enter your private property.

参考答案

1. B
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. vetoed
7. vigor
8. vests
9. virgin
10. violated
11. vicious
12. wallet
13. warehouse
14. vocal
15. virus
16. Vulgar
17. vulnerable
18. weave
19. whim
20. warfare
21. wedged
22. waterproof
23. wed
24. withhold
25. yelled
26. zone
27. withered
28. wrenched
29. youngsters
30. D
31. H
32. F
33. C
34. G
35. A
36. E
37. B
38. I
39. A
40. B
41. C
42. B
43. B
44. A
45. D
46. G
47. J
48. B
49. A
50. I
51. E
52. C
53. F
54. H
55. wreaths
56. violence
57. versus
58. void
59. virtual
60. volunteered
61. weary
62. vicinity
63. wrinkles
64. warrant

附录

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